On the Impact of Anomalous Noise Events on Road Traffic Noise Mapping in Urban and Suburban Environments
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Related Work
2.1. Influence of Noise on Public Health
2.2. Noise Monitoring
3. Analysis Methodology
3.1. ANE Parametrization
- SNR Calculation.First, the SNR of an ANE is defined as a classical Signal-to-Noise Ratio, but considering that the RTN noise is not stationary. It is evaluated in order to obtain the impact of a particular ANE in relation to the surrounding RTN signal level. The acoustic power of the ANE with respect to the surrounding RTN is calculated as expressed by Equation (1):After the powers of the ANE and the RTN are evaluated, the SNR is calculated as follows:Due to the relative nature of the measure, it is worth mentioning that the SNR of the event could result in a negative value if the energy of the ANE is less than the previous and following sound. This is normally caused by events that can only be heard in moments when the road traffic noise decreases. In addition, to compute the SNR, previous and following samples to the event are considered; thus, this calculation is only meant for analysis and it is not applicable for real-time decision purposes due to the need of future samples of the signal.
- Duration of the ANE.The duration of the events is an important factor, since not only the salience of the event is important in what concerns its impact on the computation, but also the time the anomalous situation lasts. The duration of the ANE is obtained by means of the difference between the time stamp of the first and the last sample of the labelled dataset. As published in the previous study of the dataset, the duration of the ANEs may vary depending on the typology of the sound and the circumstances of the location [15]. One of the shorter samples observed corresponds to 40 ms length in Rome, and the longer 53 s in Milan, with 0.6 s being the mean of the duration of the ANE.
3.2. Impact Calculation
4. Experiments
4.1. Real-Life Dataset
4.2. Individual ANE Impact on the Computation
4.3. Aggregated Impact of All ANEs
5. Discussion
5.1. Evaluation of the Impact of ANEs on Considering Real-Life Data
5.2. Impact of the ANEs on the Population
6. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
ANE | Anomalous Noise Event |
CNOSSOS-EU | Common Noise Assessment Methods in Europe |
DALYs | Disability-Adjusted Life-Years |
END | Environmental Noise Directive |
RTN | Road Traffic Noise |
SNR | Signal-to-Noise Ratio |
WASN | Wireless Acoustic Sensor Networks |
WHO | World Health Organization |
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Region | Scenario | Type | Signal-to-Noise Ratio (dB) | Duration (s) | (dB) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
High Impact (>2dB) | Suburban | Siren | 4.4 | 16 | 2.4 |
Urban | Train | 4.8 | 26 | 7.4 | |
Siren | 2.2 | 50 | 3.9 | ||
Truck | 11.0 | 17 | 3.5 | ||
Train | 6.9 | 32 | 2.8 | ||
Medium Impact (0.5–2 dB) | Suburban | Siren | 4.5 | 9 | 1.1 |
Siren | 4.3 | 6 | 0.6 | ||
Siren | 1.5 | 16 | 0.6 | ||
Urban | Train | 13.8 | 18 | 1.9 | |
Horn | 12.0 | 2 | 1.4 | ||
Horn | 14.3 | 1 | 1.4 | ||
Train | 2.6 | 7 | 1.2 | ||
Horn | 9.6 | 1 | 1.1 | ||
Tramway | 17.1 | 15 | 1.0 | ||
Tramway | 12.0 | 10 | 0.8 | ||
Tramway | 15.4 | 9 | 0.8 | ||
Tramway | 3.8 | 6 | 0.6 | ||
Tramway | 3.5 | 15 | 0.6 | ||
Horn | 9.6 | 1 | 0.6 |
Scenario | Location | (dB) | Description |
---|---|---|---|
Milan | Site 4 | 2.7 | Train pass-bys of 140 s in total. |
Site 5 | 1.9 | Tramway pass-bys of 40 s in total and a 50-s high-SNR siren. | |
Site 3 | 1.9 | Many high-SNR horns and three high-impact hitching system noises. | |
Site 5 | 1.3 | Tramway pass-bys of 80 s in total. |
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Orga, F.; Alías, F.; Alsina-Pagès, R.M. On the Impact of Anomalous Noise Events on Road Traffic Noise Mapping in Urban and Suburban Environments. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15, 13. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15010013
Orga F, Alías F, Alsina-Pagès RM. On the Impact of Anomalous Noise Events on Road Traffic Noise Mapping in Urban and Suburban Environments. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2018; 15(1):13. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15010013
Chicago/Turabian StyleOrga, Ferran, Francesc Alías, and Rosa Ma Alsina-Pagès. 2018. "On the Impact of Anomalous Noise Events on Road Traffic Noise Mapping in Urban and Suburban Environments" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 15, no. 1: 13. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15010013