Investigating the Spatial Dimension of Food Access
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Background
1.2. Spatial Dimension and Empirical Challenges
1.3. Objectives
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Data Source
2.1.1. Individual-Level Data
2.1.2. Food Environment Data
2.2. Analytic Plan
3. Results
3.1. Summary Statistics
3.2. Unconditional Spatial Statistics
3.3. Conditional Logistic Regression
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Nearest Grocery Store | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Household | Distance | Store NEMS Score | Store NEMS Rank | QWGA |
A | 1 | 5 | 1 | 1 |
B | 6 | 10 | 2 | 3 |
C | 6 | 20 | 3 | 2 |
D | 10 | 30 | 4 | 2.5 |
Summary Statistics of Individual-Level Variables | Mean (SD) | ||
---|---|---|---|
Full Geography | Rural | Urban | |
Urban (%) | 38.75 | ||
(48.75) | |||
Respondent Characteristics | |||
BMI | 29.01 | 28.21 | 30.25 *** |
(6.43) | (5.20) | (7.81) | |
Obesity (%) | 38.07 | 34.31 | 43.87 ** |
(48.59) | (47.52) | (49.70) | |
Female (%) | 76.14 | 73.69 | 80.00 * |
(42.65) | (44.07) | (40.06) | |
Age | 55.95 | 58.64 | 51.69 *** |
(17.18) | (15.62) | (18.63) | |
Caucasian | 60.52 | 75.90 | 36.19 *** |
(48.91) | (42.81) | (48.13) | |
African American | 34.81 | 19.88 | 58.41 *** |
(47.67) | (39.95) | (49.37) | |
Other or multiracial | 2.71 | 2.41 | 3.17 |
(16.24) | (15.35) | (17.56) | |
Employment Status | |||
Employed (%) | 29.77 | 31.53 | 26.98 |
(45.75) | (46.51) | (44.46) | |
Unemployed (%) | 7.01 | 5.62 | 9.21 |
(25.55) | (23.06) | (28.96) | |
Retired (%) | 32.10 | 37.35 | 23.81 *** |
(46.72) | (48.42) | (42.66) | |
Highest Level of Education | |||
Less than high school (%) | 17.36 | 17.30 | 17.46 |
(37.90) | (37.87) | (38.02) | |
High school or General Education Dipolma (GED) (%) | 35.96 | 36.22 | 35.56 |
(48.02) | (48.11) | (47.94) | |
Some college (%) | 30.79 | 31.19 | 30.16 |
(46.19) | (46.37) | (45.97) | |
College (%) | 15.89 | 15.29 | 16.83 |
(36.58) | (36.03) | (37.47) | |
Income Level | |||
Less than $20,000 USD (%) | 45.36 | 32.07 | 65.36 *** |
(49.82) | (46.73) | (47.67) | |
Between $20,000 and $50,000 USD (%) | 33.67 | 43.23 | 19.29 *** |
(47.29) | (49.60) | (39.52) | |
Greater than $50,000 USD (%) | 20.97 | 24.70 | 15.36 ** |
(40.74) | (43.18) | (36.12) |
Summary Statistics of Food Environment Variables | Mean (SD) | ||
---|---|---|---|
Full Geography | Rural | Urban | |
Distance to nearest grocery store | 3.67 | 5.24 | 1.19 *** |
(3.82) | (4.13) | (0.81) | |
Distance to nearest fast food restaurant | 2.81 | 3.98 | 0.96 *** |
(2.91) | (3.14) | (0.83) | |
NEMS score of nearest grocery store | 21.45 | 20.40 | 23.10 *** |
(7.84) | (8.39) | (6.58) | |
Noxious retailer count (10-mile radius for rural; 1-mile radius for urban) | 38.98 | 57.99 | 8.92 *** |
(37.23) | (36.11) | (6.46) | |
Quality-weighted grocery store accessibility (QWGA) | 0.48 | 0.73 | 0.10 *** |
(1.29) | (1.61) | (0.09) |
Results of Scanning Statistic with Poisson Distribution and Bernoulli Distribution | Number of Clusters | Number of Significant Clusters | Radius (Miles) |
---|---|---|---|
Poisson Distribution | |||
Grocery Stores | |||
Higher than expected | 10 | 1 | 0 *** |
Lower than expected | 2 | 0 | |
Bernoulli distribution | |||
Obesity with grocery store foci | 4 | 1 | 1.48 *** |
Results from Conditional Logistic Regression of Effect of Food Access Variables on Likelihood of Obesity | AME (CRse) | Rural | City |
---|---|---|---|
Full Geography | |||
Model 1 | |||
Grocery store accessibility | −0.003 | 0.003 | −0.09 * |
(0.005) | (0.006) | (0.04) | |
Model 2 | |||
Quality-weighted grocery store accessibility (QWGA) | −0.01 | 0.007 | −0.51 |
(0.01) | (0.009) | (0.41) | |
Model 3 | |||
Quality-weighted grocery store accessibility (QWGA) | −0.01 | 0.002 | −0.29 |
(0.02) | (0.009) | (0.40) | |
Noxious store availability | −0.001 | −0.001 | 0.006 |
(0.001) | (0.001) | (0.004) |
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Yenerall, J.; You, W.; Hill, J. Investigating the Spatial Dimension of Food Access. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2017, 14, 866. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14080866
Yenerall J, You W, Hill J. Investigating the Spatial Dimension of Food Access. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2017; 14(8):866. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14080866
Chicago/Turabian StyleYenerall, Jackie, Wen You, and Jennie Hill. 2017. "Investigating the Spatial Dimension of Food Access" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 14, no. 8: 866. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14080866