Assessing Risks from Cyclones for Human Lives and Livelihoods in the Coastal Region of Bangladesh
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. The Coast of Bangladesh and Historical Cyclones
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Vulnerability Assessment
3.2. Capacity Assessment Against Cyclone
3.2.1. Cyclone Shelters
3.2.2. Housing Strength and Communication Suitability
3.3. Exposure Assessment
3.4. Hazard Assessment
3.5. Cyclone Risk and Impact
4. Results
4.1. Factors of Vulnerability
4.1.1. Demographic, Education and Job Opportunities
4.1.2. Access to Basic Facilities
4.1.3. Physically or Ethnic Marginalized People
4.2. Overall Vulnerability Assessment
4.3. Built Capacity against Cyclone
4.4. Physical Exposure to Cyclone and Tidal Surge
4.5. Spatial Variation of Hazards
4.6. Assessed Cyclone Risk
4.6.1. Equal Hazard Risk: Exposure and Vulnerability
4.6.2. Non-Mitigated Risk: Hazard, Exposure, Vulnerability
4.6.3. Physical Risk: Hazards and Exposure
4.6.4. Mitigated Cyclone Risk: Hazards, Exposure, Vulnerability and Capacity
4.7. Validation of Risk Assessment
5. Discussion
5.1. Vulnerability of Coastal Bangladesh to Cyclone
5.2. Patterns of Built Capacity in Comparison with Vulnerability
5.3. Exposure and Hazard Assessment
5.4. Mitigation of Cyclone Risk
6. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Components | Eigen Value | % Variance (Cumulative) | Weight | Directional Sign | Indicators | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Access to housing, resources, paid jobs, safe water and education (a) | 7.59 | 19.5 | 0.25 | − | Percent of male works in agriculture | −0.880 |
Percent of male in service | 0.873 | |||||
Percent of poor housing structure | −0.829 | |||||
Percent of tenants | 0.817 | |||||
Percent of electricity connection | 0.774 | |||||
Percent of female works in agriculture | −0.774 | |||||
Percent female in service | 0.729 | |||||
Percent of “semi-pucka” housing structure | 0.668 | |||||
Percent of people who drink water from pipeline supply | 0.608 | |||||
Percent of employed female | 0.589 | |||||
Percent of female engaged only in household work | −0.577 | |||||
Literacy rate | 0.571 | |||||
Household size, female marital status and dependency ratio (a) | 3.52 | 28.5 | 0.11 | + | Average size of the households | 0.901 |
Ratio of small family size over large ones | −0.852 | |||||
Ratio of unmarried female | 0.848 | |||||
Dependency ratio | 0.604 | |||||
Gender specific employment and schooling status (a) | 3.5 | 37.5 | 0.11 | + | Percent of female who does not work | 0.851 |
Percent of male who does not work | 0.831 | |||||
Percent of employed male who are at the age of school going but not attending school | −0.8 | |||||
Percent of Population who are not attending school even they are at the age of school going | −0.603 | |||||
Physical, speech and overall disability (c) | 2.07 | 42.8 | 0.07 | + | Percent of total disable people | 0.910 |
Percent of physically disable people | 0.851 | |||||
Percent of dumb people | 0.593 | |||||
Sex ratio and educational attainment of male (a) | 1.92 | 47.7 | 0.06 | + | Sex Ratio | 0.875 |
Percent of male who are not attending school even they are at the age of school going | 0.702 | |||||
Unsafe source of drinking water (b) | 1.88 | 52.5 | 0.06 | + | Percent of people using unconventional sources of drinking water | 0.87 |
Percent of people drinks water from tube-well | −0.836 | |||||
Male and Female workers in Industry (a) | 1.83 | 57.2 | 0.06 | − | Percent of female works in industry | 0.891 |
Percent of male works in industry | 0.785 | |||||
Male and female job seekers (a) | 1.75 | 61.7 | 0.06 | + | Percent female looking for work | 0.902 |
Percent of male looking for work | 0.863 | |||||
Unhygienic toilet facilities (b) | 1.57 | 65.7 | 0.05 | + | Percent of people using non-sanitary toilets | −0.785 |
Percent of people using non water-sealed sanitary toilets | 0.760 | |||||
Minority and ethnicity (c) | 1.43 | 69.4 | 0.05 | + | Percent of religious minority | 0.719 |
Percent of ethnic Population | 0.655 | |||||
Mental disorder (c) | 1.29 | 72.7 | 0.04 | + | Percent of people suffering from mental disorder | 0.762 |
Autistic and hearing-impaired people (c) | 1.24 | 75.9 | 0.04 | + | Percent of Autistic people | 0.798 |
Percent of deaf people | 0.616 | |||||
Visually impaired people (c) | 1.06 | 78.6 | 0.03 | + | Percent of blind people | 0.876 |
Name of the Maps | Exposure (E, −7.39–0.71) | Hazard (H, −2.17–3.39) | Vulnerability (V, −1.13–1.13) | Capacity (C, −1.1–2.13) | CS Competency (CsC) | Equal Hazard Risk (Reh) E * V | Non-Mitigated Risk (Rn) E * H * V | Physical Risk (Rp) H * E | Mitigated Risk (Rm) E * H * (V–C) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
H | −0.12 ** | ||||||||
V | 0.16 ** | −0.23 ** | |||||||
C | −0.03 | −0.02 ** | −0.26 ** | ||||||
CsC | 0.40 ** | −0.18 ** | 0.30 ** | 0.39 ** | |||||
Reh | 0.40 | −0.20 ** | 0.31 ** | −0.08 | 0.33 ** | ||||
Rn | 0.38 | −0.17 ** | 0.26 ** | −0.07 | 0.25 ** | 0.92 ** | |||
Rp | 0.93 ** | −0.11 ** | 0.34 ** | −0.01 | 0.34 ** | 0.37 | 0.43 | ||
Rm | 0.38 * | −0.12 * | 0.21 ** | 0.21 ** | 0.15 | 0.68 ** | 0.75 ** | 0.43 | |
Sidr impact | 0.12 ** | 0.02 | 0.10 ** | −0.13 ** | 0.05 * | 0.06 * | 0.05 * | 0.12 ** | 0.01 |
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Quader, M.A.; Khan, A.U.; Kervyn, M. Assessing Risks from Cyclones for Human Lives and Livelihoods in the Coastal Region of Bangladesh. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2017, 14, 831. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14080831
Quader MA, Khan AU, Kervyn M. Assessing Risks from Cyclones for Human Lives and Livelihoods in the Coastal Region of Bangladesh. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2017; 14(8):831. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14080831
Chicago/Turabian StyleQuader, Mohammad Abdul, Amanat Ullah Khan, and Matthieu Kervyn. 2017. "Assessing Risks from Cyclones for Human Lives and Livelihoods in the Coastal Region of Bangladesh" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 14, no. 8: 831. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14080831