Urinary Concentrations of Insecticide and Herbicide Metabolites among Pregnant Women in Rural Ghana: A Pilot Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Material and Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Participant Selection
2.3. Ethical Considerations
2.4. Data Sources
2.4.1. Questionnaire Interview
2.4.2. Urine Sample Collection and Analysis
2.5. Statistical Analyses
3. Results
3.1. Pesticide Exposure
3.1.1. Organophosphate Insecticide Exposure
3.1.2. Pyrethroid Insecticide Exposure
3.1.3. Herbicide Exposure
3.2. Exploring Associations of Insecticide and Herbicide Exposure with Farming Practices, Water Source, and Use of Bednets
4. Discussion
4.1. Exposure Assessment
4.2. Lessons Learned about the Conduct of Field Based Pesticide Research
4.3. Possible Sources of Pesticide Exposure
4.4. Limitations and Future Directions
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Demographics | n = 17 |
---|---|
Age (years) | 26.2 (±7.8) |
Gravidity | 3.4 (±2.8) |
Education completed | |
Primary school or less | 10 (58.8%) |
More than primary school | 7 (41.2%) |
Religion | |
Catholic/Christian | 10 (58.8%) |
Muslim | 3 (17.7%) |
Atheist/Other | 4 (23.5%) |
Occupation | |
Salaried (e.g., seamstress/hairdresser) | 3 (17.6%) |
Farmer/laborer/domestic worker | 6 (35.3%) |
None | 8 (47.1%) |
Use of pesticides and bednets | |
Use on farm or garden | |
Uses chemical(s) on farm/garden | 14 (82.4%) |
Type of chemical used on farm/garden * | |
Insecticide | 2 (14.3%) |
Rodenticide | 1 (7.1%) |
Herbicide | 14 (100%) |
Use in home | |
Type of chemical used in home | |
Insecticide | 6 (35.2%) |
Rodenticide | 7 (41.8%) |
Location of pesticide use in home (if uses) ** | |
Bedroom | 8 (100%) |
Sitting room | 2 (25.0%) |
Kitchen | 2 (25.0%) |
Toilet/outhouse | 0 (0%) |
Owns bednet | 13 (76.5%) |
Sleeps under bednet most nights | 11 (64.7%) |
Biomarker † | Number > LOD (%) | LOD (µg/L) | Range of Detectable (µg/L) | GM in µg/L, (95% CI) | IQR (µg/L) | 95th Centile (µg/L) | NHANES28 GM (µg/L) for Females 2009–2010 ‡ | NHANES28 95th Centile (µg/L) for Females 2009–2010 ‡ | ICC |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
OPs | |||||||||
Specific | |||||||||
TCPy | 40/51 (78.4%) | 0.1 | 0.11–11.8 | 0.54 (0.36–0.81) | 1.47 | 6.22 | 0.71 (0.63–0.79) | 4.40 (4.09–4.73) | 0.33 |
IMPY | 19/49 (38.8%) | 0.1 | 0.10–5.14 | * | * | 1.98 | * | 0.44 (0.31–0.60) | * |
PNP | 46/51 (90.1%) | 0.1 | 0.19–8.26 | 0.71 (0.51–1.00) | 1.34 | 4.65 | 0.40 (0.35–0.45) | 3.07 (2.62–3.55) | 0.07 |
Nonspecific | |||||||||
DEDTP | 2/51 (3.9%) | 0.5 | 0.51–0.56 | * | * | * | * | * | * |
DEP | 7/51 (13.7%) | 0.1 | 0.58–14.90 | * | * | * | * | 14.5 (10.7–18.8) | * |
DMDTP | 9/51 (17.6%) | 0.1 | 0.11–5.16 | * | * | * | * | 5.54 (4.06–6.69) | * |
DMTP | 14/51 (27.4%) | 0.1 | 0.15–8.50 | * | * | 2.15 | 2.24 (1.88–2.66) | 37.7 (27.0–50.1) | * |
DETP | 6/51 (11.8%) | 1 | 1.05–3.06 | * | * | * | * | 4.01 (2.41–6.59) | * |
Pyrethroids | |||||||||
4-F-3-PBA | 2/51 (3.9%) | 0.1 | 0.16–0.67 | * | * | * | * | * | * |
3-PBA | 37/49 (75.5%) | 0.1 | 0.11–9.70 | 0.23 (0.17–0.32) | 0.27 | 1.38 | 0.42 (0.37–0.47) | 6.5 (4.89–8.50) | 0.31 |
Trans-DCCA | 2/51 (3.9%) | 0.6 | 1.99–3.15 | * | * | * | * | 5.51 (2.87–9.82) | * |
Herbicides | |||||||||
2,4-D | 36/51 (70.6%) | 0.15 | 0.15–166.0 | 0.46 (0.29–0.73) | 0.89 | 17.4 | 0.28 (0.25–0.30) | 1.1 (0.97–1.39) | 0.06 |
2,4,5-T | 0/51 (0%) | 0.1 | * | * | * | * | * | * | * |
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Share and Cite
Wylie, B.J.; Ae-Ngibise, K.A.; Boamah, E.A.; Mujtaba, M.; Messerlian, C.; Hauser, R.; Coull, B.; Calafat, A.M.; Jack, D.; Kinney, P.L.; et al. Urinary Concentrations of Insecticide and Herbicide Metabolites among Pregnant Women in Rural Ghana: A Pilot Study. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2017, 14, 354. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14040354
Wylie BJ, Ae-Ngibise KA, Boamah EA, Mujtaba M, Messerlian C, Hauser R, Coull B, Calafat AM, Jack D, Kinney PL, et al. Urinary Concentrations of Insecticide and Herbicide Metabolites among Pregnant Women in Rural Ghana: A Pilot Study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2017; 14(4):354. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14040354
Chicago/Turabian StyleWylie, Blair J., Kenneth A. Ae-Ngibise, Ellen A. Boamah, Mohammed Mujtaba, Carmen Messerlian, Russ Hauser, Brent Coull, Antonia M. Calafat, Darby Jack, Patrick L. Kinney, and et al. 2017. "Urinary Concentrations of Insecticide and Herbicide Metabolites among Pregnant Women in Rural Ghana: A Pilot Study" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 14, no. 4: 354. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14040354