Involuntary Smoking in Adolescents, Their Awareness of Its Harmfulness, and Attitudes towards Smoking in the Presence of Non-Smokers
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Material and Methods
2.1. Study Design and Population
2.2. Questionnaire
2.3. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Characteristics of the Study Population
3.2. Exposure to Involuntary Smoking among Young People
3.3. Factors Associated with the Attitudes of Young Prople towards Restricting Smoking in the Presence of Non-Smokers
4. Discussion
5. Study Strengths and Limitations of the Study
6. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Characteristics | N (%) | Male | Female | Never Smoker | Ever Smoker |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
N (%) | |||||
Gender | - | - | |||
Male | 2004 (56.4) | 735 (51.6) | 1269 (59.7) b | ||
Female | 1548 (46.6) | 690 (48.4) | 858 (40.3) | ||
School grade | |||||
Secondary | 2645 (74.5) | 1406 (70.2) | 1239 (80.0) a | 1174 (82.4) | 1471 (69.2) b |
High | 907 (25.5) | 598 (29.8) | 309 (20.0) | 251 (17.6) | 656 (30.8) |
Mother’s education | |||||
Low | 1741 (49.0) | 967 (48.2) | 774 (50.0) | 619 (43.4) | 1122 (52.7) b |
Medium | 994 (28.0) | 588 (29.3) | 406 (26.2) a | 313 (22.0) | 681 (32.0) b |
High | 817 (23.0) | 449 (22.4) | 368 (23.8) | 493 (34.6) | 324 (15.2) b |
Father’s education | |||||
Low | 2183 (61.5) | 1323 (66.0) | 860 (55.6) a | 742 (52.1) | 1441 (67.7) b |
Medium | 786 (22.1) | 381 (19.0) | 405 (26.2) a | 412 (28.9) | 374 (17.6) b |
High | 583 (16.4) | 300 (15.0) | 283 (18.3) a | 272 (19.0) | 312 (14.7) b |
Have you ever smoked cigarettes? | |||||
Yes | 2127 (59.9) | 1269 (63.3) | 858 (55.4) a | ||
No | 1425 (40.1) | 735 (36.7) | 690 (44.6) | ||
Current smoking | |||||
Yes | 1044 (29.4) | 643 (32.1) | 401 (25.9) a | ||
No | 2508 (70.6) | 1361 (67.9) | 1147 (74.1) | ||
Parental smoking | |||||
None | 1847 (52.0) | 1059 (52.8) | 788 (50.9) | 843 (59.2) | 1004 (47.2) b |
One or both parents | 1705 (48.0) | 945 (47.2) | 760 (49.1) | 582 (40.8) | 1123 (52.8) |
Smoking ban at home | |||||
Yes | 1404 (39.5) | 763 (38.1) | 641 (41.4) a | 696 (48.8) | 708 (33.3) b |
No | 2148 (60.5) | 1241 (61.9) | 907 (58.6) | 729 (51.2) | 1419 (66.7) |
Enforcement of a smoking ban at home (among those who indicated a smoking ban at home) | |||||
No | 243 (17.3) | 118 (15.5) | 125 (19.5) a | 83 (11.9) | 160 (22.6) b |
Yes | 1161 (82.7) | 645 (84.5) | 516 (80.5) | 613 (88.1) | 548 (77.4) |
Over the past 7 days, how many days did you spend at home with someone who smoked cigarettes? | |||||
0 days | 2169 (61.1) | 1265 (63.1) | 904 (58.4) a | 969 (68.0) | 1200 (56.4) b |
1–2 | 537 (15.1) | 237 (11.8) | 300 (19.4) a | 202 (14.2) | 335 (15.7) |
3–4 | 184 (5.2) | 141 (7.0) | 43 (2.8) a | 67 (4.7) | 117 (5.5) |
5–6 | 114 (3.2) | 71 (3.5) | 43 (2.8) | 28 (2.0) | 86 (4.0) b |
7 days | 548 (15.4) | 290 (14.5) | 258 (16.7) | 159 (11.2) | 389 (18.3) b |
Over the past 7 days, how many days did you spend outside of home with someone who smoked cigarettes? | |||||
0 days | 1436 (40.4) | 731 (36.5) | 705 (45.5) a | 873 (61.3) | 563 (26.5) b |
1–2 | 619 (17.4) | 391 (19.5) | 228 (14.7) a | 270 (18.9) | 349 (16.4) b |
3–4 | 572 (16.1) | 412 (20.6) | 160 (10.3) a | 182 (12.8) | 390 (18.3) b |
5–6 | 287 (8.1) | 173 (8.6) | 114 (7.4) | 49 (3.4) | 238 (11.2) b |
7days | 638 (18.0) | 297 (14.8) | 341 (22.0) a | 51 (3.6) | 587 (27.6) b |
Smoking should be banned around children at home | |||||
Yes | 2890 (81.4) | 1583 (79.0) | 1307 (84.4) a | 1288 (90.4) | 1602 (75.3) b |
No or I don’t know | 662 (18.6) | 421 (21.0) | 241 (15.5) | 137 (9.6) | 525 (24.7) |
Smoking should be banned in cars | |||||
Yes | 2105 (59.3) | 1130 (56.4) | 975 (653.0) a | 1075 (75.4) | 1030 (48.6) b |
No or I don’t know | 1447 (40.7) | 874 (43.6) | 573 (37.0) | 350 (24.6) | 1097 (51.6) |
Smoking should be banned everywhere in the presence of non-smokers | |||||
Yes | 1470 (41.4) | 847 (42.3) | 623 (40.3) | 765 (53.7) | 705 (33.2) b |
No or I don’t know | 2082 (58.6) | 1157 (57.1) | 925 (59.7) | 660 (46.3) | 1422 (66.8) |
Has someone from your family talked to you about the health consequences of smoking? | |||||
No | 1086 (30.6) | 479 (23.9) | 607 (39.2) a | 466 (32.7) | 620 (29.1) b |
Yes | 2466 (69.4) | 1525 (76.1) | 941 (60.8) | 959 (67.3) | 1507 (70.9) |
Perception that tobacco smoking is harmful to health | |||||
No | 394 (11.1) | 222 (11.1) | 172 (11.1) | 108 (7.6) | 286 (13.4) b |
Yes | 3158 (88.9) | 1782 (88.9) | 1376 (88.9) | 1317 (92.4) | 1841 (86.6) |
Perception that involuntary smoking is harmful to health | |||||
No | 1090 (30.7) | 594 (29.6) | 496 (32.0) | 305 (21.4) | 785 (36.9) b |
Yes | 2462 (69.3) | 1410 (70.4) | 1052 (68.0) | 1120 (78.6) | 1342 (63.1) |
School policy prohibiting tobacco use within the school building and its premises | |||||
No | 1380 (38.9) | 776 (38.7) | 604 (39.0) | 368 (25.8) | 1012 (47.6) b |
Yes | 2172 (61.1) | 1228 (61.3) | 944 (61.0) | 1057 (74.2) | 1115 (52.4) |
Have you discussed the health consequences of smoking during school classes? | |||||
No | 1503 (42.3) | 793 (39.6) | 710 (45.9) a | 507 (35.6) | 996 (45.8) b |
Yes | 2049 (57.7) | 1211 (60.4) | 838 (54.1) | 918 (64.4) | 1131 (53.2) |
Characteristics | Smoking Should Be Banned around Children | Smoking Should Be Banned in Vehicles | Smoking Should Be Banned Everywhere in the Presence of Non-Smokers |
---|---|---|---|
Unadjusted Odds Ratio (95% CI) N = 3552 | |||
Gender | |||
Male | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Female | 1.44 (1.21–1.72) a | 1.31 (1.15–1.51) a | 0.92 (0.80–1.05) |
School grade | |||
Secondary | 1.16 (0.96–1.41) | 1.47 (1.26–1.71) a | 0.78 (0.67–0.91) a |
High | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Have you ever smoked cigarettes? | |||
Yes | 1 | 1 | 1 |
No | 3.08 (2.52–3.77) a | 3.27 (2.82–3.78) a | 2.34 (2.04–2.68) a |
Current smoking | |||
Yes | 1 | 1 | 1 |
No | 2.17 (1.83–2.59) a | 3.21 (2.76–3.72) a | 2.85 (2.42–3.45) a |
Mother’s education | |||
Low | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Medium | 0.88 (0.73–1.07) | 1.14 (0.97–1.33) | 1.32 (1.13–1.55) a |
High | 1.44 (1.14–1.81) a | 1.54 (1.30–1.83) a | 1.88 (1.59–2.23) a |
Father’s education | |||
Low | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Medium | 1.48 (1.18–1.84) a | 1.56 (1.32–1.85) a | 1.45 (1.23–1.71) a |
High | 1.48 (1.15–1.90) a | 1.13 (0.94–1.37) | 1.47 (1.22–1.76) a |
Parental smoking | |||
Non | 1.68 (1.41–1.99) a | 1.65 (1.44–1.88) a | 1.66 (1.45–1.90) a |
One or both parents | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Smoking ban at home | |||
Yes | 1.89 (1.58–2.28) a | 2.31 (2. 00–2.67) a | 2.15 (1.88–2.47) a |
No | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Enforcement of a smoking ban at home (among these who indicated a smoking ban at home) | |||
No | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Yes | 8.20 (5.85–11.49) a | 4.02 (3.01–5.36) a | 3.44 (2.54–4.44) a |
Has someone from your family talked to you the about health consequences of smoking? | |||
No | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Yes | 1.76 (1.48–2.10) a | 1.08 (0.94–1.25) | 1.10 (0.95–1.27) |
Perception that tobacco smoking is harmful to health | |||
No | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Yes | 7.01 (5.60–8.77) a | 2.99 (2.40–3.72) a | 2.58 (2.02–3.30) a |
Perception that involuntary smoking is harmful to health | |||
No | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Yes | 8.17 (6.72–9.95) a | 2.72 (2.26–3.27) a | 2.28 (1.86–2.78) a |
Over the past 7 days, how many days did you spend at home with someone who smoked cigarettes? | |||
0 days | 1 | 1 | 1 |
1 or more days | 0.77 (0.65–0.91) a | 0.75 (0.65–0.85) a | 0.42 (0.37–0.49) a |
Over the past 7 days, how many days did you spend outside of home with someone who smoked cigarettes? | |||
0 days | 1 | 1 | 1 |
1 or more days | 1.48 (1.25–1.75) a | 0.52 (0.45–0.60) a | 0.74 (0.65–0.85) a |
Have you discussed the health consequences of smoking during school classes? | |||
No | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Yes | 3.19 (2.67–3.81) a | 1.98 (1.73–2.67) a | 1.63 (1.42–1.87) a |
School policy prohibiting tobacco use within the school building and its premises | |||
No | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Yes | 3.55(2.97–4.23) a | 3.06 (2.66–3.52) a | 1.81 (1.57–2.08) a |
Characteristics | Smoking Should Be Banned around Children at Home | Smoking Should Be Banned in Vehicles | Smoking Should Be Banned Everywhere in the Presence of Non-Smokers |
---|---|---|---|
Adjusted Odds Ratio (95% CI) N = 3552 | |||
Gender | |||
Male | 1 | 1 | |
Female | 1.51 (1.22–1.86) a | 1.21 (1.04–1.41) a | * |
School grade | |||
Secondary | 0.94 (0.79–1.11) | 0.52 (0.44–0.62) a | |
High | * | 1 | 1 |
Mother’s education | |||
Low | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Medium | 1.06 (0.84–1.33) | 1.26 (1.05–1.50) a | 1.35 (1.15–1.64) a |
High | 1.04 (0.76–1.42) | 1.03 (0.84–1.26) | 1.18 (0.96–1.45) |
Father’s education | |||
Low | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Medium | 1.20 (0.92–1.57) | 1.27 (1.07–1.51) a | 1.24 (1.03–1.49) a |
High | 1.18 (0.85–1.64) | 1.00 (0.94–1.06) | 1.29 (1.04–1.62) a |
Have you ever smoked cigarettes? | |||
Yes | 1 | 1 | 1 |
No | 2.08 (1.60–2.72) a | 1.62 (1.34–1.96) a | 1.49 (1.25–1.78) a |
Current smoking | |||
Yes | 1 | 1 | 1 |
No | 1.34 (1.05–1.71) a | 1.81 (1.50–2.19) a | 1.99 (1.62–2.43) a |
Parental smoking | |||
Non | 1.44 (1.14–1.81) a | 1.27 (1.07–1.51) a | 0.89 (0.75–1.05) |
One or both parents | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Smoking ban at home | |||
Yes | 1.02 (0.79–1.31) | 1.78 (1.51–2.10) a | 1.59 (1.36–1.86) a |
No | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Over the past 7 days, how many days did you spend at home with someone who smoked cigarettes? | |||
0 days | 1 | 1 | 1 |
1 or more days | 1.19 (0.93–1.51) | 1.47 (1.22–1.75) a | 0.54 (0.45–0.65) a |
Over the past 7 days, how many days did you spend outside of home with someone who smoked cigarettes? | |||
0 days | 1 | 1 | 1 |
1 or more days | 1.82 (1.44–2.29) a | 0.65 (0.55–0.79) a | 1.05 (0.89–1.24) |
Has someone from your family talked to you about the health consequences of smoking? | |||
No | 1 | ||
Yes | 1.63 (1.32–2.01) a | * | * |
Perception that tobacco smoking is harmful to health | |||
No | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Yes | 3.51 (2.68–4.59) a | 2.05 (1.59–2.62) a | 1.81 (1.38–2.37) a |
Perception that involuntary smoking is harmful to health | |||
No | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Yes | 3.87 (3.08–4.86) a | 1.54 (1.24–1.91) a | 1.44 (1.15–1.81) a |
Have you discussed the health consequences of smoking during school classes? | |||
No | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Yes | 2.19 (1.77–2.71) a | 1.51 (1.29–1.78) a | 1.35 (1.16–1.59) a |
School policy prohibiting tobacco within the school building and its premises | |||
No | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Yes | 1.94 (1.57–2.39) a | 2.03 (1.73–2.38) a | 1.31 (1.11–1.54) a |
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Kaleta, D.; Polanska, K.; Wojtysiak, P.; Szatko, F. Involuntary Smoking in Adolescents, Their Awareness of Its Harmfulness, and Attitudes towards Smoking in the Presence of Non-Smokers. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2017, 14, 1095. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14101095
Kaleta D, Polanska K, Wojtysiak P, Szatko F. Involuntary Smoking in Adolescents, Their Awareness of Its Harmfulness, and Attitudes towards Smoking in the Presence of Non-Smokers. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2017; 14(10):1095. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14101095
Chicago/Turabian StyleKaleta, Dorota, Kinga Polanska, Piotr Wojtysiak, and Franciszek Szatko. 2017. "Involuntary Smoking in Adolescents, Their Awareness of Its Harmfulness, and Attitudes towards Smoking in the Presence of Non-Smokers" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 14, no. 10: 1095. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14101095