Active Traveling and Its Associations with Self-Rated Health, BMI and Physical Activity: A Comparative Study in the Adult Swedish Population
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Sample
2.2. Explanatory Measures
2.3. Health Outcome Measures
2.4. Statistical Analysis
2.5. Ethical Consideration
3. Results
3.1. Active and Inactive Traveling
3.2. SRH, BMI and Lifestyle, among Active and Inactive Travelers
3.3. Logistic Regressions
4. Discussion
Strengths and Limitations
5. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variables/Subgroups | Active Traveler (n = 431) | Inactive Traveler (n = 1231) | Total | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Sex | Male | 37.1 ** | 49.3 ** | 46.1 |
Female | 62.9 ** | 50.7 ** | 53.9 | |
Age | Md, Mean (SD) | 63, 62.3 (8.5) | 62, 61.6 (8.5) | 63, 61.8 (8.5) |
Education | Compulsory school | 28.7 | 27.8 | 28.0 |
Secondary school or equal | 33.6 | 38.4 | 37.1 | |
University | 37.8 | 33.9 | 34.9 | |
Occupation | Work full- or part-time | 47.2 | 54.2 | 52.4 |
Jobless or studding | 4.0 | 2.8 | 3.1 | |
Pensioner | 40.5 | 34.9 | 36.3 | |
Sick leave | 8.4 | 8.1 | 8.2 | |
Smoking habits | Never | 49.2 | 46.6 | 47.3 |
Previous | 35.8 | 40.6 | 39.3 | |
Current | 15.1 | 12.8 | 13.4 | |
Choosing food for health reasons | Not important | 9.4 * | 12.3 * | 11.5 |
Important to some degree | 24.4 * | 29.5 * | 28.2 | |
Very important | 66.2 * | 58.2 * | 60.3 | |
Total weekly physical activity | ≤30 min | 6.1 ** | 9.5 ** | 8.6 |
30–60 min | 8.9 ** | 13.7 ** | 12.4 | |
60–90 min | 8.9 ** | 12.8 ** | 11.8 | |
90–150 min | 15.5 ** | 18.6 ** | 17.8 | |
≥150 min | 60.7 ** | 45.5 ** | 49.4 | |
BMI | Normal | 53.5 ** | 41.7 ** | 44.7 |
Overweight | 35.3 ** | 44.4 ** | 42.0 | |
Obesity | 11.2 ** | 14.0 ** | 13.3 | |
Self-rated health | Poor or very poor | 3.9 * | 6.5 * | 5.9 |
Neither good nor poor | 17.2 * | 20.3 * | 19.5 | |
Good or very good | 78.8 * | 73.1 * | 74.6 |
Variables | Crude OR 95% CI | Model 1 OR 95% CI | Model 2 OR 95% CI | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Personal transportation | Traveling mode: | |||
Active | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
Inactive | 1.37 * (1.04–1.79) | 1.46 * (1.09–1.95) | 1.42 * (1.06–1.91) | |
Demographic | Gender: | |||
Male | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
Female | 0.90 (0.73–1.13) | 0.86 (0.68–1.10) | 0.95 (0.74–1.23) | |
Age | 1.02 ** (1.01–1.04) | 1.00 (0.97–1.02) | 0.99 (0.97–1.02) | |
Education level: | ||||
University | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
Secondary school or equal | 1.71 ** (1.30–2.25) | 1.51 ** (1.13–2.03) | 1.42 * (1.05–1.92) | |
Compulsory school | 1.87 ** (1.40–2.49) | 1.38 (1.00–1.90) | 1.22 (0.89–1.69) | |
Occupation: | ||||
Work full- or part-time | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
Jobless or studding | 2.35 ** (1.28–4.31) | 2.08 * (1.10–3.93) | 1.98 * (1.03–3.80) | |
Pensioner | 1.94 ** (1.52–2.49) | 2.02 ** (1.32–3.09) | 2.10 ** (1.36–3.24) | |
Sick leave | 8.93 ** (5.97–13.36) | 9.12 ** (5.96–13.96) | 8.75 ** (5.65–13.56) | |
Lifestyle | Smoking habits: | |||
Never | 1 | 1 | ||
Previous | 1.68 ** (1.31–2.14) | 1.45 ** (0.11–1.90) | ||
Current | 2.29 ** (1.64–3.18) | 1.76 ** (1.22–2.54) | ||
Choosing food for health reasons: | ||||
Very important | 1 | 1 | ||
Important to some degree | 1.80 ** (1.41–2.30) | 1.88 ** (1.43–2.488) | ||
Not important | 1.70 ** (1.21–2.40) | 1.53 * (1.04–2.23) | ||
Nagelkerke r2 | - | 0.13 | 0.15 |
Variables | Crude OR 95% CI | Model 1 OR 95% CI | Model 2 OR 95% CI | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Personal transportation | Traveling mode: | |||
Active | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
Inactive | 1.61 ** (1.29–2.01) | 1.49 ** (1.18–1.87) | 1.42 ** (1.13–1.80) | |
Demographic | Gender: | |||
Male | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
Female | 0.50 ** (0.41–0.61) | 0.51 ** (0.42–0.63) | 0.57 ** (0.46–0.71) | |
Age | 1.01 (1.00–1.02) | 1.00 (0.99–1.02) | 1.00 (0.98–1.02) | |
Education level: | ||||
University | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
Secondary school or equal | 1.65 ** (1.32–2.06) | 1.52 ** (1.19–1.93) | 1.51 ** (1.19–1.93) | |
Compulsory school | 2.01 ** (1.58–2.57) | 2.05 ** (1.57–2.69) | 2.03 ** (1.54–2.68) | |
Occupation: | ||||
Work full- or part-time | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
Jobless or studding | 0.78 (0.45–1.36) | 0.78 (0.44–1.41) | 0.72 (0.39–1.31) | |
Pensioner | 1.06 (0.86–1.30) | 0.85 (0.60–1.20) | 0.84 (0.59–1.20) | |
Sick leave | 1.32 (0.92–1.91) | 1.21 (0.81–1.79) | 1.19 (0.79–1.78) | |
Lifestyle | Smoking habits: | |||
Never | 1 | 1 | ||
Previous | 1.25 * (1.02–1.54) | 1.18 (0.94–1.48) | ||
Current | 0.81 (0.60–1.08) | 0.64 ** (0.46–0.88) | ||
Choosing food for health reasons: | ||||
Very important | 1 | 1 | ||
Important to some degree | 1.80 ** (1.45–2.25) | 1.63 ** (1.28–2.07) | ||
Not important | 2.34 ** (1.69–3.22) | 2.27 ** (1.59–3.24) | ||
Nagelkerke r2 | - | 0.08 | 0.11 |
Variables | Crude OR 95% CI | Model 1 OR 95% CI | Model 2 OR 95% CI | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Personal transportation | Traveling mode: | |||
Active | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
Inactive | 1.85 ** (1.48–2.32) | 1.80 ** (1.43–2.27) | 1.77 ** (1.40–2.23) | |
Demographic | Gender: | |||
Male | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
Female | 0.86 (0.72–1.06) | 0.96 (0.79–1.18) | 1.10 (0.89–1.36) | |
Age | 1.00 (0.98–1.01) | 1.00 (0.98–1.02) | 1.00 (0.98–1.02) | |
Education level: | ||||
University | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
Secondary school or equal | 1.38 ** (1.11–1.73) | 1.43 ** (1.13–2.11) | 1.32 * (1.04–1.68) | |
Compulsory school | 1.52 ** (1.20–1.93) | 1.61 * (1.24–2.10) | 1.44 ** (1.10–1.89) | |
Occupation: | ||||
Work full- or part-time | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
Jobless or studding | 1.16 (0.67–2.01) | 1.03 (0.58–1.83) | 0.92 (0.51–1.65) | |
Pensioner | 0.85 (0.70–1.05) | 0.80 (0.57–1.13) | 0.79 (0.56–1.12) | |
Sick leave | 1.06 ** (0.74–1.51) | 0.97 (0.67–1.42) | 0.93 (0.63–1.38) | |
Lifestyle | Smoking habits: | |||
Never | 1 | 1 | ||
Previous | 1.12 (0.91–1.37) | 1.13 (0.91–1.41) | ||
Current | 1.59 ** (1.18–2.14) | 1.37 (0.99–1.89) | ||
Choosing food for health reasons: | ||||
Very important | 1 | 1 | ||
Important to some degree | 2.16 ** (1.74–2.69) | 1.98 ** (1.56–2.50) | ||
Not important | 2.43 ** (1.78–3.32) | 2.39 ** (1.70–3.34) | ||
Nagelkerke r2 | - | 0.04 | 0.08 |
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Berglund, E.; Lytsy, P.; Westerling, R. Active Traveling and Its Associations with Self-Rated Health, BMI and Physical Activity: A Comparative Study in the Adult Swedish Population. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2016, 13, 455. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph13050455
Berglund E, Lytsy P, Westerling R. Active Traveling and Its Associations with Self-Rated Health, BMI and Physical Activity: A Comparative Study in the Adult Swedish Population. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2016; 13(5):455. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph13050455
Chicago/Turabian StyleBerglund, Erik, Per Lytsy, and Ragnar Westerling. 2016. "Active Traveling and Its Associations with Self-Rated Health, BMI and Physical Activity: A Comparative Study in the Adult Swedish Population" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 13, no. 5: 455. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph13050455