Mapping Copper and Lead Concentrations at Abandoned Mine Areas Using Element Analysis Data from ICP–AES and Portable XRF Instruments: A Comparative Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area and Soil Sampling
2.2. Geostatistical Methods
2.3. Four Different Approaches for Mapping Copper and Lead Concentrations
3. Results and Discussion
4. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
PTEs | Potentially toxic trace elements |
ICP–AES | Inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry |
PXRF | Portable X-ray fluorescence |
DEM | Digital elevation model |
RMSE | Root-mean-square error |
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ID | Input Data | Geostatistical Method |
---|---|---|
1 | ICP–AES analysis data | Ordinary kriging |
2 | PXRF analysis data | Ordinary kriging |
3 | ICP–AES and PXRF analysis data transformed by considering the correlation between them | Ordinary kriging |
4 | ICP–AES (primary) and PXRF (secondary) analysis data | Co-kriging |
ID | Cu (mg/kg) | Pb (mg/kg) | EC (µS·cm) | pH | Remark |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
89 | 636 | 188 | 44.0 | 5.76 | 12 samples in which the PXRF and ICP–AES analyses were performed together |
90 | 4437 | 811 | 17.8 | 5.69 | |
91 | 1080 | 223 | 26.3 | 5.04 | |
92 | 17 | 26 | 27.1 | 4.72 | |
93 | 57 | 81 | 32.4 | 4.56 | |
94 | 1338 | 402 | 36.4 | 5.01 | |
95 | 33 | 59 | 51.3 | 4.80 | |
96 | 29 | 46 | 30.1 | 5.57 | |
97 | 344 | 94 | 27.6 | 4.68 | |
98 | 1535 | 872 | 13.7 | 5.32 | |
99 | 4041 | 1924 | 22.4 | 4.93 | |
100 | 48 | 29 | 48.3 | 5.09 | |
V1 | 1517 | 602 | 29.7 | 4.95 | 11 samples collected at random points for validating the soil contamination maps |
V2 | 2364 | 562 | 26.7 | 5.01 | |
V3 | 1176 | 262 | 35.4 | 5.20 | |
V4 | 3814 | 1545 | 30.3 | 4.95 | |
V5 | 334 | 114 | 38.2 | 4.89 | |
V6 | 48 | 29 | 59.6 | 4.88 | |
V7 | 2454 | 695 | 65.0 | 4.41 | |
V8 | 1368 | 536 | 31.7 | 5.10 | |
V9 | 69 | 32 | 14.5 | 5.47 | |
V10 | 589 | 132 | 37.1 | 5.21 | |
V11 | 567 | 187 | 50.9 | 5.38 |
ID of Approach | Element | Model | Type | Nugget | Sill | Range (Major/Minor) | Major Direction 1 | Cross-Validation | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
ME 2 | RMSE 3 | ||||||||
1 | Cu | Gaussian model | Isotropic model | 0.6 | 3.2 | 90 | - | 475 | 2392 |
Pb | 0.3 | 2.2 | 80 | 88 | 611 | ||||
2 | Cu | Geometric anisotropic model | 0.4 | 1.7 | 70/35 | 115 | 232 | 588 | |
Pb | 0.2 | 0.8 | 75/40 | 115 | 35 | 170 | |||
3 | Cu | Geometric anisotropic model | 0.25 | 1.4 | 65/40 | 115 | 86 | 330 | |
Pb | 0.2 | 0.8 | 75/40 | 115 | 29 | 140 | |||
4 (primary) | Cu | Isotropic model | 0.6 | 3.2 | 90 | - | 572 | 1044 | |
Pb | 0.3 | 2.2 | 80 | 56 | 248 | ||||
4 (secondary) | Cu | 0.5 | 1.6 | 90 | - | - | |||
Pb | 0.5 | 0.7 | 80 | - | - | ||||
4 (cross variogram) | Cu | N/A | 2.2 | 90 | - | - | |||
Pb | N/A | 1.0 | 80 | - | - |
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Lee, H.; Choi, Y.; Suh, J.; Lee, S.-H. Mapping Copper and Lead Concentrations at Abandoned Mine Areas Using Element Analysis Data from ICP–AES and Portable XRF Instruments: A Comparative Study. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2016, 13, 384. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph13040384
Lee H, Choi Y, Suh J, Lee S-H. Mapping Copper and Lead Concentrations at Abandoned Mine Areas Using Element Analysis Data from ICP–AES and Portable XRF Instruments: A Comparative Study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2016; 13(4):384. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph13040384
Chicago/Turabian StyleLee, Hyeongyu, Yosoon Choi, Jangwon Suh, and Seung-Ho Lee. 2016. "Mapping Copper and Lead Concentrations at Abandoned Mine Areas Using Element Analysis Data from ICP–AES and Portable XRF Instruments: A Comparative Study" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 13, no. 4: 384. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph13040384