Lower Prevalence of Atopic Dermatitis and Allergic Sensitization among Children and Adolescents with a Two-Sided Migrant Background
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Design and Study Population
2.2. Data Collection and Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Basic Characteristics of the Study Population
3.2. Main Findings
3.2.1. Atopic Diseases
3.2.2. Allergic Sensitization
4. Discussion
Strengths and Limitations
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
CAPI | Computer Assisted Personal Interview |
KiGGS | German Health Interview and Examination Survey for children and adolescents |
NHANESIII | Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey |
NHIS | National Health Interview Survey |
OR | Odds Ratio |
RKI | Robert Koch Institute |
WHO | World Health Organization |
References
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Total | Migrant Background | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Basic Characteristics | n = 17,450 % (n) * | Two-Sided n = 2580 % (n) * | One-Sided n = 1283 % (n) * | None n = 13,507 % (n) * |
Sex | ||||
Male | 51.3 (8880) | 52.1 (1350) | 52.5 (656) | 51.0 (6842) |
Female | 48.7 (8570) | 47.9 (1230) | 47.5 (627) | 49.0 (6665) |
Age group (in years) | ||||
0–2 | 13.6 (2770) | 12.7 (360) | 19.9 (279) | 13.0 (2113) |
3–6 | 21.0 (3832) | 21.5 (565) | 24.2 (315) | 20.5 (2920) |
7–10 | 21.7 (4107) | 21.3 (606) | 21.8 (306) | 21.8 (3169) |
11–13 | 17.3 (3040) | 18.9 (486) | 14.8 (185) | 17.3 (2369) |
14–17 | 26.3 (3701) | 25.6 (563) | 19.4 (198) | 27.4 (2936) |
Socio-economic status | ||||
High | 27.1 (4366) | 10.0 (217) | 30.3 (376) | 30.2 (3143) |
Middle | 45.4 (7901) | 36.3 (834) | 42.7 (538) | 47.6 (6507) |
Low | 27.5 (4760) | 53.7 (1250) | 27.0 (356) | 22.1 (3764) |
Living environment | ||||
Rural | 45.3 (8463) | 24.2 (631) | 31.3 (429) | 51.7 (7365) |
Urban | 54.7 (8987) | 75.8 (1949) | 68.7 (854) | 48.3 (6142) |
Parental atopy | ||||
Yes | 37.9 (7341) | 25.1 (579) | 39.5 (487) | 40.5 (5174) |
No | 62.1 (9372) | 74.9 (1772) | 60.5 (792) | 59.5 (8212) |
Mold-infested rooms | ||||
Yes | 5.1 (893) | 9.9 (245) | 5.4 (72) | 4.1 (575) |
No | 94.9 (16,199) | 90.1 (2100) | 94.6 (1204) | 95.9 (12,853) |
Smoking mother and/or father | ||||
Yes | 49.8 (8716) | 54.6 (1380) | 53.2 (692) | 48.3 (6617) |
No | 50.2 (8479) | 45.4 (1121) | 46.8 (692) | 51.7 (6758) |
Birth order | ||||
Last or middle born | 49.8 (8156) | 54.2 (1159) | 44.2 (552) | 49.5 (6441) |
First born, as part of multiples or w/o siblings | 50.2 (8291) | 45.8 (972) | 55.8 (687) | 50.5 (6629) |
Atopic Disease | Migrant Background | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
None | One-Sided | Two-Sided | ||||
% (95%-CI) * | N ** | % (95%-CI) * | N ** | % (95%-CI) * | N ** | |
Lifetime prevalence | ||||||
Asthma | 4.7 (4.3–5.1) | 593 | 5.9 (4.6–7.4) | 70 | 4.4 (3.7–5.2) | 107 |
Allergic rhinoconjunctivitis | 11.0 (10.3–11.7) | 1339 | 11.1 (9.3–13.2) | 129 | 9.6 (8.3–10.9) | 232 |
Atopic dermatitis | 14.4 (13.6–15.3) | 1920 | 13.4 (11.6–15.3) | 174 | 8.0 (7.0–9.1) | 210 |
p ≤ 0.0001 | ||||||
12-month prevalence | ||||||
Asthma | 3.1 (2.7–3.4) | 381 | 3.5 (2.6–4.7) | 42 | 2.4 (1.9–3.1) | 61 |
Allergic rhinoconjunctivitis | 9.0 (8.4–9.6) | 1101 | 9.2 (7.6–11.0) | 104 | 7.7 (6.8–8.8) | 189 |
Atopic dermatitis | 7.7 (7.1–8.3) | 1069 | 8.6 (7.3–10.3) | 113 | 4.6 (3.8–5.6) | 121 |
p ≤ 0.0001 |
n = 13,100 | Migrant Background | Total | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
None | One-Sided | Two-Sided | ||||||
% (95%-CI) * | N ** | % (95%-CI) * | N ** | % (95%-CI) * | N ** | % (95%-CI) * | N ** | |
Sensitized to at least one of the test allergens | 40.3 (38.9–41.7) | 4006 | 42.9 (38.9–47.0) | 369 | 39.1 (36.9–41.4) | 735 | 40.3 (38.9–41.5) | 5110 |
Cladosporium herbarum (mold) | 1.8 (1.5–2.1) | 198 | 2.5 (1.7–3.9) | 22 | 1.2 (0.8–1.9) | 22 | 1.7 (1.5–2.0) | 245 |
Aspergillus fumigatus (mold) | 2.3 (1.9–2.6) | 255 | 2.6 (1.8–3.8) | 24 | 2.4 (1.8–3.3) | 46 | 2.3 (2.0–2.7) | 327 |
Egg white (food) | 4.7 (4.2–5.2) | 472 | 6.6 (5.0–8.8) | 56 | 5.5 (4.5–6.7) | 106 | 5.0 (4.5–5.5) | 637 |
Cow’s milk protein(food) | 5.3 (4.8–5.9) | 523 | 6.8 (5.0–9.1) | 59 | 7.1 (6.0–8.4) | 138 | 5.8 (5.2–6.3) | 725 |
Soybean (food) | 7.0 (6.2–7.9) | 684 | 5.0 (3.7–6.7) | 43 | 4.0 (3.1–5.2) | 77 | 6.3 (5.6–7.1) | 806 |
Rice (food) | 8.0 (7.1–9.0) | 794 | 5.5 (4.1–7.4) | 47 | 4.2 (3.3–5.5) | 86 | 7.2 (6.4–8.0) | 930 |
Potato (food) | 9.3 (8.3–10.4) | 900 | 7.3 (5.5–9.7) | 59 | 5.2 (4.1–6.5) | 98 | 8.4 (7.5–9.3) | 1059 |
Apple (food) | 9.9 (9.0–10.9) | 964 | 9.5 (7.6–11.9) | 80 | 6.1 (4.9–7.5) | 119 | 9.2 (8.5–10.0) | 1167 |
Carrot (food) | 10.4 (9.5–11.4) | 1014 | 9.6 (7.6–12.0) | 80 | 6.6 (5.4–8.0) | 129 | 9.7 (8.9–10.5) | 1228 |
Wheat (food) | 10.6 (9.6–11.6) | 1050 | 8.6 (6.6–11.0) | 71 | 7.4 (6.1–8.9) | 141 | 9.9 (9.0–10.7) | 1266 |
Peanut (food) | 11.6 (10.5–12.7) | 1150 | 9.7 (7.8–12.0) | 81 | 7.0 (5.8–8.5) | 134 | 10.6 (9.7–11.6) | 1369 |
Mugwort (pollen) | 11.6 (10.7–12.6) | 1199 | 10 (8.0–12.4) | 85 | 8.0 (6.6–9.6) | 152 | 10.8 (10.0–11.7) | 1440 |
Common silver birch (pollen) | 14.9 (13.9–16.0) | 1483 | 15.9 (13.5–18.6) | 131 | 9.7 (8.4–11.3) | 184 | 14.1 (13.2–15.0) | 1806 |
Cultivated rye (pollen) | 22.0 (20.6–23.4) | 2175 | 21.7 (18.7–25.0) | 182 | 17.4 (15.6–19.5) | 334 | 21.1 (20.0–22.3) | 2701 |
Timothy grass (pollen) | 23.4 (22.1–24.8) | 2322 | 23.3 (20.1–26.9) | 199 | 19.4 (17.5–21.5) | 365 | 22.7 (21.5–23.9) | 2899 |
Horse dander (animal) | 4.8 (4.3–5.3) | 476 | 4.7 (3.4–6.6) | 40 | 2.5 (2.0–3.2) | 51 | 4.4 (4.0–4.8) | 569 |
Cat dander (animal) | 8.5 (7.9–9.2) | 894 | 8.6 (6.7–11.1) | 71 | 6.1 (5.0–7.4) | 71 | 8.1 (7.6–8.7) | 1088 |
Dog dander (animal) | 10.2 (9.5–11.0) | 1022 | 8.3 (6.5–10.5) | 72 | 7.7 (6.4–9.2) | 149 | 9.6 (9.1–10.3) | 1249 |
Dermatophagoides farina (house dust mite) | 21.0 (20.1–22.0) | 2077 | 19.4 (16.5–22.7) | 165 | 20.0 (18.1–22.0) | 373 | 20.7 (19.9–21.6) | 2627 |
Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus (house dust mite) | 21.0 (20.1–21.9) | 2085 | 19.7 (16.6–23.2) | 170 | 21.1 (19.3–23.0) | 395 | 20.9 (20.1–21.8) | 2661 |
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Ernst, S.A.; Schmitz, R.; Thamm, M.; Ellert, U. Lower Prevalence of Atopic Dermatitis and Allergic Sensitization among Children and Adolescents with a Two-Sided Migrant Background. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2016, 13, 265. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph13030265
Ernst SA, Schmitz R, Thamm M, Ellert U. Lower Prevalence of Atopic Dermatitis and Allergic Sensitization among Children and Adolescents with a Two-Sided Migrant Background. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2016; 13(3):265. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph13030265
Chicago/Turabian StyleErnst, Sinja Alexandra, Roma Schmitz, Michael Thamm, and Ute Ellert. 2016. "Lower Prevalence of Atopic Dermatitis and Allergic Sensitization among Children and Adolescents with a Two-Sided Migrant Background" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 13, no. 3: 265. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph13030265