Prevalence and Occupational and Environmental Risk Factors of Self-Reported Asthma: Evidence from a Cross-Sectional Survey in Seven Chinese Cities
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Subjects
2.2. Ethics, Consent, and Permission
2.3. Instruments and Outcome Measures
2.4. Statistical Methods
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
OR | odds ratio |
CI | confidence interval |
GA2LEN | The Global Allergy and Asthma European Network |
CRS | chronic sinusitis |
AR | allergic rhinitis |
COPD | chronic obstructive pulmonary disease |
BMI | body mass index |
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City | Prevalence of Lifetime Asthma (%) | Prevalence of Current Asthma Attack (%) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Male | Female | Total | Male | Female | Total | |
Changchun | 1.30 (9/692) | 1.57 (11/699) | 1.44 (20/1391) | 0.08 (4/692) | 1.14 (8/699) | 0.86 (12/1391) |
Urumqi | 3.91 (28/717) | 2.99 (22/735) | 3.44 (50/1452) | 2.09 (15/717) | 1.36 (10/735) | 1.72 (25/1452) |
Beijing | 1.65 (11/668) | 0.92 (7/763) | 1.26 (18/1431) | 1.05 (7/668) | 0.26 (2/763) | 0.63 (9/1431) |
Huai’an | 4.80 (31/646) | 1.46 (11/752) | 3.00 (42/1398) | 2.17 (14/646) | 0.93 (7/741) | 1.50 (21/1398) |
Wuhan | 3.44 (25/727) | 2.90 (21/725) | 3.17 (46/1452) | 1.79 (13/727) | 1.38 (10/725) | 1.58 (23/1452) |
Chengdu | 4.57 (30/657) | 2.81 (22/782) | 3.61 (52/1439) | 1.83 (12/657) | 0.90 (7/782) | 1.32 (19/1439) |
Guangzhou | 1.60 (11/688) | 0.83 (6/723) | 1.20 (17/1411) | 0.87 (6/688) | 0.28 (2/723) | 0.57 (8/1411) |
Total | 3.02 (145/4795) | 1.93 (100/5179) | 2.46 (245/9974) | 1.48 (71/4795) | 0.89 (46/5179) | 1.17 (117/9974) |
Factors | Groups | Responders n (Proportion, %) | Asthma n (Prevalence, %) | p |
---|---|---|---|---|
Gender | Female | 5169 (51.91) | 100 (1.93) | <0.001 |
Male | 4787 (48.08) | 145 (3.02) | ||
Age group | 15–34 years | 3136 (29.53) | 43 (1.37) | <0.001 |
35–59 years | 4030 (37.95) | 88 (2.18) | ||
≥60 years | 2809 (26.45) | 114 (4.06) | ||
Ethnicity | Han | 8654 (94.60) | 220 (2.54) | 0.001 |
Minority | 494 (5.40) | 25 (5.06) | ||
Marital status | Married | 7662 (77.02) | 195 (2.55) | <0.001 |
Divorced | 152 (1.53) | 4 (2.63) | ||
Widowed | 427 (4.29) | 22 (5.15) | ||
Unmarried | 1707 (17.16) | 22 (1.29) | ||
Education attainment | Illiterate/primary | 1123 (11.26) | 38 (3.38) | 0.006 |
Secondary school | 2042 (20.48) | 55 (2.69) | ||
High school | 3380 (33.91) | 82 (2.43) | ||
College | 3205 (32.15) | 68 (2.12) | ||
Master or above | 219 (2.20) | 1 (0.46) | ||
Household monthly income per person | <RMB 3000 | 7264 (73.10) | 171 (2.35) | 0.240 |
RMB 3000+ | 2673 (29.90) | 74 (2.77) | ||
Floor space per person (m2) | Below median (26.67) | 4396 (51.41) | 81 (1.84) | <0.001 |
Above median | 4155 (48.59) | 143 (3.44) |
Asthma n (Proportion, %) | Non-Asthma n (Proportion, %) | Adjusted Odds Ratio (95%CI) * | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Full Model | Stepwise Model | |||
Clearance-related job | 13 (5.46) | 253 (2.67) | 1.77 (0.77,4.08) | 2.28 (1.07,4.89) |
Health care-related job | 16 (6.72) | 516 (5.45) | 1.62 (0.83,3.14) | |
Occupational exposure to dust | 34 (13.93) | 604 (6.25) | 1.37 (0.77,2.46) | |
Occupational exposure to industrial or occupational poisonous gas | 29 (11.84) | 281 (2.91) | 3.49 (1.91,6.38) | 4.21 (2.43,7.30) |
Large amounts of carpet at home | 24 (10.67) | 561 (6.73) | 0.67 (0.34,1.33) | - |
Large amounts of carpet at work place | 13 (5.78) | 126 (1.51) | 2.99 (1.24,7.21) | 2.61 (1.20,5.69) |
Cooking method at home | ||||
Electric or gas | 229 (93.47) | 9299 (96.23) | 1 | 1 |
Coal | 12 (4.90) | 146 (1.51) | 2.11 (0.85,5.25) | 2.65 (1.26,5.57) |
Firewood | 4 (1.63) | 218 (2.26) | 1.48 (0.40,5.39) | 1.36 (0.42,4.42) |
Maintaining warmth in winter | ||||
Electric or centralized heating | 175 (94.59) | 6302 (96.42) | 1 | 1 |
Coal | 8 (4.32) | 134 (2.05) | 1.24 (0.47,3.27) | |
Firewood/charcoal | 2 (1.08) | 100 (1.53) | 0.37 (0.08,1.74) | |
Exposure to mouldy or damp environments | ||||
Never | 175 (78.78) | 7037 (84.34) | 1 | 1 |
Occasionally | 40 (17.78) | 1063 (12.74) | 1.48 (0.93,2.35) | |
Frequently or everyday | 10 (4.44) | 244 (2.92) | 1.56 (0.67,3.63) | |
Smoking status | ||||
Non-smokers | 156 (69.93) | 7813 (80.55) | 1 | 1 |
Former smokers | 24 (9.83) | 282 (2.91) | 2.64 (1.42,4.90) | 3.18 (1.80,5.64) |
Current smokers | 64 (26.23) | 1605 (16.55) | 1.63 (1.06,2.50) | 1.97 (1.36,2.85) |
Second-hand smoke | 110 (45.08) | 3696 (38.24) | 1.17 (0.83,1.65) | |
Body mass index(BMI) (reference group) | ||||
Normal: 18.5–25 kg/m2 | 141 (62.67) | 5727 (68.81) | 1 | 1 |
Low: <18.5 kg/m2 | 17 (7.56) | 611 (7.34) | 1.41 (0.73,2.72) | |
High: >25 kg/m2 | 67 (29.78) | 1985 (23.85) | 1.16 (0.81,1.66) |
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Fu, Q.-L.; Du, Y.; Xu, G.; Zhang, H.; Cheng, L.; Wang, Y.-J.; Zhu, D.-D.; Lv, W.; Liu, S.-X.; Li, P.-Z.; et al. Prevalence and Occupational and Environmental Risk Factors of Self-Reported Asthma: Evidence from a Cross-Sectional Survey in Seven Chinese Cities. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2016, 13, 1084. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph13111084
Fu Q-L, Du Y, Xu G, Zhang H, Cheng L, Wang Y-J, Zhu D-D, Lv W, Liu S-X, Li P-Z, et al. Prevalence and Occupational and Environmental Risk Factors of Self-Reported Asthma: Evidence from a Cross-Sectional Survey in Seven Chinese Cities. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2016; 13(11):1084. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph13111084
Chicago/Turabian StyleFu, Qing-Ling, Yue Du, Geng Xu, Hua Zhang, Lei Cheng, Yan-Jun Wang, Dong-Dong Zhu, Wei Lv, Shi-Xi Liu, Pei-Zhong Li, and et al. 2016. "Prevalence and Occupational and Environmental Risk Factors of Self-Reported Asthma: Evidence from a Cross-Sectional Survey in Seven Chinese Cities" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 13, no. 11: 1084. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph13111084