Cellular Mutagenicity and Heavy Metal Concentrations of Leachates Extracted from the Fly and Bottom Ash Derived from Municipal Solid Waste Incineration
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Collection of Fly Ash and Bottom Ash
2.2. Leaching Procedure
2.3. Ames/Salmonella Mutagenicity Test
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Metal Concentrations of the Leachates
3.2. Mutagenicity of the Leachates
4. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Samples | Leachate Type | Final pH | Metal Concentration (mg·L−1) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cu | Zn | Cd | Pb | Cr | |||
Boiler Fly Ash | A (pH 4.93) | 10.81 | ND * | ND | 0.52 | 0.01 | 0.68 |
B (pH 2.88) | 9.69 | 3.50 | 1310 | 10.8 | 1.01 | 0.70 | |
C (pH 6.0) | 11.83 | ND | ND | ND | 0.00 | 1.18 | |
Precipitator Fly Ash | A (pH 4.93) | 9.48 | ND | ND | 0.32 | 0.04 | 0.93 |
B (pH 2.88) | 8.28 | 1.21 | 492 | 5.03 | 0.41 | 7.87 | |
C (pH 6.0) | 10.01 | ND | ND | 0.02 | 0.11 | 0.34 | |
Bottom Ash | A (pH 4.93) | 8.82 | 0.23 | 2.61 | ND | 0.03 | 0.06 |
B (pH 2.88) | 7.51 | 0.79 | 94.44 | 0.02 | 0.07 | 0.02 | |
C (pH 6.0) | 11.15 | 0.14 | 1.46 | ND | 0.41 | 0.02 |
Number of Average Revertants (Colony Forming Unit (CFU)/Plate) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Leachate A | ||||||
Treatment | TA98 * | TA100 * | TA1535 * | |||
(100 μL/plate) | −S9 | +S9 | −S9 | +S9 | −S9 | +S9 |
Dilution 1× | 37 ± 8 | 24 ± 3 | 177 ± 5 | 186 ± 5 | 16 ± 2 | 10 ± 3 |
Dilution 2.5× | 35 ± 5 | 38 ± 1 | 169 ± 14 | 184 ± 28 | 16 ± 4 | 12 ± 6 |
Dilution 5× | 33 ± 1 | 37 ± 6 | 178 ± 17 | 191 ± 8 | 18 ± 2 | 13 ± 3 |
Dilution 10× | 39 ± 1 | 36 ± 5 | 180 ± 9 | 195 ± 14 | 18 ± 4 | 14 ± 5 |
Blank | 35 ± 5 | 39 ± 5 | 198 ± 17 | 184 ± 12 | 18 ± 2 | 13 ± 3 |
Positive | 1596 ± 426 | 392 ± 48 | 1316 ± 121 | 2086 ± 408 | 588 ± 73 | 294 ± 42 |
Number of Average Revertants (CFU/Plate) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Leachate B | ||||||
Treatment | TA98 * | TA100 * | TA1535 * | |||
(100 μL/plate) | −S9 | +S9 | −S9 | +S9 | −S9 | +S9 |
Dilution 1× | 29 ± 10 | 30 ± 12 | 170 ± 11 | 219 ± 51 | 13 ± 5 | 8 ± 4 |
Dilution 2.5× | 21 ± 6 | 29 ± 5 | 175 ± 31 | 216 ± 44 | 15 ± 1 | 11 ± 4 |
Dilution 5× | 24 ± 5 | 31 ± 7 | 182 ± 3 | 218 ± 20 | 20 ± 4 | 10 ± 3 |
Dilution 10× | 28 ± 10 | 36 ± 11 | 184 ± 22 | 231 ± 12 | 16 ± 6 | 8 ± 1 |
Blank | 35 ± 5 | 39 ± 5 | 198 ± 17 | 184 ± 12 | 18 ± 2 | 13 ± 3 |
Positive | 1596 ± 426 | 392 ± 48 | 1316 ± 121 | 2086 ± 408 | 588 ± 73 | 294 ± 42 |
Number of Average Revertants (CFU/Plate) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Leachate C | ||||||
Treatment | TA98 * | TA100 * | TA1535 * | |||
(100 μL/plate) | −S9 | +S9 | −S9 | +S9 | −S9 | +S9 |
Dilution 2.5× | 32 ± 4 | 30 ± 3 | 166 ± 25 | 202 ± 34 | 15 ± 1 | 11 ± 1 |
Dilution 5× | 28 ± 7 | 30 ± 5 | 174 ± 7 | 192 ± 45 | 11 ± 3 | 10 ± 5 |
Dilution 10× | 27 ± 8 | 35 ± 6 | 188 ± 10 | 209 ± 11 | 19 ± 2 | 12 ± 3 |
Blank | 35 ± 5 | 39 ± 5 | 198 ± 17 | 184 ± 12 | 18 ± 2 | 13 ±3 |
Positive | 1596 ± 426 | 392 ± 48 | 1316 ± 121 | 2086 ± 408 | 588 ± 73 | 294 ± 42 |
Number of Average Revertants (CFU/Plate) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Leachate A | ||||||
Treatment | TA98 * | TA100 * | TA1535 * | |||
(100 μL/plate) | −S9 | +S9 | −S9 | +S9 | −S9 | +S9 |
Dilution 1× | 34 ± 8 | 36 ± 2 | 162 ± 8 | 157 ± 7 | 15 ± 2 | 15 ± 6 |
Dilution 2.5× | 38 ± 9 | 37 ± 4 | 165 ± 22 | 175 ± 23 | 15 ± 2 | 13 ± 7 |
Dilution 5× | 41 ± 6 | 37 ± 3 | 164 ± 14 | 176 ± 4 | 18 ± 0 | 10 ± 3 |
Dilution 10× | 32 ± 8 | 41 ± 3 | 171 ± 15 | 184 ± 12 | 18 ± 2 | 15 ± 4 |
Blank | 35 ± 5 | 38 ± 5 | 198 ± 17 | 183 ± 10 | 18 ± 2 | 13 ± 3 |
Positive | 1596 ± 426 | 518 ± 159 | 1316 ± 121 | 2170 ± 461 | 588 ± 73 | 294 ± 42 |
Number of Average Revertants (CFU/Plate) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Leachate B | ||||||
Treatment | TA98 * | TA100 * | TA1535 * | |||
(100 μL/plate) | −S9 | +S9 | −S9 | +S9 | −S9 | +S9 |
Dilution 1× | 34 ± 3 | 33 ± 4 | 171 ± 35 | 176 ± 12 | 11 ± 2 | 13 ± 5 |
Dilution 2.5× | 46 ± 1 | 29 ± 7 | 153 ± 6 | 173 ± 19 | 14 ± 3 | 11 ± 1 |
Dilution 5× | 41 ± 9 | 43 ± 7 | 158 ± 12 | 182 ± 16 | 16 ± 4 | 8 ± 4 |
Dilution 10× | 31 ± 9 | 39 ± 1 | 193 ± 7 | 175 ± 10 | 14 ± 2 | 11 ± 2 |
Blank | 35 ± 5 | 39 ± 5 | 198 ± 17 | 183 ± 10 | 18 ± 2 | 13 ± 3 |
Positive | 1596 ± 426 | 392 ± 48 | 1316 ± 121 | 2170 ± 461 | 588 ± 73 | 294 ± 42 |
Number of Average Revertants (CFU/Plate) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Leachate C | ||||||
Treatment | TA98 * | TA100 * | TA1535 * | |||
(100 μL/plate) | −S9 | +S9 | −S9 | +S9 | −S9 | +S9 |
Dilution 1× | 23 ± 1 | 28 ± 3 | 168 ± 20 | 195 ± 35 | 13 ± 2 | 13 ± 3 |
Dilution 2.5× | 33 ± 8 | 30 ± 9 | 187 ± 17 | 163 ± 21 | 14 ± 6 | 14 ± 4 |
Dilution 5× | 28 ± 3 | 39 ± 4 | 179 ± 10 | 180 ± 13 | 14 ± 3 | 14 ± 8 |
Dilution 10× | 37 ± 11 | 38 ± 5 | 195 ± 19 | 172 ± 15 | 14 ± 1 | 15 ± 3 |
Blank | 35 ± 5 | 39 ± 5 | 198 ± 17 | 183 ± 10 | 18 ± 2 | 13 ± 3 |
Positive | 1596 ± 426 | 392 ± 48 | 1316 ± 121 | 2170 ± 461 | 588 ± 73 | 294 ± 42 |
Number of Average Revertants (CFU/Plate) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Leachate A | ||||||
Treatment | TA98 * | TA100 * | TA1535 * | |||
(100 μL/plate) | −S9 | +S9 | −S9 | +S9 | −S9 | +S9 |
Dilution 1× | 17 ± 4 | 36 ± 8 | 203 ± 27 | 208 ± 11 | 11 ± 4 | 16 ± 2 |
Dilution 2.5× | 23 ± 8 | 40 ± 10 | 178 ± 14 | 200 ± 29 | 11 ± 3 | 13 ± 3 |
Dilution 5× | 20 ± 5 | 28 ± 4 | 202 ± 9 | 201 ± 24 | 14 ± 5 | 13 ± 3 |
Dilution 10× | 20 ± 1 | 27 ± 6 | 170 ± 6 | 202 ± 11 | 14 ± 6 | 11 ± 3 |
Blank | 35 ± 5 | 39 ± 5 | 178 ± 15 | 184 ± 12 | 14 ± 3 | 13 ± 3 |
Positive | 1596 ± 426 | 392 ± 48 | 2072 ± 246 | 2086 ± 408 | 560 ± 106 | 294 ± 42 |
Number of Average Revertants (CFU/Plate) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Leachate B | ||||||
Treatment | TA98 * | TA100 * | TA1535 * | |||
(100 μL/plate) | −S9 | +S9 | −S9 | +S9 | −S9 | +S9 |
Dilution 1× | 14 ± 4 | 37 ± 10 | 211 ±33 | 196 ± 6 | 11 ± 4 | 14 ± 3 |
Dilution 2.5× | 14 ± 3 | 41 ± 3 | 188 ±13 | 190 ± 8 | 14 ± 2 | 15 ± 6 |
Dilution 5× | 15 ± 3 | 42 ± 7 | 188 ±26 | 213 ± 16 | 13 ± 1 | 16 ± 3 |
Dilution 10× | 15 ± 3 | 30 ± 12 | 190 ±34 | 188 ± 44 | 11 ± 2 | 12 ± 7 |
Blank | 13 ± 5 | 39 ± 5 | 178 ±15 | 184 ± 12 | 14 ± 3 | 13 ± 3 |
Positive | 253 ± 89 | 392 ± 48 | 2072 ±246 | 2086 ± 408 | 560 ± 106 | 294 ± 42 |
Number of Average Revertants (CFU/Plate) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Leachate C | ||||||
Treatment | TA98 * | TA100 * | TA1535 * | |||
(100 μL/plate) | −S9 | +S9 | −S9 | +S9 | −S9 | +S9 |
Dilution 2.5× | 31 ± 5 | 27 ± 7 | 181 ± 17 | 216 ± 32 | 9 ± 1 | 11 ± 2 |
Dilution 5× | 24 ± 3 | 27 ± 4 | 199 ± 14 | 199 ± 24 | 12 ± 3 | 10 ± 2 |
Dilution 10× | 31 ± 7 | 25 ± 8 | 206 ± 13 | 205 ± 10 | 12 ± 2 | 14 ± 3 |
Blank | 35 ± 5 | 39 ± 5 | 178 ± 15 | 184 ± 12 | 14 ± 3 | 13 ± 3 |
Positive | 1596 ± 426 | 392 ± 48 | 2072 ± 246 | 2086 ± 408 | 560 ± 106 | 294 ± 42 |
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Chen, P.-W.; Liu, Z.-S.; Wun, M.-J.; Kuo, T.-C. Cellular Mutagenicity and Heavy Metal Concentrations of Leachates Extracted from the Fly and Bottom Ash Derived from Municipal Solid Waste Incineration. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2016, 13, 1078. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph13111078
Chen P-W, Liu Z-S, Wun M-J, Kuo T-C. Cellular Mutagenicity and Heavy Metal Concentrations of Leachates Extracted from the Fly and Bottom Ash Derived from Municipal Solid Waste Incineration. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2016; 13(11):1078. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph13111078
Chicago/Turabian StyleChen, Po-Wen, Zhen-Shu Liu, Min-Jie Wun, and Tai-Chen Kuo. 2016. "Cellular Mutagenicity and Heavy Metal Concentrations of Leachates Extracted from the Fly and Bottom Ash Derived from Municipal Solid Waste Incineration" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 13, no. 11: 1078. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph13111078