Has Child Restraint System Use Increased among Parents of Children in Shantou, China?
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Designs
2.1. Study Design and Data Collection
2.2. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Observations
3.2. Surveys
4. Discussion
5. Limitations
6. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Age Group | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total | Immunization Clinics Children Aged 0–2 | Kindergarten Children Aged 3–5 | Primary School Children Aged 6–12 | Middle Schools Children Aged 13–17 | p-Value | |
Total | 3464 | 586 | 1221 | 1043 | 614 | |
Riding position | <0.0001 | |||||
Front seat | 630 | 24 | 203 | 199 | 204 | |
18.2% | 4.1% | 16.6% | 19.1% | 33.2% | ||
Rear seat | 2515 | 343 | 948 | 817 | 407 | |
72.6% | 58.5% | 77.7% | 78.3% | 66.3% | ||
Adult’s lap | 319 | 219 | 70 | 27 | 3 | |
9.2% | 37.4% | 5.7% | 2.6% | 0.5% | ||
Restraint used a | 0.0018 | |||||
Yes | 505 | 76 | 187 | 127 | 115 | |
14.6% | 13.0% | 15.3% | 12.2% | 18.7% | ||
No | 2959 | 510 | 1034 | 916 | 499 | |
85.4% | 87.0% | 84.7% | 87.8% | 81.3% | ||
Type of restraint used | <0.0001 b | |||||
Rear-facing child restraint | 10 | 6 | 3 | 1 | 0 | |
0.3% | 1.1% | 0.2% | 0.1% | 0 | ||
Forward-facing child restraint | 175 | 43 | 121 | 11 | 0 | |
5.1% | 7.3% | 9.9% | 1.1% | 0 | ||
Booster | 4 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
0.1% | 0.2% | 0.1% | 0.1% | 0.1% | ||
Seat belt | 316 | 26 | 62 | 114 | 114 | |
9.1% | 4.4% | 5.1% | 10.9% | 18.6% |
CRS Used | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Items | N (1003) | Yes (141) | No (862) | p-Value |
Use CRS | 0.0045 b | |||
Necessary | 956 (95.3%) | 141 (100.0%) c | 815 (94.5%) | |
Unnecessary | 47 (4.7%) | 0 | 47 (5.5%) | |
Ages of use of CRS c | 0.0270 | |||
0–1 | 629 (62.7%) | 110 (78.6%) | 519 (60.2%) | |
2–5 | 862 (85.9%) | 133 (95.0%) | 729 (84.6%) | |
6–12 | 307 (30.6%) | 63 (45.0%) | 244 (28.3%) | |
13–17 | 17 (1.7%) | 7 (5.0%) | 10 (1.2%) | |
Sources of learning about CRS c | <0.0001 | |||
Media | 793 (79.1%) | 117 (83.0%) | 676 (78.4%) | |
Family or friend recommendation | 310 (30.9%) | 53 (37.6%) | 256 (29.7%) | |
Impact of legislation | 150 (15.0%) | 39 (27.7%) | 111 (12.9%) | |
Have not learned | 69 (6.9%) | 1 (0.7%) | 69 (8.0%) | |
Other | 56 (5.1%) | 7 (5.0%) | 49 (5.1%) | |
Reasons for not using CRS c | 0.5950 | |||
No law enforcement | 441 (44.0%) | 79 (56.0%) | 362 (42.0%) | |
Inconvenient to use | 294 (29.3%) | 43 (30.5%) | 251 (29.1%) | |
Lack adequate awareness | 244 (24.3%) | 41 (29.1%) | 203 (23.5%) | |
Safer to embrace passengers | 225 (22.4%) | 30 (21.3%) | 195 (22.6%) | |
High charge | 200 (19.9%) | 36 (25.5%) | 164 (19.0%) | |
Other | 184 (18.3%) | 27 (19.1%) | 157 (18.2%) | |
Provide CRS with charge | <0.0001 | |||
Refuse | 447 (44.6%) | 57 (40.4%) | 390 (45.2%) | |
Might accept | 364 (36.3%) | 38 (25.5%) | 328 (38.1%) | |
Accept | 192 (19.1%) | 48 (34.1%) | 144 (16.7%) | |
Provide CRS for free | <0.0001 | |||
Refuse | 300 (29.9%) | 35 (24.8%) | 265 (30.7%) | |
Might accept | 340 (33.9%) | 34 (24.1%) | 306 (35.5%) | |
Accept | 363 (36.2%) | 72 (51.1%) | 291 (33.8%) |
Variable | CRS Use | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Yes | No | p-Value | Unadjusted OR | 95% CI | Adjusted OR | 95% CI | |
Child’s age | |||||||
≥5 | 30 | 399 | <0.0001 | 1 | |||
≤4 | 111 | 462 | 3.195 | 2.089–4.888 | 3.395 | 2.125–5.424 | |
Child’s gender | |||||||
Boy | 84 | 437 | 1 | ||||
Girl | 56 | 417 | 0.1473 | 0.707 | 0.497–1.006 | 0.757 | 0.522–1.098 |
Driver’s age | |||||||
≤35 | 114 | 613 | 0.01639 | 1 | |||
≥36 | 27 | 249 | 0.583 | 0.374–0.910 | 0.974 | 0.573–1.654 | |
Driver’s gender | |||||||
Male | 67 | 392 | 0.6518 | 1 | |||
Female | 74 | 470 | 0.921 | 0.645–1.316 | 1.009 | 0.690–1,478 | |
Relationship with child | |||||||
Not parent | 9 | 48 | 0.6990 | 1 | |||
Parent | 132 | 814 | 0.865 | 0.415–1.804 | 1.105 | 0.759–1.609 | |
Education | |||||||
<college | 31 | 371 | <0.0001 | 1 | |||
≥college | 110 | 491 | 2.681 | 1.760–4.084 | 2.908 | 1.878–4.500 | |
Driver’s seatbelt use | |||||||
No | 10 | 212 | <0.0001 | 1 | |||
Yes | 131 | 650 | 4.273 | 2.205–8.249 | 3.194 | 1.605–6.356 | |
Provide CRS with charge | |||||||
Refuse | 57 | 390 | 0.2859 | 1 | |||
Might/would accept | 84 | 472 | 1.218 | 0.848–1.749 | 1.078 | 0.645–1.799 | |
Provide CRS for free | |||||||
Refuse | 35 | 265 | 0.1547 | 1 | |||
Might/would accept | 106 | 597 | 1.344 | 0.893–2.023 | 1.040 | 0.585–1.850 |
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Lei, H.; Yang, J.; Liu, X.; Chen, X.; Li, L. Has Child Restraint System Use Increased among Parents of Children in Shantou, China? Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2016, 13, 964. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph13100964
Lei H, Yang J, Liu X, Chen X, Li L. Has Child Restraint System Use Increased among Parents of Children in Shantou, China? International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2016; 13(10):964. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph13100964
Chicago/Turabian StyleLei, Huiqian, Jingzhen Yang, Xiangxiang Liu, Xiaojun Chen, and Liping Li. 2016. "Has Child Restraint System Use Increased among Parents of Children in Shantou, China?" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 13, no. 10: 964. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph13100964