Children’s Exposure to Secondhand Smoke during Ramadan in Jakarta, Indonesia
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Design
2.2. Measures
2.3. Data Transformation and Analyses
3. Results
3.1. Smoking Venues
3.2. Non-Smoking Venues
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Central Tendency | Active Smoker Density | Active Smokers Present | Children Present | Non-Smoking Adults Present | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ramadan | Post-Ramadan | Ramadan | Post- Ramadan | Ramadan | Post- Ramadan | Ramadan | Post- Ramadan | |
Mean (SD) | 0.21 (0.22) | 0.17 (0.17) | 11.9 (12.4) | 8.0 (10.8) | 4.5 (4.6) | 3.3 (4.5) | 35.6 (22.5) | 30.7 (24.6) |
Median (IQR) | 0.13 (0.18) | 0.11 (0.16) | 8.0 (11.3) | 6.0 (8.0) | 3.0 (6.8) | 2.0 (4.0) | 31.0 (28.8) | 22.0 (32.3) |
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Luntungan, N.H.W.; Byron, M.J.; Hovell, M.F.; Rosen, L.J.; Anggraeni, A.; Rees, V.W. Children’s Exposure to Secondhand Smoke during Ramadan in Jakarta, Indonesia. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2016, 13, 952. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph13100952
Luntungan NHW, Byron MJ, Hovell MF, Rosen LJ, Anggraeni A, Rees VW. Children’s Exposure to Secondhand Smoke during Ramadan in Jakarta, Indonesia. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2016; 13(10):952. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph13100952
Chicago/Turabian StyleLuntungan, Nurul (Nadia) H.W., M. Justin Byron, Melbourne F. Hovell, Laura J. Rosen, Annisa Anggraeni, and Vaughan W. Rees. 2016. "Children’s Exposure to Secondhand Smoke during Ramadan in Jakarta, Indonesia" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 13, no. 10: 952. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph13100952