Ethnic Differences in the Prevalence of High Homocysteine Levels Among Low-Income Rural Kazakh and Uyghur Adults in Far Western China and Its Implications for Preventive Public Health
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Ethics Statement
2.2. Settings and Study Population
2.3. Questionnaire Survey
2.4. Physical Examination and Detection of Serum Hcy
2.5. Definitions
2.6. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Basic Characteristics of the Study Populations
3.2. Prevalence of HHcy
3.3. Ethnic Differences in the Prevalence of HHcy between Kazakh and Uyghur Adults
Characteristic | Kazakh | Uyghur | Total | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Male | Female | Total | Male | Female | Total | Male | Female | Total | |
n | 433 | 570 | 1003 | 610 | 567 | 1177 | 1043 | 1137 | 2180 |
Age (years) * | 43.47 | 41.20 | 42.18 | 49.56 | 46.47 | 48.07 | 47.03 | 43.83 | 45.36 |
(12.26) | (10.58) | (11.39) | (15.47) | (14.72) | (15.18) | (14.53) | (13.08) | (13.88) | |
Hcy (μmol /L) & | 15.99 | 11.63 | 13.34 | 15.71 | 11.91 | 13.75 | 15.83 | 11.77 | 13.56 |
(10.92~23.42) | (8.57~15.76) | (9.17~19.40) | (10.24~24.11) | (7.92~17.93) | (8.85~21.37) | (10.51~23.83) | (8.21~16.87) | (8.89~20.47) | |
SBP (mmHg) * | 136.47 | 128.93 | 132.18 | 130.84 | 122.60 | 126.87 | 133.18 | 125.77 | 129.31 |
(23.60) | (20.99) | (22.46) | (19.77) | (21.64) | (21.09) | (21.61) | (21.54) | (21.88) | |
DBP (mmHg) * | 86.34 | 82.76 | 84.30 | 80.27 | 75.72 | 78.08 | 82.79 | 79.25 | 80.94 |
(14.11) | (13.32) | (13.77) | (12.69) | (13.50) | (13.28) | (13.63) | (13.86) | (13.86) | |
Hypertension ** | 202 | 200 | 402 | 246 | 163 | 409 | 448 | 363 | 811 |
(46.65) | (35.09) | (40.08) | (40.33) | (28.75) | (34.75) | (42.95) | (31.93) | (37.20) |
Age (years) | American Heart Association (Hcy ≥ 10 μmol/L) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Kazakh | Uyghur | |||||
Male | Female | Total | Male | Female | Total | |
25~34 | 122 | 113 | 235 | 123 | 77 | 200 |
(89.7) * | (57.4) | (70.6) | (89.8) * | (54.2) | (71.7) | |
35~44 | 117 | 124 | 241 | 118 | 91 | 209 |
(94.4) &,* | (68.1) & | (78.8) | (86.8) * | (52.0) | (67.2) | |
45~54 | 87 | 108 | 195 | 102 | 62 | 164 |
(94.6) * | (78.3) | (84.8) | (89.5) * | (68.1) | (80.0) | |
55~64 | 52 | 35 | 87 | 97 | 67 | 164 |
(96.3) | (97.2) & | (96.7) | (93.3) * | (83.8) | (89.1) | |
>65 | 27 | 17 | 44 | 114 | 69 | 183 |
(100.0) | (100.0) | (100.0) | (95.8) * | (87.3) | (92.4) | |
Overall | 405 | 397 | 802 | 554 | 366 | 920 |
(93.5) * | (69.6) | (80.0) | (90.8) * | (64.6) | (78.2) | |
χ2 trend | 6.143 | 39.468 | 48.640 | 7.393 | 49.992 | 65.718 |
p value | 0.189 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.117 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
Sex | Kazakh (Survey) | Kazakh (Hypertensive Patients) | Uyghur (Survey) | Uyghur (Hypertensive Patients) | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n | Patients | Prevalence | n | Patients | Prevalence | n | Patients | Prevalence | n | Patients | Prevalence | |
Female | 570 | 160 | 28.1 | 200 | 160 | 80.0 | 567 | 129 | 22.8 | 163 | 129 | 79.1 |
Male | 433 | 192 | 44.3 * | 202 | 192 | 95.0 # | 610 | 231 | 37.9 * | 246 | 231 | 93.9 # |
Total | 1003 | 352 | 35.1 | 404 | 352 | 87.6 | 1177 | 360 | 30.6 | 409 | 360 | 88.0 |
4. Discussion and Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Guo, S.; Pang, H.; Guo, H.; Zhang, M.; He, J.; Yan, Y.; Niu, Q.; Muratbek; Rui, D.; Li, S.; et al. Ethnic Differences in the Prevalence of High Homocysteine Levels Among Low-Income Rural Kazakh and Uyghur Adults in Far Western China and Its Implications for Preventive Public Health. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2015, 12, 5373-5385. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph120505373
Guo S, Pang H, Guo H, Zhang M, He J, Yan Y, Niu Q, Muratbek, Rui D, Li S, et al. Ethnic Differences in the Prevalence of High Homocysteine Levels Among Low-Income Rural Kazakh and Uyghur Adults in Far Western China and Its Implications for Preventive Public Health. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2015; 12(5):5373-5385. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph120505373
Chicago/Turabian StyleGuo, Shuxia, Hongrui Pang, Heng Guo, Mei Zhang, Jia He, Yizhong Yan, Qiang Niu, Muratbek, Dongsheng Rui, Shugang Li, and et al. 2015. "Ethnic Differences in the Prevalence of High Homocysteine Levels Among Low-Income Rural Kazakh and Uyghur Adults in Far Western China and Its Implications for Preventive Public Health" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 12, no. 5: 5373-5385. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph120505373