Prevalence of Mental Disorders in 6–16-Year-Old Students in Sichuan Province, China
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Participants and Methods
2.1. Participants
2.2. Sociodemographic Characteristics
2.3. The Screening Tool
2.4. Diagnostic Criteria and Tools
2.5. Study Procedures
2.6. Statistical Analysis
2.7. Ethical Approval
3. Results
3.1. Participant Characteristics
3.2. Detection of Behavioral Problems in Children
Variable | Sample | Rate (%) | χ2 | p Value | Cramer’s V |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Gender ** | |||||
Boys | 2164 | 21.78 | 91.27 | 0.003 | 0.068 |
Girls | 1605 | 16.42 | |||
Age * | |||||
6–7 | 356 | 14.23 | 51.98 | 0.026 | 0.051 |
8–10 | 898 | 20.16 | |||
11–13 | 1123 | 18.73 | |||
14–16 | 1392 | 20.60 | |||
Community | |||||
Rural | 2204 | 19.42 | 1.56 | 0.213 | 0.009 |
Urban | 1565 | 18.71 | |||
Caregiver ** | |||||
Parents | 1362 | 11.00 | 1419.04 | 0.001 | 0.268 |
Left-behind | 2407 | 32.83 | |||
Cities * | |||||
Chengdu | 801 | 16.95 | 32.47 | 0.014 | 0.041 |
Neijiang | 924 | 18.36 | |||
Dazhou | 959 | 19.82 | |||
Bazhong | 1085 | 21.22 |
3.3. Overall Point Prevalence Distribution of Mental Disorders
DSM-IV Disorders | n | % | 95% CI |
---|---|---|---|
Any disorders | 3003 | 15.24 | 14.74–15.74 |
Affective disorders | 588 | 2.99 | 1.35–3.22 |
Major depressive disorder | 375 | 1.90 | 1.71–2.09 |
Dysthymia | 54 | 0.27 | 0.20–0.35 |
Mania or hypomania | 159 | 0.81 | 0.68–0.93 |
Anxiety disorders | 777 | 3.94 | 3.67–4.21 |
Panic disorder | 29 | 0.15 | 0.09–0.19 |
Agoraphobia without panic | 15 | 0.08 | 0.04–0.11 |
Separation anxiety disorder | 95 | 0.48 | 0.39–0.58 |
Social phobia | 138 | 0.70 | 0.58–0.82 |
Specific phobia | 23 | 0.12 | 0.07–0.16 |
Obsessive compulsive disorder | 215 | 1.09 | 0.96–1.24 |
Posttraumatic stress disorder | 36 | 0.18 | 0.12–0.24 |
Generalized anxiety | 226 | 1.15 | 0.98–1.30 |
Substance use disorders | 199 | 1.01 | 0.87–1.14 |
Alcohol dependence | 89 | 0.45 | 0.36–0.55 |
Alcohol abuse | 12 | 0.06 | 0.03–0.10 |
Substance dependence | 79 | 0.40 | 0.32–0.48 |
Substance abuse | 19 | 0.10 | 0.06–0.14 |
Tic disorder | 401 | 2.03 | 1.84–2.23 |
Tourette disorder | 52 | 0.26 | 0.19–0.34 |
Chronic motor tic disorder | 75 | 0.38 | 0.29–0.47 |
Chronic vocal tic disorder | 74 | 0.38 | 0.29–0.47 |
Transient tic disorder | 200 | 1.01 | 0.88–1.54 |
Disruptive disorders | 1659 | 8.42 | 8.03–8.80 |
ADHD disorder | 1059 | 5.37 | 5.06–5.69 |
ADHD Combined | 282 | 1.43 | 1.24–1.60 |
ADHD Inattentive | 630 | 3.20 | 2.95–3.44 |
ADHD Hyperactive-impulsive | 147 | 0.75 | 0.63–0.87 |
Conduct disorder | 299 | 1.52 | 1.35–1.69 |
Oppositional defiant disorder | 594 | 3.01 | 2.78–3.25 |
Other mental disorders | 240 | 1.22 | 1.06–1.37 |
Psychotic disorders | 11 | 0.06 | 0.02–0.09 |
Anorexia nervosa | 23 | 0.12 | 0.07–0.16 |
Bulimia nervosa | 158 | 0.80 | 0.68–0.93 |
Adjustment disorder | 42 | 0.21 | 0.15–0.28 |
Pervasive developmental disorder | 6 | 0.03 | 0.00–0.05 |
Comorbidity | |||
Exactly 1 disorder | 1908 | 9.68 | 9.27–10.09 |
Exactly 2 disorders | 1035 | 5.25 | 4.94–5.56 |
3 or more disorders | 60 | 0.30 | 0.23–0.38 |
3.4. Gender, Age and Urban-Rural Distribution of Disorders
Genger | Male (n = 9938) | Female (n = 9773) | Odds Ratio (95% CI) | p Value |
---|---|---|---|---|
Affective disorders | 2.55 (2.24–2.86) | 3.43 (3.07–3.79) | 0.74 (0.63–0.87) | 0.001 ** |
Anxiety disorders | 3.98 (3.60–4.37) | 3.90 (3.51–4.28) | 1.02 (0.89–1.17) | 0.756 |
Disruptive disorders | 11.55 (10.92–12.18) | 5.23 (4.79–5.67) | 2.21 (2.00–2.44) | 0.001 ** |
Substance disorders | 1.77 (1.51–2.03) | 0.24 (0.14–0.33) | 7.53 (4.88–11.61) | 0.001 ** |
Tic disorders | 2.40 (2.10–2.71) | 1.66 (1.40–1.91) | 1.45 (1.19–1.77) | 0.001 ** |
Other disorders | 0.26 (0.16–0.36) | 2.19 (1.90–2.48) | 0.12 (0.08–0.18) | 0.001 ** |
Any disorders | 17.34 (16.59–18.08) | 13.10 (12.43–13.77) | 1.32 (1.24–1.42) | 0.001 ** |
Age | Anxiety Disorders | Affective Disorders | Substance Disorders | Tic Disorders | Disruptive Disorders | Other Disorders | Any Disorders |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
6years | 1.79 (1.01–2.57) | 1.07 (0.47–1.68) | 0 (0–0) | 2.06 (1.23–2.90) | 9.94 (8.18–11.69) | 0.27 (0.04–0.57) | 13.52 (11.51–15.53) |
7years | 1.37 (0.76–1.99) | 1.95 (1.22–2.68) | 0 (0–0) | 3.10 (2.19–4.02) | 9.82 (8.25–11.39) | 0.36 (0.04–0.68) | 14.44 (12.59–16.29) |
8years | 4.47 (3.32–5.61) | 1.27 (0.66–1.90) | 0 (0–0) | 3.03 (2.08–3.98) | 12.60 (10.77–14.45) | 0.32 (0.06–0.63) | 16.36 (14.31–18.41) |
9years | 5.00 (3.88–6.11) | 1.51 (0.88–2.13) | 0.14 (0.05–0.33) | 3.56 (2.61–4.51) | 11.29 (9.67–12.92) | 0.41 (0.08–0.74) | 17.11 (15.18–19.04) |
10years | 6.21 (5.07–7.34) | 1.55 (0.97–2.13) | 0.63 (0.26–1.00) | 3.74 (2.84–4.63) | 10.86 (9.40–12.33) | 0.17 (0.02–0.37) | 16.55 (14.80–18.30) |
11years | 5.41 (4.41–6.41) | 1.12 (0.66–1.59) | 0.51 (0.19–0.83) | 3.01 (2.25–3.71) | 9.95 (8.63–11.28) | 0.31 (0.06–0.55) | 15.01 (13.42–16.60) |
12years | 3.52 (2.68–4.37) | 1.90 (1.27–2.52) | 0.65 (0.28–1.02) | 3.25 (2.44–4.06) | 10.51 (9.11–11.92) | 0.81 (0.40–1.22) | 15.99 (14.32–17.67) |
13years | 3.74 (2.94–4.53) | 2.83 (2.13–3.52) | 0.59 (0.27–0.91) | 1.87 (1.30–2.49) | 9.17 (7.96–10.37) | 2.23 (1.62–2.85) | 15.60 (14.08–17.11) |
14years | 3.42 (2.69–4.15) | 2.95 (2.27–3.64) | 1.05 (0.64–1.47) | 0.42 (0.16–0.68) | 6.84 (5.82–7.85) | 2.87 (2.20–3.54) | 14.77 (13.33–16.20) |
15years | 3.56 (2.81–4.31) | 5.43 (4.51–6.34) | 1.91 (1.36–2.46) | 0.17 (0.03–0.34) | 3.60 (2.85–4.36) | 1.65 (1.14–2.17) | 12.68 (11.34–14.02) |
16years | 4.08 (3.23–4.95) | 8.23 (7.03–9.42) | 4.00 (3.14–4.84) | 0.30 (0.05–0.53) | 3.10 (2.35–3.86) | 2.07 (1.45–2.69) | 16.21 (14.60–17.81) |
sum | 3.94 (3.67–4.21) | 2.98 (2.75–3.22) | 1.01 (0.87–1.15) | 2.03 (1.84–2.23) | 8.42 (8.03–8.80) | 1.21 (1.06–1.37) | 15.24 (14.74–15.74) |
χ2 | 82.55 | 326.55 | 262.55 | 182.81 | 235.66 | 153.54 | 25.69 |
p | 0.001 ** | 0.001 ** | 0.001 ** | 0.001 ** | 0.001 ** | 0.001 ** | 0.004 ** |
Community | Rural (n = 11,348) | Urban (n = 8363) | Odds Ratio (95% CI) | p Value |
---|---|---|---|---|
Affective disorders | 3.89 (3.53–4.24) | 1.76 (1.48–2.04) | 2.21 (1.84–2.66) | 0.001 ** |
Anxiety disorders | 3.91 (3.56–4.27) | 3.98 (3.56–4.40) | 0.98 (0.86–1.13) | 0.805 |
Disruptive disorders | 7.62 (7.13–8.11) | 9.49 (8.87–10.12) | 0.80 (0.73–0.88) | 0.001 ** |
Substance disorders | 1.43 (1.22–1.66) | 0.43 (0.29–0.57) | 3.34 (2.33–4.78) | 0.001 ** |
Tic disorders | 1.73 (1.49–1.97) | 2.45 (2.12–2.78) | 0.71 (0.58–0.86) | 0.001 ** |
Other mental disorders | 1.66 (1.42–1.89) | 0.62 (0.45–0.79) | 2.66 (1.96–3.62) | 0.001 ** |
Any disorders | 15.84 (15.16–16.51) | 14.42 (13.67–15.17) | 1.10 (1.03–1.18) | 0.006 ** |
3.5. Prevalence of Mental Disorders in Left-Behind Children
Caregiver | Left-Behind (n = 7331) | Parents (n = 12,380) | Odds Ratio (95% CI) | p Value |
---|---|---|---|---|
Affective disorders | 4.50 (4.03–4.98) | 2.08 (1.83–2.34) | 2.22 (1.88–2.61) | 0.001 ** |
Anxiety disorders | 6.55 (5.98–7.11) | 2.40 (2.13–2.67) | 2.85 (2.46–3.30) | 0.001 ** |
Disruptive disorders | 15.32 (14.49–16.14) | 4.33 (3.97–4.69) | 3.99 (3.59–4.45) | 0.001 ** |
Substance disorders | 1.64 (1.35–1.92) | 0.64 (0.50–0.78) | 2.59 (1.95–3.45) | 0.001 ** |
Tic disorders | 4.17 (3.72–4.63) | 0.77 (0.61–0.92) | 5.63 (4.47–7.10) | 0.001 ** |
Other disorders | 1.69 (1.40–1.99) | 0.94 (0.77–1.11) | 1.82 (1.41–2.35) | 0.001 ** |
Any disorders | 26.42 (25.42–27.43) | 8.61 (8.11–9.10) | 3.81 (3.51–4.14) | 0.003 ** |
3.6. Distribution of Mental Disorders According to City
Cities | Chengdu (n = 4727) | Neijiang (n = 5033) | Dazhou (n = 4838) | Bazhong (n = 5113) | p Value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Affective disorders | 2.98 (2.50–3.47) | 2.44 (2.02–2.87) | 2.65 (2.19–3.10) | 3.83 (3.31–4.36) | 0.001 ** |
Anxiety disorders | 3.45 (2.93–3.97) | 4.19 (3.64–4.75) | 3.95 (3.40–4.50) | 4.15 (3.60–4.69) | 0.218 |
Disruptive disorders | 5.80 (5.13–6.46) | 8.54 (7.77–9.32) | 9.32 (8.50–10.14) | 9.86 (9.04–1067) | 0.001 ** |
Substance disorders | 1.10 (0.80–1.40) | 0.70 (0.47–0.93) | 0.50 (0.30–0.69) | 1.72 (1.36–2.10) | 0.001 ** |
Tic disorders | 1.95 (1.55–2.34) | 1.47 (1.14–1.80) | 2.34 (1.91–2.76) | 2.39 (1.97–2.80) | 0.004 ** |
Other disorders | 1.14 (0.84–1.45) | 1.21 (0.91–1.51) | 1.16 (0.86–1.46) | 1.35 (1.03–1.67) | 0.775 |
Any disorders | 12.61 (11.66–13.56) | 14.54 (13.57–15.52) | 15.50 (14.48–16.52) | 18.09 (17.04–19.15) | 0.001 ** |
3.7. Comorbidity
4. Discussion
4.1. Point Prevalence
4.2. Sex and Age
4.3. Regional Differences and Issues for Left-Behind Children
4.4. Comorbidity
4.5. Limitations
5. Conclusions
Acknowledgements
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Qu, Y.; Jiang, H.; Zhang, N.; Wang, D.; Guo, L. Prevalence of Mental Disorders in 6–16-Year-Old Students in Sichuan Province, China. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2015, 12, 5090-5107. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph120505090
Qu Y, Jiang H, Zhang N, Wang D, Guo L. Prevalence of Mental Disorders in 6–16-Year-Old Students in Sichuan Province, China. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2015; 12(5):5090-5107. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph120505090
Chicago/Turabian StyleQu, Yuan, Hongyun Jiang, Ni Zhang, Dahai Wang, and Lanting Guo. 2015. "Prevalence of Mental Disorders in 6–16-Year-Old Students in Sichuan Province, China" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 12, no. 5: 5090-5107. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph120505090