A Potential Synergy between Incomplete Arsenic Methylation Capacity and Demographic Characteristics on the Risk of Hypertension: Findings from a Cross-Sectional Study in an Arsenic-Endemic Area of Inner Mongolia, China
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Population
2.2. Blood Pressure Measurement and Diagnosis of Hypertension
2.3. Arsenic Exposure Measurement
2.4. Biochemical Analysis
2.5. Measurement of Urinary Arsenic Metabolites
2.6. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Characteristics of the Study Population
Characteristics | Hypertension (n = 126) | Non-Hypertension (n = 386) | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|
Category variables a | |||
Male | 51 (40.48%) | 153 (39.64%) | 0.867 |
Cigarette smoker | 42 (33.33%) | 93 (24.09%) | 0.041 * |
Alcohol consumer | 25 (19.84%) | 74 (19.17%) | 0.869 |
Continuous variables b | |||
Age (years) | 65.17 ± 12.19 | 53.60 ± 14.38 | <0.001 ** |
BMI (kg/m2) | 24.20 ± 4.15 | 22.18 ± 3.17 | <0.001 ** |
CAE (mg/L-year) | 0.61 ± 0.80 | 0.38 ± 0.83 | 0.007 ** |
Cr (mg/L) | 758.43 ± 494.96 | 844.13 ± 501.48 | 0.095 & |
FBG (mmol/L) | 5.58 ± 1.36 | 5.25 ± 1.07 | 0.013 * |
AST (U/L) | 33.17 ± 9.71 | 32.35 ± 12.73 | 0.537 |
ALT (U/L) | 21.39 ± 10.88 | 20.99 ± 10.38 | 0.730 |
Urinary arsenic levels c | |||
iAs (µg/g Cr) | 11.75 (9.77, 14.13) | 7.94 (6.91, 8.91) | 0.008 ** |
MMA (µg/g Cr) | 20.42 (17.38, 23.99) | 13.18 (12.02, 14.45) | <0.001 ** |
DMA (µg/g Cr) | 99.72 (87.10, 114.82) | 79.43 (74.13, 87.10) | 0.012 * |
tAs (µg/g Cr) | 138.04 (117.49, 158.49) | 104.71 (97.72, 114.82) | 0.002 ** |
Arsenic methylation indices c | |||
iAs% | 8.51 (7.59, 9.55) | 7.59 (6.92, 8.13) | 0.128 |
MMA% | 14.79 (13.80, 15.85) | 12.59 (12.02, 13.01) | <0.001 ** |
DMA% | 72.44 (70.79, 74.13) | 76.16 (75.28, 77.04) | 0.003 ** |
PMI | 0.90 (0.89, 0.91) | 0.89 (0.87, 0.91) | 0.357 |
SMI | 0.82 (0.80, 0.84) | 0.85 (0.84, 0.85) | <0.001 ** |
3.2. Association between Urinary Arsenic Methylation Indices and Hypertension Risk
Characteristics a | Hypertension (n = 126) | Non-hypertension (n = 386) | OR (95% CI) | p-Value | OR (95% CI) b | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
iAs% | ||||||
<6.70 | 41 | 129 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
6.70–10.63 | 47 | 124 | 1.19 (0.73, 1.94) | 0.478 | 1.64 (0.93, 2.91) | 0.089 & |
>10.63 | 38 | 133 | 0.90 (0.54, 1.49) | 0.678 | 1.34 (0.75, 2.40) | 0.370 |
MMA% | ||||||
<11.52 | 33 | 137 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
11.52–15.56 | 41 | 130 | 1.31 (0.78, 2.20) | 0.307 | 1.03 (0.57, 1.86) | 0.934 |
>15.56 | 52 | 119 | 1.81 (1.10, 2.99) | 0.020 * | 1.70 (0.93, 3.11) | 0.084 & |
DMA% | ||||||
<73.40 | 48 | 122 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
73.40–80.83 | 44 | 127 | 0.88 (0.55, 1.42) | 0.603 | 0.65 (0.37, 1.13) | 0.128 |
>80.83 | 34 | 137 | 0.63 (0.38, 1.04) | 0.072 & | 0.37 (0.20, 0.68) | 0.001 ** |
PMI | ||||||
<0.90 | 38 | 133 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
0.90–0.94 | 47 | 124 | 1.33 (0.81, 2.17) | 0.261 | 1.20 (0.68, 2.09) | 0.531 |
>0.94 | 41 | 129 | 1.11 (0.67, 1.84) | 0.678 | 0.74 (0.42, 1.32) | 0.331 |
SMI | ||||||
<0.83 | 54 | 116 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
0.83–0.87 | 38 | 133 | 0.61 (0.38, 1.00) | 0.048 * | 0.44 (0.25, 0.79) | 0.006 ** |
>0.87 | 34 | 137 | 0.53 (0.33, 0.88) | 0.013 * | 0.47 (0.26, 0.86) | 0.014 * |
3.3. Joint Effects of Urinary Arsenic Methylation Capacity with Potential Modified Variables on Hypertension Risk
Characteristics | Joint Effect between Urinary Arsenic Methylation Indices and Age | Joint Effect between Urinary Arsenic Methylation Indices and BMI | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age | Cases/Non-Cases (n) | OR (95% CI) a | RERI (95% CI) | BMI | Cases/Non-Cases (n) | OR(95%CI) b | RERI (95%CI) | |
MMA% c | ||||||||
≤13.41 | ≤57 | 14/137 | 1.00 | ≤22.21 | 14/100 | 1.00 | ||
>13.41 | ≤57 | 18/102 | 2.12 (0.96, 4.67) | ≤22.21 | 26/116 | 1.77 (0.81, 3.81) | ||
≤13.41 | >57 | 40/65 | 6.52 (3.18, 13.37) ** | >22.21 | 40/102 | 4.16 (1.95, 8.84) ** | ||
>13.41 | >57 | 54/82 | 8.64 (4.22, 17.72) ** | 1.00 (−3.43, 5.43) | >22.21 | 46/68 | 5.09 (2.41, 10.76) ** | 0.17 (−2.68, 3.02) |
DMA% c | ||||||||
>77.61 | ≤57 | 18/118 | 1.00 | ≤22.21 | 18/91 | 1.00 | ||
≤77.61 | ≤57 | 14/121 | 0.98 (0.45, 2.15) | ≤22.21 | 22/125 | 1.35 (0.63, 2.87) | ||
>77.61 | >57 | 46/74 | 4.47 (2.31, 8.62) ** | >22.21 | 46/101 | 3.42 (1.69, 6.90) * | ||
≤77.61 | >57 | 48/73 | 6.07 (3.05, 12.07) ** | 1.62 (−1.54, 4.78) | >22.21 | 40/69 | 4.48 (2.18, 9.19) ** | 0.71 (−2.36, 3.78) |
SMI c | ||||||||
>0.85 | ≤57 | 15/134 | 1.00 | ≤22.21 | 14/101 | 1.00 | ||
≤0.85 | ≤57 | 17/105 | 1.69 (0.88, 3.69) | ≤22.21 | 26/115 | 2.32 (1.06, 5.07) * | ||
>0.85 | >57 | 37/70 | 5.08 (2.51, 10.28) ** | >22.21 | 38/103 | 4.67 (2.08, 9.60) * | ||
≤0.85 | >57 | 57/77 | 8.59 (4.26, 17.32) ** | 2.81 (−1.35, 7.04) | >22.21 | 48/67 | 6.36 (3.00, 13.50) ** | 0.57 (−2.81, 3.95) |
Characteristics | Variables | Hypertension Cases/Subgroup (n) | OR (95% CI) a | RERI (95% CI) |
---|---|---|---|---|
MMA% b | Cigarette smoking | |||
≤13.41 | Never | 43/168 | 1.00 | |
>13.41 | Never | 41/125 | 1.43 (0.81, 2.53) | |
≤13.41 | Ever | 11/34 | 2.12 (0.83, 5.42) | |
>13.41 | Ever | 31/59 | 2.91 (1.37, 6.15) ** | 0.35 (−1.86, 2.56) |
DMA% b | Cigarette smoking | |||
>77.61 | Never | 47/161 | 1.00 | |
≤77.61 | Never | 17/31 | 2.90 (1.23, 6.83) * | |
>77.61 | Ever | 37/132 | 1.60 (0.90, 2.84) | |
≤77.61 | Ever | 25/62 | 2.69 (1.24, 5.85) * | −0.81 (−3.24, 1.62) |
SMI b | Cigarette smoking | |||
>0.85 | Never | 42/169 | 1.00 | |
≤0.85 | Never | 42/124 | 1.72 (0.97, 3.04) | |
>0.85 | Ever | 10/35 | 2.04 (0.78, 5.31) | |
≤0.85 | Ever | 32/58 | 3.45 (1.63, 7.33) ** | 0.70 (−1.71, 3.11) |
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Acknowledgements
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Li, Y.; Wang, D.; Li, X.; Zheng, Q.; Sun, G. A Potential Synergy between Incomplete Arsenic Methylation Capacity and Demographic Characteristics on the Risk of Hypertension: Findings from a Cross-Sectional Study in an Arsenic-Endemic Area of Inner Mongolia, China. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2015, 12, 3615-3632. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph120403615
Li Y, Wang D, Li X, Zheng Q, Sun G. A Potential Synergy between Incomplete Arsenic Methylation Capacity and Demographic Characteristics on the Risk of Hypertension: Findings from a Cross-Sectional Study in an Arsenic-Endemic Area of Inner Mongolia, China. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2015; 12(4):3615-3632. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph120403615
Chicago/Turabian StyleLi, Yongfang, Da Wang, Xin Li, Quanmei Zheng, and Guifan Sun. 2015. "A Potential Synergy between Incomplete Arsenic Methylation Capacity and Demographic Characteristics on the Risk of Hypertension: Findings from a Cross-Sectional Study in an Arsenic-Endemic Area of Inner Mongolia, China" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 12, no. 4: 3615-3632. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph120403615