Waterpipe Tobacco Smoking in Turkey: Policy Implications and Trends from the Global Adult Tobacco Survey (GATS)
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Experimental Section
2.1. Tobacco Control Policies
Date | Milestone |
---|---|
1996 | First tobacco control Law 4207 on Prevention of Harms of Tobacco Products |
November 2004 | Turkey ratified WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC) |
May 2008 | Bill amending the law on prevention of hazards of tobacco products of 1996 [11] |
July 2009 | 100% smoke-free law implemented including hospitality sectors. |
May 2010 | Health warnings on cigarette packages (combined text and graphic warnings) |
October 2010 | Smoking cessation service launched including a quitline and free distribution of medications. |
October 2011 | Increase of tobacco excise taxes for tobacco products (80.5% of retail price); 84.2% by January 2014. |
July 2012 | Total ban on advertisement (including brand sharing and brand stretching) and increase of pictorial health warnings to at least 65% of both sides. |
2.2. Methodology and Analysis
3. Results
Demographic Characteristics | 2008 | 2012 | Relative Change 1 | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Any Smoked Tobacco Product | Any Cigarette 2 | Waterpipe | Any Smoked Tobacco Product | Any Cigarette 2 | Waterpipe | Any Smoked Tobacco Product | Any Cigarette 2 | Waterpipe | |
Percentage (95% CI) | Percentage (95% CI) | Percentage | |||||||
Overall | 31.2 (30.0, 32.6) | 31.1 (29.9, 32.5) | 2.3 (1.8, 2.9) | 27.1 (25.8, 28.3) | 26.9 (25.7, 28.2) | 0.8 (0.6, 1.1) | −13.4 + | −13.5 + | −64.9 + |
Gender | |||||||||
Male | 47.9 (45.9, 50.0) | 47.8 (45.7, 49.9) | 4.0 (3.0, 5.1) | 41.5 (39.4, 43.5) | 41.3 (39.3, 43.4) | 1.1 (0.7, 1.7) | −13.5 + | −13.5 + | −71.9 + |
Female | 15.2 (14.0, 16.5) | 15.1 (13.9, 16.4) | 0.7 (0.4, 1.1) | 13.1 (12.0, 14.3) | 13.0 (11.9, 14.2) | 0.5 (0.3, 0.9) | −13.7 + | −14.0 + | −26.7 |
Age (years) | |||||||||
15–24 | 25.3 (22.2, 28.6) | 25.2 (22.2, 28.5) | 4.3 (2.9, 6.4) | 20.0 (17.4, 22.9) | 19.7 (17.1, 22.6) | 1.5 (0.9, 2.5) | −20.8 + | −21.8 + | −64.7 + |
25–44 | 39.9 (38.0, 41.9) | 39.9 (37.9, 41.8) | 2.5 (1.9, 3.3) | 35.7 (33.8, 37.5) | 35.6 (33.8, 37.5) | 1.0 (0.7, 1.6) | −10.7 + | −10.7 + | −59.5 + |
45–64 | 29.5 (27.4, 31.6) | 29.4 (27.3, 31.5) | 0.9 (0.5, 1.5) | 25.9 (23.8, 28.1) | 25.8 (23.7, 28.0) | 0.1 (0.1, 0.4) | −12.1 + | −12.1 + | −84.7 + |
65+ | 10.3 (8.5, 12.4) | 10.0 (8.2, 12.1) | 0.2 (0.0, 0.7) | 8.8 (7.2, 10.7) | 8.8 (7.2, 10.7) | 0.0 | −14.5 | −11.9 | |
Residence | |||||||||
Urban | 33.0 (31.4, 34.7) | 32.9 (31.3, 34.6) | 2.9 (2.2, 3.8) | 29.0 (27.4, 30.7) | 28.9 (27.3, 30.5) | 1.0 (0.7, 1.4) | −12.1 + | −12.3 + | −65.8 + |
Rural | 27.2 (25.3, 29.1) | 27.0 (25.2, 29.0) | 1.0 (0.6, 1.4) | 22.0 (20.4, 23.8) | 22.0 (20.3, 23.7) | 0.3 (0.2, 0.6) | −18.9 + | −18.7 + | −63.9 + |
Education Level | |||||||||
Not Graduated | 15.0 (12.5, 18.0) | 14.9 (12.4, 17.9) | 0.0 (0.0, 0.2) | 11.0 (8.9, 13.4) | 11.0 (8.9, 13.4) | 0.2 (0.0, 1.6) | −27.0 + | −26.4 + | 413.5 |
Primary | 34.0 (32.0, 36.1) | 33.9 (31.9, 36.0) | 1.4 (0.9, 2.1) | 29.7 (27.7, 31.8) | 29.7 (27.7, 31.8) | 0.3 (0.1, 0.7) | −12.5 + | −12.4 + | −77.7 + |
Secondary | 31.1 (27.9, 34.4) | 31.0 (27.8, 34.3) | 2.9 (1.8, 4.5) | 27.2 (24.6, 29.9) | 27.0 (24.5, 29.7) | 0.3 (0.1, 0.9) | −12.5 + | −12.9 + | −88.5 + |
High School | 40.7 (37.5, 44.1) | 40.7 (37.4, 44.0) | 5.1 (3.4, 7.5) | 33.9 (31.1, 36.8) | 33.5 (30.8, 36.4) | 2.2 (1.4, 3.4) | −16.8 + | −17.5 + | −56.6 + |
University | 31.8 (28.1, 35.7) | 31.6 (27.9, 35.5) | 3.9 (2.4, 6.1) | 26.7 (23.5, 30.3) | 26.7 (23.4, 30.2) | 1.4 (0.8, 2.5) | −15.8 + | −15.5 + | −64.4 + |
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Erdöl, C.; Ergüder, T.; Morton, J.; Palipudi, K.; Gupta, P.; Asma, S. Waterpipe Tobacco Smoking in Turkey: Policy Implications and Trends from the Global Adult Tobacco Survey (GATS). Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2015, 12, 15559-15566. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph121215004
Erdöl C, Ergüder T, Morton J, Palipudi K, Gupta P, Asma S. Waterpipe Tobacco Smoking in Turkey: Policy Implications and Trends from the Global Adult Tobacco Survey (GATS). International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2015; 12(12):15559-15566. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph121215004
Chicago/Turabian StyleErdöl, Cevdet, Toker Ergüder, Jeremy Morton, Krishna Palipudi, Prakash Gupta, and Samira Asma. 2015. "Waterpipe Tobacco Smoking in Turkey: Policy Implications and Trends from the Global Adult Tobacco Survey (GATS)" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 12, no. 12: 15559-15566. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph121215004