A Survey of 42 Semi-Volatile Organic Contaminants in Groundwater along the Grand Canal from Hangzhou to Beijing, East China
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area and Sampling
No. | Sample Sites | Provinces | Sampling Time | Well Depth (m) | Sampling Depth (m) | Utilization | Temperature (°C) | pH | Eh (mV) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | WL-01 | Zhejiang | 23 June 2014 | 5 | 2 | Domestic water | -- | -- | -- |
2 | WL-02 | Zhejiang | 23 June 2014 | 6 | 3 | Agricultural | 21.5 | 7.18 | -- |
3 | WL-03 | Zhejiang | 23 June 2014 | 4 | 1.5 | Agricultural | 22.8 | 7.11 | -- |
4 | WL-04 | Zhejiang | 23 June 2014 | 10 | 5 | Agricultural | 20.0 | 7.37 | -- |
5 | CS-01 | Jiangsu | 24 June 2014 | 5 | 2 | Domestic water | 19.9 | 7.33 | -- |
6 | CS-02 | Jiangsu | 24 June 2014 | 4.5 | 2 | Domestic water | 19.0 | 6.64 | |
7 | CS-03 | Jiangsu | 24 June 2014 | 5 | 2 | Domestic water | 19.3 | 7.21 | −7.0 |
8 | CS-04 | Jiangsu | 24 June 2014 | 3 | 2 | Domestic water | 20.8 | 6.88 | +8.8 |
9 | CS-05 | Jiangsu | 24 June 2014 | 4 | 2.5 | Domestic water | 20.3 | 6.7 | +20.7 |
10 | YZ-01 | Jiangsu | 26 June 2014 | 23 | -- | Domestic water | 18.8 | 6.7 | 18.9 |
11 | YZ-02 | Jiangsu | 26 June 2014 | 4 | 1 | Domestic water | 23.0 | 7.23 | −5.1 |
12 | YZ-03 | Jiangsu | 26 June 2014 | 5 | 1.5 | Domestic water | 20.6 | 6.77 | +22.9 |
13 | YZ-04 | Jiangsu | 26 June 2014 | 4 | 1 | Domestic water | 21.6 | 7.34 | −16.5 |
14 | YZ-05 | Jiangsu | 26 June 2014 | 4.5 | 1 | Domestic water | 19.2 | 6.92 | +12.0 |
15 | YZ-06 | Jiangsu | 26 June 2014 | 6 | 2 | Domestic water | 20.7 | 6.92 | +5.0 |
16 | YZ-07 | Jiangsu | 26 June 2014 | -- | -- | -- | 18.0 | 6.7 | -- |
17 | YZ-08 | Jiangsu | 26 June 2014 | Domestic water | 18.4 | 6.75 | 17.3 | ||
18 | YZ-09 | Jiangsu | 26 June 2014 | 5 | 2 | Domestic water | 20.7 | 7.26 | −20.4 |
19 | YZ-10 | Jiangsu | 26 June 2014 | 5 | 1 | Domestic water | 21.2 | 7.41 | −25.5 |
20 | YQ-01 | Jiangsu | 28 June 2014 | 2.5 | Domestic water | 23.7 | 6.89 | +4.3 | |
21 | YQ-02 | Jiangsu | 28 June 2014 | 26 | -- | Domestic water | 18 | 6.74 | +14.6 |
22 | YQ-03 | Jiangsu | 28 June 2014 | -- | -- | Domestic water | 18.5 | 6.08 | +47.1 |
23 | YQ-04 | Jiangsu | 28 June 2014 | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- |
24 | YQ-05 | Jiangsu | 28 June 2014 | -- | 4 | Domestic water | 17.8 | 6.24 | +49.6 |
25 | YQ-06 | Jiangsu | 28 June 2014 | 30 | -- | Domestic water | 16.2 | 6.56 | +56.5 |
26 | YQ-07 | Jiangsu | 28 June 2014 | 29 | -- | Domestic water | 18.0 | 7.17 | −30.8 |
27 | FC-01 | Shandong | 1 July 2014 | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- |
28 | FC-02 | Shandong | 1 July 2014 | 28 | -- | Domestic water | 16.9 | 6.67 | +19.5 |
29 | FC-03 | Shandong | 1 July 2014 | 23 | -- | Domestic water | 17.5 | 6.93 | +1.0 |
30 | FC-04 | Shandong | 1 July 2014 | 12 | -- | Domestic water | 15.7 | 7.05 | −28.0 |
31 | CP-01 | Shandong | 3 July 2014 | 30 | -- | Domestic water | 18.6 | 6.67 | +21.5 |
32 | CP-02 | Shandong | 3 July 2014 | 30 | -- | Domestic water | 17.6 | 6.56 | +27.0 |
33 | CP-03 | Shandong | 3 July 2014 | 30 | -- | Domestic water | 17.7 | 6.99 | +14.6 |
34 | CP-04 | Shandong | 3 July 2014 | 26 | -- | Domestic water | 20.5 | 6.34 | +39.1 |
35 | CP-05 | Shandong | 3 July 2014 | 30 | -- | Domestic water | 17.7 | 6.43 | +34.5 |
36 | CP-06 | Shandong | 3 July 2014 | -- | -- | Domestic water | 16.1 | 6.28 | +42.5 |
37 | CP-07 | Shandong | 3 July 2014 | 20 | -- | Domestic water | 18.4 | 6.23 | +33.2 |
38 | CP-08 | Shandong | 3 July 2014 | 25 | -- | -- | 16.1 | 6.45 | +33.4 |
39 | CP-09 | Shandong | 3 July 2014 | -- | -- | -- | 19.0 | 6.48 | +31.0 |
40 | CP-10 | Shandong | 3 July 2014 | -- | -- | -- | 16.5 | 6.62 | +21.9 |
41 | CP-11 | Shandong | 3 July 2014 | -- | -- | -- | 16.5 | 6.65 | +21.4 |
42 | BC-01 | Tianjin | 5 July 2014 | 100 | -- | Urban water | 24.7 | 7.79 | −46.8 |
43 | BC-02 | Tianjin | 5 July 2014 | 100 | -- | Urban water | 21.1 | 7.38 | -- |
44 | BC-03 | Tianjin | 5 July 2014 | 100 | -- | Urban water | 23.4 | 7.2 | −7.8 |
45 | BC-04 | Tianjin | 5 July 2014 | 100 | -- | Urban water | 24.2 | 7.66 | −38.7 |
46 | TZ-01 | Beijing | 6 July 2014 | -- | -- | Agricultural | -- | -- | -- |
47 | TZ-02 | Beijing | 6 July 2014 | -- | -- | Agricultural | -- | -- | -- |
48 | TZ-03 | Beijing | 6 July 2014 | -- | -- | Agricultural | -- | -- | -- |
49 | TZ-04 | Beijing | 6 July 2014 | -- | -- | Domestic water | -- | -- | -- |
50 | TZ-05 | Beijing | 6 July 2014 | -- | -- | Domestic water | -- | -- | -- |
2.2. Chemicals
2.3. Sample Pretreatment and Instrumental Analysis
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Status and Occurrence of 42 Semi-Volatile Organic Contaminants
CAS Number | Name | MDL ng/L | Total Sites (n = 50) | Zhejiang Province (n = 4) | Jiangsu Province (n = 22) | Shandong Province (n = 15) | Tianjin (n = 4) | Beijing (n = 5) | |||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
DN | DN | Min | Mean | Max | DN | Min | Mean | Max | DN | Min | Mean | Max | DN | Min | Mean | Max | DN | Min | Mean | Max | |||
ng/L | ng/L | ng/L | ng/L | ng/L | |||||||||||||||||||
PAHs | |||||||||||||||||||||||
91-20-3 | Naphthalene | 0.23 | 32 | 3 | 50.9 | 70.0 | 89.7 | 17 | 7.04 | 69.0 | 188 | 5 | 15.1 | 56.2 | 103 | 3 | 36.7 | 62.8 | 95.6 | 4 | 3.95 | 21.9 | 44.7 |
208-96-8 | Acenaphthylene | 0.35 | 18 | 1 | 1.87 | 1.87 | 1.87 | 6 | 1.40 | 6.33 | 22.7 | 6 | 0.44 | 2.62 | 5.44 | 1 | 11.0 | 11.0 | 11.0 | 4 | 0.52 | 2.91 | 9.34 |
83-32-9 | Acenaphthene | 0.30 | 25 | 3 | 1.68 | 4.23 | 8.51 | 9 | 0.58 | 2.84 | 8.37 | 9 | 0.23 | 10.8 | 83.4 | 1 | 6.40 | 6.40 | 6.40 | 4 | 0.70 | 8.23 | 29.1 |
86-73-7 | Fluorene | 0.17 | 28 | 2 | 2.79 | 5.13 | 7.48 | 10 | 0.17 | 8.10 | 42.1 | 11 | 1.07 | 13.2 | 63.1 | 2 | 1.11 | 22.5 | 43.9 | 3 | 2.99 | 11.5 | 27.5 |
85-01-8 | Phenanthrene | 0.10 | 20 | 2 | 4.56 | 11.5 | 18.4 | 8 | 0.75 | 25.1 | 57.0 | 4 | 11.1 | 101 | 271 | 2 | 3.64 | 60.2 | 117 | 4 | 1.04 | 18.0 | 61.0 |
120-12-7 | Anthracene | 0.24 | 21 | 2 | 5.78 | 8.00 | 10.2 | 8 | 2.85 | 10.4 | 28.0 | 5 | 2.01 | 23.7 | 58.6 | 2 | 5.69 | 20.4 | 35.1 | 4 | 1.61 | 4.12 | 8.97 |
206-44-0 | Fluoranthene | 0.29 | 23 | 2 | 3.74 | 21.9 | 40.1 | 11 | 1.34 | 16.2 | 39.1 | 4 | 11.3 | 141 | 233 | 2 | 15.5 | 39.2 | 64.3 | 4 | 1.81 | 6.72 | 14.8 |
129-00-0 | Pyrene | 0.29 | 20 | 2 | 0.42 | 24.1 | 47.7 | 9 | 2.31 | 19.4 | 41.2 | 4 | 10.7 | 74.3 | 131 | 1 | 32.3 | 32.3 | 32.3 | 4 | 3.05 | 5.00 | 9.34 |
56-55-3 | Benzo[a]anthracene | 0.20 | 1 | 0 | <0.20 | <0.20 | <0.20 | 0 | <0.20 | <0.20 | <0.20 | 1 | 40.6 | 40.6 | 40.6 | 0 | <0.20 | <0.20 | <0.20 | 0 | <0.20 | <0.20 | <0.20 |
218-01-9 | Chrysene | 0.20 | 1 | 0 | <0.20 | <0.20 | <0.20 | 0 | <0.20 | <0.20 | <0.20 | 1 | 45.3 | 45.3 | 45.3 | 0 | <0.20 | <0.20 | <0.20 | 0 | <0.20 | <0.20 | <0.20 |
205-99-2 | Benzo[b]fluoranthene | 0.17 | 13 | 1 | 38.3 | 38.3 | 38.3 | 5 | 0.38 | 2.07 | 3.66 | 3 | 1.34 | 24.7 | 42.3 | 0 | <0.17 | <0.17 | <0.17 | 4 | 0.58 | 1.10 | 2.17 |
207-08-9 | Benzo[k]fluoranthene | 0.20 | 11 | 0 | <0.20 | <0.20 | <0.20 | 8 | 0.21 | 1.27 | 4.26 | 3 | 0.77 | 9.39 | 15.5 | 0 | <0.20 | <0.20 | <0.20 | 0 | <0.20 | <0.20 | <0.20 |
50-32-8 | Benzo[a]pyrene | 0.29 | 20 | 0 | <0.29 | <0.29 | <0.29 | 12 | 0.48 | 1.65 | 4.02 | 3 | 1.63 | 18.46 | 28.85 | 3 | 0.35 | 0.75 | 1.54 | 2 | 0.95 | 1.05 | 1.15 |
193-39-5 | Indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene | 0.20 | 12 | 2 | 0.52 | 3.55 | 6.59 | 8 | 0.24 | 1.15 | 4.12 | 2 | 11.0 | 16.8 | 22.6 | 0 | <0.20 | <0.20 | <0.20 | 0 | <0.20 | <0.20 | <0.20 |
53-70-3 | Dibenzo[a,h]anthracene | 0.74 | 8 | 1 | 2.04 | 2.04 | 2.04 | 5 | 0.43 | 2.58 | 4.69 | 2 | 3.69 | 3.98 | 4.26 | 0 | <0.74 | <0.74 | <0.74 | 0 | <0.74 | <0.74 | <0.74 |
191-24-2 | Benzo[g,h,i]perylene | 0.23 | 15 | 2 | 4.64 | 6.33 | 8.02 | 10 | 0.27 | 1.10 | 3.79 | 3 | 0.34 | 11.39 | 21.71 | 0 | <0.23 | <0.23 | <0.23 | 0 | <0.23 | <0.23 | <0.23 |
PCBs | |||||||||||||||||||||||
7012-37-5 | PCB 28 | 0.23 | 3 | 0 | <0.23 | <0.23 | <0.23 | 3 | 0.35 | 1.51 | 2.44 | 0 | <0.23 | <0.23 | <0.23 | 0 | <0.23 | <0.23 | <0.23 | 0 | <0.23 | <0.23 | <0.23 |
35693-99-3 | PCB 52 | 0.40 | 0 | 0 | <0.40 | <0.40 | <0.40 | 0 | <0.40 | <0.40 | <0.40 | 0 | <0.40 | <0.40 | <0.40 | 0 | <0.40 | <0.40 | <0.40 | 0 | <0.40 | <0.40 | <0.40 |
37680-73-2 | PCB 101 | 0.50 | 0 | 0 | <0.50 | <0.50 | <0.50 | 0 | <0.50 | <0.50 | <0.50 | 0 | <0.50 | <0.50 | <0.50 | 0 | <0.50 | <0.50 | <0.50 | 0 | <0.50 | <0.50 | <0.50 |
31508-00-6 | PCB 118 | 0.17 | 0 | 0 | <0.17 | <0.17 | <0.17 | 0 | <0.17 | <0.17 | <0.17 | 0 | <0.17 | <0.17 | <0.17 | 0 | <0.17 | <0.17 | <0.17 | 0 | <0.17 | <0.17 | <0.17 |
35065-28-2 | PCB 138 | 0.41 | 0 | 0 | <0.41 | <0.41 | <0.41 | 0 | <0.41 | <0.41 | <0.41 | 0 | <0.41 | <0.41 | <0.41 | 0 | <0.41 | <0.41 | <0.41 | 0 | <0.41 | <0.41 | <0.41 |
35065-27-1 | PCB 153 | 0.45 | 0 | 0 | <0.45 | <0.45 | <0.45 | 0 | <0.45 | <0.45 | <0.45 | 0 | <0.45 | <0.45 | <0.45 | 0 | <0.45 | <0.45 | <0.45 | 0 | <0.45 | <0.45 | <0.45 |
35065-29-3 | PCB 180 | 0.50 | 0 | 0 | <0.50 | <0.50 | <0.50 | 0 | <0.50 | <0.50 | <0.50 | 0 | <0.50 | <0.50 | <0.50 | 0 | <0.50 | <0.50 | <0.50 | 0 | <0.50 | <0.50 | <0.50 |
Pesticides | |||||||||||||||||||||||
118-74-1 | Hexachlorobenzene | 0.10 | 13 | 4 | 0.23 | 0.72 | 1.54 | 9 | 0.1 | 5.84 | 18.3 | 0 | <0.10 | <0.10 | <0.10 | 0 | <0.10 | <0.10 | <0.10 | 0 | <0.10 | <0.10 | <0.10 |
319-84-6 | α-BHC | 0.47 | 0 | 0 | <0.47 | <0.47 | <0.47 | 0 | <0.47 | <0.47 | <0.47 | 0 | <0.47 | <0.47 | <0.47 | 0 | <0.47 | <0.47 | <0.47 | 0 | <0.47 | <0.47 | <0.47 |
319-85-7 | β-BHC | 0.93 | 0 | 0 | <0.93 | <0.93 | <0.93 | 0 | <0.93 | <0.93 | <0.93 | 0 | <0.93 | <0.93 | <0.93 | 0 | <0.93 | <0.93 | <0.93 | 0 | <0.93 | <0.93 | <0.93 |
319-86-8 | γ-BHC | 0.72 | 0 | 0 | <0.72 | <0.72 | <0.72 | 0 | <0.72 | <0.72 | <0.72 | 0 | <0.72 | <0.72 | <0.72 | 0 | <0.72 | <0.72 | <0.72 | 0 | <0.72 | <0.72 | <0.72 |
58-89-9 | δ-BHC | 0.91 | 0 | 0 | <0.91 | <0.91 | <0.91 | 0 | <0.91 | <0.91 | <0.91 | 0 | <0.91 | <0.91 | <0.91 | 0 | <0.91 | <0.91 | <0.91 | 0 | <0.91 | <0.91 | <0.91 |
72-55-9 | p,p´-DDE | 0.30 | 7 | 0 | <0.30 | <0.30 | <0.30 | 7 | 0.34 | 3.21 | 11.0 | 0 | <0.30 | <0.30 | <0.30 | 0 | <0.30 | <0.30 | <0.30 | 0 | <0.30 | <0.30 | <0.30 |
72-54-8 | p,p´-DDD | 0.34 | 0 | 0 | <0.34 | <0.34 | <0.34 | 0 | <0.34 | <0.34 | <0.34 | 0 | <0.34 | <0.34 | <0.34 | 0 | <0.34 | <0.34 | <0.34 | 0 | <0.34 | <0.34 | <0.34 |
789-02-6 | o,p´-DDT | 0.44 | 1 | 0 | <0.44 | <0.44 | <0.44 | 1 | 3.38 | 3.38 | 3.38 | 0 | <0.44 | <0.44 | <0.44 | 0 | <0.44 | <0.44 | <0.44 | 0 | <0.44 | <0.44 | <0.44 |
50-29-3 | p,p´-DDT | 0.31 | 1 | 0 | <0.31 | <0.31 | <0.31 | 1 | 2.76 | 2.76 | 2.76 | 0 | <0.31 | <0.31 | <0.31 | 0 | <0.31 | <0.31 | <0.31 | 0 | <0.31 | <0.31 | <0.31 |
5103-71-9 | α-Chlordane | 0.50 | 2 | 0 | <0.50 | <0.50 | <0.50 | 2 | 0.73 | 1.08 | 1.43 | 0 | <0.50 | <0.50 | <0.50 | 0 | <0.50 | <0.50 | <0.50 | 0 | <0.50 | <0.50 | <0.50 |
5103-74-2 | γ-Chlordane | 0.46 | 2 | 0 | <0.46 | <0.46 | <0.46 | 2 | 0.48 | 0.69 | 0.90 | 0 | <0.46 | <0.46 | <0.46 | 0 | <0.46 | <0.46 | <0.46 | 0 | <0.46 | <0.46 | <0.46 |
76-44-8 | Heptachlor | 0.63 | 0 | 0 | <0.63 | <0.63 | <0.63 | 0 | <0.63 | <0.63 | <0.63 | 0 | <0.63 | <0.63 | <0.63 | 0 | <0.63 | <0.63 | <0.63 | 0 | <0.63 | <0.63 | <0.63 |
298-00-0 | Parathion-methyl | 2.67 | 0 | 0 | <2.67 | <2.67 | <2.67 | 0 | <2.67 | <2.67 | <2.67 | 0 | <2.67 | <2.67 | <2.67 | 0 | <2.67 | <2.67 | <2.67 | 0 | <2.67 | <2.67 | <2.67 |
122-14-5 | Fenitrothion | 3.08 | 0 | 0 | <3.08 | <3.08 | <3.08 | 0 | <3.08 | <3.08 | <3.08 | 0 | <3.08 | <3.08 | <3.08 | 0 | <3.08 | <3.08 | <3.08 | 0 | <3.08 | <3.08 | <3.08 |
24353-61-5 | Isocarbophos | 0.74 | 0 | 0 | <0.74 | <0.74 | <0.74 | 0 | <0.74 | <0.74 | <0.74 | 0 | <0.74 | <0.74 | <0.74 | 0 | <0.74 | <0.74 | <0.74 | 0 | <0.74 | <0.74 | <0.74 |
2104-96-3 | Bromophos | 1.54 | 0 | 0 | <1.54 | <1.54 | <1.54 | 0 | <1.54 | <1.54 | <1.54 | 0 | <1.54 | <1.54 | <1.54 | 0 | <1.54 | <1.54 | <1.54 | 0 | <1.54 | <1.54 | <1.54 |
333-41-5 | Diazinon | 2.93 | 0 | 0 | <2.93 | <2.93 | <2.93 | 0 | <2.93 | <2.93 | <2.93 | 0 | <2.93 | <2.93 | <2.93 | 0 | <2.93 | <2.93 | <2.93 | 0 | <2.93 | <2.93 | <2.93 |
26087-47-8 | Iprobenfos | 1.77 | 0 | 0 | <1.77 | <1.77 | <1.77 | 0 | <1.77 | <1.77 | <1.77 | 0 | <1.77 | <1.77 | <1.77 | 0 | <1.77 | <1.77 | <1.77 | 0 | <1.77 | <1.77 | <1.77 |
2597-03-7 | Phenthoate | 1.49 | 0 | 0 | <1.49 | <1.49 | <1.49 | 0 | <1.49 | <1.49 | <1.49 | 0 | <1.49 | <1.49 | <1.49 | 0 | <1.49 | <1.49 | <1.49 | 0 | <1.49 | <1.49 | <1.49 |
3.2. Environmental Risks and Sources of PAHs
Compounds | PEFi |
---|---|
Benzo[a]pyrene, dibenz[a, h]anthracene | 1 |
Benzo[a]anthracene, benzo[b]fluoranthene, benzo[k]fluoranthene, indeno[1,2,3-c, d]pyrene | 0.1 |
Anthracene, chrysene, benzo(g,h,i)perylene | 0.01 |
Naphthalene, acenaphthylene, acenaphthene, fluorene, phenanthrene, fluoranthene, pyrene | 0.001 |
3.3. PCBs and Pesticides in Groundwater Samples
3.3.1. Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs)
3.3.2. Pesticides
4. Conclusions
Acknowledgements
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Li, X.; Rao, Z.; Yang, Z.; Guo, X.; Huang, Y.; Zhang, J.; Guo, F.; Liu, C. A Survey of 42 Semi-Volatile Organic Contaminants in Groundwater along the Grand Canal from Hangzhou to Beijing, East China. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2015, 12, 16070-16081. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph121215043
Li X, Rao Z, Yang Z, Guo X, Huang Y, Zhang J, Guo F, Liu C. A Survey of 42 Semi-Volatile Organic Contaminants in Groundwater along the Grand Canal from Hangzhou to Beijing, East China. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2015; 12(12):16070-16081. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph121215043
Chicago/Turabian StyleLi, Xiaojie, Zhu Rao, Zhipeng Yang, Xiaochen Guo, Yi Huang, Jing Zhang, Feng Guo, and Chen Liu. 2015. "A Survey of 42 Semi-Volatile Organic Contaminants in Groundwater along the Grand Canal from Hangzhou to Beijing, East China" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 12, no. 12: 16070-16081. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph121215043