Associations between Dietary Factors and Self-Reported Physical Health in Chinese Scientific Workers
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Ethics Statement
2.2. Study Design and Sample
2.3. Measurements of General Characteristics
2.4. Dietary Intake Assessment
2.5. Measurements of Physical HRQOL
2.6. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Basic Characteristics of Participants
Variable | N | PF | RP | BP | GH | PCS |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Gender | ||||||
Male | 585 | 82.63 ± 18.22 * | 83.88 ± 19.95 | 76.84 ± 19.38 * | 60.26 ± 19.08 | 75.90 ± 14.17 * |
Female | 190 | 77.25 ± 16.68 * | 83.80 ± 17.87 | 72.43 ± 20.48 * | 59.69 ± 19.08 | 73.29 ± 13.97 * |
Age | ||||||
≤45 | 226 | 89.27 ± 15.49 * | 86.12 ± 17.85 * | 80.53 ± 17.05 * | 68.19 ± 18.95 * | 81.03 ± 12.85 * |
46–60 | 385 | 80.64 ± 16.16 * | 83.83 ± 19.45 * | 75.20 ± 19.87 * | 58.15 ± 18.21 * | 74.45 ± 13.39 * |
>60 | 164 | 72.04 ± 20.37 * | 80.90 ± 21.22 * | 70.49 ± 21.33 * | 53.68 ± 17.54 * | 69.28 ± 14.73 * |
BMI (kg/m2) | ||||||
Normal (18.5–23.9) | 564 | 82.61 ± 17.53 * | 84.08 ± 19.23 | 75.73 ± 19.69 | 61.41 ± 19.08 * | 75.95 ± 14.13 * |
Overweight (24–28) | 155 | 79.45 ± 17.65 * | 84.92 ± 19.41 | 76.21 ± 19.70 | 57.75 ± 18.23 * | 74.58 ± 13.61 * |
Obese (>28) | 56 | 73.64 ± 21.33 * | 79.02 ± 21.33 | 74.84 ± 20.42 | 53.84 ± 19.56 * | 70.36 ± 15.07 * |
Educational level | ||||||
Bachelor or lower | 290 | 83.57 ± 16.48 * | 85.53 ± 20.01 | 75.80 ± 19.33 | 64.75 ± 18.76 * | 77.41 ± 13.32 * |
Master’s | 209 | 83.16 ± 17.75 * | 84.75 ± 18.28 | 77.37 ± 20.24 | 60.00 ± 18.68 * | 76.32 ± 14.32 * |
Doctoral | 276 | 80.02 ± 17.46 * | 82.84 ± 20.49 | 75.36 ± 19.38 | 58.47 ± 18.61 * | 74.17 ± 13.58 * |
Monthly income | ||||||
<5000 Yuan | 380 | 81.88 ± 18.65 | 84.26 ± 19.75 | 76.24 ± 19.94 | 61.48 ± 18.78 | 75.97 ± 14.43 |
5000–10,000 Yuan | 323 | 80.53 ± 16.94 | 83.50 ± 19.39 | 74.63 ± 19.35 | 58.83 ± 18.73 | 74.39 ± 13.72 |
>10,000 Yuan | 72 | 82.08 ± 19.15 | 83.59 ± 18.36 | 78.29 ± 20.12 | 58.39 ± 21.61 | 75.59 ± 14.54 |
Marital status | ||||||
Married | 618 | 81.26 ± 17.68 | 83.82 ± 19.57 | 75.76 ± 19.62 | 59.92 ± 19.15 | 75.19 ± 14.11 |
Unmarried/Divorced | 157 | 81.62 ± 19.23 | 84.12 ± 19.02 | 75.77 ± 20.19 | 60.97 ± 19.76 | 75.62 ± 14.35 |
Smoking | ||||||
No | 323 | 80.84 ± 19.06 | 83.48 ± 19.49 | 73.76 ± 21.01 | 59.01 ± 18.83 | 74.27 ± 15.07 |
Yes | 452 | 80.12 ± 18.04 | 85.52 ± 18.93 | 74.88 ± 14.13 | 59.24 ± 17.66 | 74.94 ± 11.70 |
Drinking | ||||||
No | 611 | 81.24 ± 18.36 | 83.42 ± 19.51 | 75.54 ± 19.97 | 59.38 ± 19.34 | 74.89 ± 14.35 |
Yes | 164 | 82.20 ± 15.58 | 84.55 ± 19.72 | 76.85 ± 18.01 | 62.70 ± 17.47 | 76.57 ± 12.66 |
Exercise | ||||||
Never | 238 | 80.59 ± 18.20 | 82.46 ± 20.54 | 72.23 ± 20.20 * | 58.81 ± 18.96 | 73.52 ± 14.19 * |
Once per week | 334 | 82.44 ± 16.71 | 84.69 ± 18.72 | 78.24 ± 19.07 * | 61.01 ± 18.69 | 76.60 ± 13.58 * |
Twice per week or more | 203 | 83.39 ± 19.70 | 84.21 ± 19.32 | 75.82 ± 19.66 * | 60.23 ± 19.77 | 75.16 ± 14.86 * |
Work/rest cycle | ||||||
Regular | 453 | 81.28 ± 17.87 | 84.26 ± 18.78 | 75.83 ± 19.43 | 59.96 ± 19.48 | 75.33 ± 13.70 |
Irregular | 321 | 80.84 ± 18.54 | 83.18 ± 20.35 | 75.30 ± 20.25 | 59.71 ± 18.74 | 74.76 ± 14.77 |
Sleep quality | ||||||
Good | 314 | 81.40 ± 17.34 | 84.28 ± 18.39 | 74.89 ± 19.09 | 59.39 ± 19.34 | 74.99 ± 13.83 |
Poor | 412 | 80.73 ± 19.40 | 83.42 ± 20.51 | 76.25 ± 20.41 | 59.74 ± 18.89 | 75.04 ± 14.86 |
3.2. Description of Physical HRQOL
Variable | N | PF | RP | BP | GH | PCS |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Refined cereals | ||||||
1–2 units/month | 56 | 78.84 ± 22.64 * | 80.58 ± 23.77 * | 73.86 ± 16.84 | 61.34 ± 17.78 | 73.65 ± 14.56 |
1–2 units/week | 267 | 80.26 ± 17.96 * | 82.26 ± 19.67 * | 74.64 ± 19.20 | 60.85 ± 19.42 | 74.50 ± 14.47 |
>1 unit/day | 396 | 82.91 ± 16.72 * | 86.03 ± 17.80 * | 77.00 ± 20.01 | 60.26 ± 18.82 | 76.55 ± 13.81 |
Legumes and tubers | ||||||
1–2 units/month | 387 | 82.50 ± 16.89 | 83.37 ± 19.18 * | 75.01 ± 18.83 * | 60.43 ± 18.77 | 75.32 ± 13.50 * |
1–2 units/week | 182 | 82.64 ± 15.99 | 88.53 ± 17.36 * | 78.30 ± 19.90 * | 61.14 ± 18.79 | 77.65 ± 13.68 * |
>1 unit/day | 111 | 79.32 ± 20.94 | 81.36 ± 19.92 * | 73.79 ± 20.93 * | 60.81 ± 20.07 | 73.82 ± 16.37 * |
Dairy products | ||||||
1–2 units/month | 191 | 75.26 ± 22.52 * | 83.18 ± 19.81 | 73.10 ± 19.53 * | 59.43 ± 19.11 * | 72.75 ± 15.23 * |
1–2 units/week | 226 | 79.45 ± 16.43 * | 84.57 ± 18.31 | 75.18 ± 19.58 * | 56.50 ± 16.65 * | 73.92 ± 13.31 * |
>1 unit/day | 288 | 87.65 ± 17.80 * | 85.13 ± 18.46 | 77.84 ± 19.29 * | 64.46 ± 19.10 * | 78.70 ± 13.46 * |
Fresh pork (lean) | ||||||
1–2 units/month | 66 | 77.35 ± 20.63 * | 79.83 ± 22.11 * | 75.12 ± 19.02 | 59.55 ± 17.84 | 72.96 ± 14.64 |
1–2 units/week | 227 | 82.69 ± 16.70 * | 84.22 ± 19.31 * | 75.45 ± 18.60 | 60.35 ± 17.09 | 75.68 ± 13.56 |
>1 unit/day | 404 | 82.26 ± 17.28 * | 85.83 ± 17.83 * | 76.44 ± 20.03 | 61.01 ± 20.16 | 76.38 ± 14.27 |
Fresh pork (fat) | ||||||
1–2 units/month | 347 | 87.62 ± 14.69 * | 85.84 ± 17.86 * | 78.28 ± 18.32 * | 65.11 ± 18.14 * | 79.21 ± 12.61 * |
1–2 units/week | 142 | 79.82±15.53 * | 79.95 ± 20.47 * | 75.17 ± 19.15 * | 58.10 ± 17.20 * | 74.91 ± 12.58 * |
>1 unit/day | 167 | 72.63 ± 20.33 * | 79.95 ± 20.47 * | 71.22 ± 20.82 * | 53.21 ± 19.63 * | 69.26 ± 15.73 * |
Animal viscera | ||||||
1–2 units/month | 582 | 82.49 ± 16.44 * | 85.02 ± 18.42 * | 76.28 ± 18.95 | 60.88 ± 18.94 | 76.17 ± 13.67 * |
1–2 units/week | 51 | 82.55 ± 19.58 * | 83.58 ± 21.79 * | 76.55 ± 21.00 | 60.51 ± 19.82 | 75.80 ± 15.32 * |
>1 unit/day | 17 | 71.76 ± 24.23 * | 71.32 ± 20.62 * | 67.82 ± 18.87 | 51.82 ± 20.69 | 65.70 ± 18.03 * |
Vegetables | ||||||
1–2 units/month | 46 | 74.89 ± 24.21 * | 69.70 ± 23.50 * | 74.28 ± 21.85 | 58.46 ± 19.99 * | 69.33 ± 17.87 * |
1–2 units/week | 58 | 75.09 ± 21.16 * | 82.87 ± 18.72 * | 73.84 ± 19.30 | 52.47 ± 19.81 * | 71.07 ± 16.23 * |
>1 unit/day | 596 | 82.96 ± 16.21 * | 85.61 ± 18.21 * | 76.22 ± 19.23 | 61.52 ± 18.79 * | 76.58 ± 13.42 * |
Fruits | ||||||
1–2 units/month | 123 | 79.51 ± 20.45 | 77.79 ± 22.49 * | 74.67 ± 19.07 | 56.98 ± 18.16 * | 72.24 ± 15.26 * |
1–2 units/week | 247 | 82.89 ± 15.59 | 84.51 ± 18.55 * | 77.21 ± 18.34 | 59.74 ± 19.20 * | 76.10 ± 13.39 * |
>1 unit/day | 345 | 81.52 ± 18.34 | 86.47 ± 17.55 * | 75.51 ± 20.30 | 62.40 ± 19.00 * | 76.48 ± 14.16 * |
Cooking Oils | ||||||
Animal oils | 11 | 75.91 ± 21.66 | 72.16 ± 32.04 * | 72.36 ± 17.39 * | 57.45 ± 9.40 | 69.47 ± 16.95 * |
Vegetable oils | 589 | 81.14 ± 18.03 | 83.72 ± 19.39 * | 74.64 ± 19.70 * | 59.85 ± 18.86 | 74.84 ± 13.98 * |
Mixed oils | 146 | 82.43 ± 18.03 | 85.10 ± 18.09 * | 80.21 ± 19.34 * | 62.08 ± 19.87 | 77.46 ± 14.21 * |
3.3. Correlations between Variables and Predictors of Physical HRQOL
Variable | Physical Functioning (PF) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Pearson’s r | Step 1 (β) | Step 2 (β) | Step 3 (β) | Step 4 (β) | Step 5 (β) | |
Fresh pork (fat) | 0.358 | −7.056 *** | −6.323 *** | −4.772 *** | −5.313 *** | −4.950 *** |
Dairy products | 0.418 | 4.451 *** | 4.153 *** | 3.631 *** | 3.742 *** | |
Age | 0.451 | −4.470 *** | −4.070 *** | −4.304 *** | ||
Fruits | 0.471 | 3.466 *** | 3.584 *** | |||
Animal viscera | 0.478 | −3.292 * |
Variable | Role-Physical (RP) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Pearson’s r | Step 1 (β) | Step 2 (β) | Step 3 (β) | Step 4 (β) | |
Vegetables | 0.210 | 7.134 *** | 7.274 *** | 7.275 *** | 6.813 *** |
Animal viscera | 0.242 | −5.443 ** | −5.603 ** | −5.696 ** | |
Age | 0.268 | −3.100 ** | −3.117 ** | ||
Refined cereals | 0.283 | 2.697 * |
Variable | Body Pain (BP) | ||
---|---|---|---|
Pearson’s r | Step 1 (β) | Step 2 (β) | |
Age | 0.204 | −5.718 *** | −5.603 *** |
Cooking oils | 0.219 | 3.445 * |
Variable | Physical Component Summary (PCS) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Pearson’s r | Step 1 (β) | Step 2 (β) | Step 3 (β) | Step 4 (β) | Step 5 (β) | |
Age | 0.311 | −6.199 *** | −6.280 *** | −4.718 *** | −4.998 *** | −5.026 *** |
Fruits | 0.356 | 3.125 *** | 3.159 *** | 3.337 *** | 2.743 *** | |
Fresh pork (fat) | 0.392 | −2.614 *** | −3.582 *** | −3.565 *** | ||
Animal viscera | 0.405 | −3.582 *** | −3.565 ** | |||
Vegetables | 0.415 | 2.383 * |
Variable | General Health (GH) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Pearson’s r | Step 1 (β) | Step 2 (β) | Step 3 (β) | |
Age | 0.316 | −8.586 *** | −8.685 *** | −6.788 *** |
Fruits | 0.367 | 4.651 *** | 4.645 *** | |
Fresh pork (fat) | 0.393 | −3.556 *** |
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of interest
References
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Gong, Q.-f.; Tu, L.; Zhou, L.; Chen, H. Associations between Dietary Factors and Self-Reported Physical Health in Chinese Scientific Workers. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2015, 12, 16060-16069. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph121215041
Gong Q-f, Tu L, Zhou L, Chen H. Associations between Dietary Factors and Self-Reported Physical Health in Chinese Scientific Workers. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2015; 12(12):16060-16069. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph121215041
Chicago/Turabian StyleGong, Qian-fen, Ling Tu, Liang Zhou, and Hong Chen. 2015. "Associations between Dietary Factors and Self-Reported Physical Health in Chinese Scientific Workers" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 12, no. 12: 16060-16069. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph121215041