Heavy Metal Contamination in Rice-Producing Soils of Hunan Province, China and Potential Health Risks
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area and Sampling
2.2. Sample Preparation and Analysis
2.3. Transfer Factor
2.4. Daily Intake Estimate of Heavy Metals through Brown Rice Consumption
Parameter | Value |
---|---|
IR | 0.425 kg/d a |
ED | 365 d |
EF | 74 a b |
BW | 58.1 kg |
AT | 27,010 d c |
2.5. Human Health Risk Assessment
2.5.1. Non-Carcinogenic Risk
2.5.2. Carcinogenic Risk
Elements | Classification by IARC a | RfD (mg/kg·d) | Source | SF (mg/kg·d)−1 | Source |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cd | 1 | 1.00 × 10−3 | IRIS b | 15 | CALEPAc |
Cr | 1 | 1.5 | IRIS | 0.5 | CALEPA |
As | 1 | 3.00 × 10−4 | IRIS | 1.5 | IRIS |
Ni | 1 | 0.02 | IRIS | 0.91 | CALEPA |
Pb | 2B | 3.6 × 10−3 e | WHO d | - | CALEPA |
Mn | - | 0.14 | IRIS | - | |
Hg | 3 | 1.60 × 10−4 | CALEPA(WHO) | - |
3. Results
3.1. Heavy Metal Concentrations in Soil
Cd | Cr | As | Ni | Pb | Mn | Hg | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
SM | Mean ± S.D. | 0.246 ± 0.098 | 26.0 ± 3.12 | 22.1 ± 14.9 | 36.2 ± 6.45 | 24.9 ± 3.63 | 317 ± 217 | 0.445 ± 0.168 |
(n = 10) | Range | 0.062–0.436 | 23.2–33.5 | 3.16–45.2 | 26.6–48.7 | 19.8–32.3 | 123–752 | 0.199–0.684 |
FH | Mean ± S.D. | 3.25 ± 8.71 | 23.7 ± 2.01 | 21.2 ± 6.40 | 36.5 ± 6.43 | 43.3 ± 21.1 | 278 ± 217 | 41.1 ± 58.5 |
(n = 10) | Range | 0.039–28.01 | 21.5–28.2 | 12.2–34.8 | 25.9–44.5 | 19.6–83.6 | 96.7–833 | 1.58–56.8 |
XT | Mean ± S.D. | 0.541 ± 0.386 | 33.1 ± 3.99 | 4.46 ± 1.19 | 27.7 ± 9.30 | 94.5 ± 76.7 | 476 ± 302 | 0.329 ± 0.227 |
(n = 8) | Range | 0.18–1.17 | 28.1–39.3 | 3.30–6.31 | 14.9–40.0 | 37.7–262 | 189–865 | 0.123–0.689 |
Total | Mean ± S.D. | 1.40 ± 5.22 | 27.2 ± 4.91 | 16.8 ± 12.3 | 33.9 ± 8.12 | 51.4 ± 50.1 | 348 ± 249 | 14.9 ± 39.2 |
Range | 0.039–28.0 | 21.5–39.3 | 3.16–45.2 | 14.9–48.7 | 19.6–262 | 96.7–865 | 0.123–192 | |
Background value a | 0.098 | 68 | 14 | 31.9 | 27 | 459 | 0.096 | |
MAC b | 0.3 | 300 | 25 | 50 | 300 | NV c | 0.5 |
3.2. Heavy Metal Concentrations in Brown Rice
Cd | Cr | As | Ni | Pb | Mn | Hg | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
SM | Mean ± S.D. | 0.281 ± 0.275 | 0.081 ± 0.033 | 0.513 ± 0.348 | 0.677 ± 0.321 | 0.016 ± 0.005 | 8.38 ± 2.55 | 0.043 ± 0.013 |
(n = 10) | Range | 0.006–0.716 | 0.029–0.113 | 0.272–1.148 | 0.283–1.221 | 0.009–0.025 | 4.94–14.19 | 0.025–0.059 |
FH | Mean ± S.D. | 0.321 ± 0.640 | 0.085 ± 0.034 | 0.277 ± 0.055 | 0.552 ± 0.324 | 0.013 ± 0.005 | 7.13 ± 2.05 | 0.111 ± 0.084 |
(n = 10) | Range | 0.012–2.089 | 0.049–0.135 | 0.175–0.357 | 0.152–1.382 | 0.003–0.019 | 3.56–10.6 | 0.013–0.226 |
XT | Mean ±S.D. | 0.341 ± 0.299 | 0.163 ± 0.131 | 0.187±0.062 | 0.533 ± 0.222 | 0.042 ± 0.030 | 11.6 ± 6.31 | 0.047 ± 0.021 |
(n = 8) | Range | 0.005–0.691 | 0.095–0.508 | 0.106–0.302 | 0.078–0.856 | 0.014–0.103 | 5.52–27.3 | 0.022–0.094 |
Total | Mean ± S.D. | 0.312 ± 0.434 | 0.106 ± 0.085 | 0.336 ± 0.248 | 0.591 ± 0.297 | 0.022 ± 0.021 | 8.83 ± 4.33 | 0.069 ± 0.060 |
Range | 0.005–2.089 | 0.029–0.508 | 0.106–1.15 | 0.078–1.382 | 0.003–0.103 | 3.56–27.28 | 0.013–0.226 | |
MAC a | 0.2 | 1 | 0.5 | 10 b | 0.2 | NV c | 0.02 |
3.3. Transfer Factor
3.4. Health Risks to Residents from Heavy Metal Exposure in Brown Rice
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Zeng, F.; Wei, W.; Li, M.; Huang, R.; Yang, F.; Duan, Y. Heavy Metal Contamination in Rice-Producing Soils of Hunan Province, China and Potential Health Risks. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2015, 12, 15584-15593. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph121215005
Zeng F, Wei W, Li M, Huang R, Yang F, Duan Y. Heavy Metal Contamination in Rice-Producing Soils of Hunan Province, China and Potential Health Risks. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2015; 12(12):15584-15593. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph121215005
Chicago/Turabian StyleZeng, Fanfu, Wei Wei, Mansha Li, Ruixue Huang, Fei Yang, and Yanying Duan. 2015. "Heavy Metal Contamination in Rice-Producing Soils of Hunan Province, China and Potential Health Risks" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 12, no. 12: 15584-15593. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph121215005