Multiple Zoonotic Parasites Identified in Dog Feces Collected in Ponte de Lima, Portugal—A Potential Threat to Human Health
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Fecal Sample Collection
2.3. Coprological Methods Used
2.3.1. Qualitative Flotation Coprological Analysis
2.3.2. Percoll Fractionation of Fecal Samples
2.3.3. Molecular Detection of Echinococcus granulosus
2.4. Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Risk of Infection by Strata
Presence of parasite | Environmental Dog Samples (n = 296) | Farm Dog Samples (n = 195) | Hunting Dog Samples (n = 101) | Total (n = 592) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n | % | n | % | n | % | n | % | |
Negative | 119 | 40.20 | 83 | 42.56 | 19 | 18.81 | 218 | 36.82 |
Positive | 177 | 59.80 | 112 | 57.44 | 82 | 81.19 | 374 | 63.17 |
3.2. Diversity of Parasites Found and Individual Prevalence
Parasite | Environmental Dog Samples (n = 296) (%) | Farm Dog Samples (n = 195) (%) | Hunting Dog Samples (n = 101) (%) |
---|---|---|---|
Ancylostomatidae | 44.59 | 31.28 | 70.30 |
Trichuris spp. | 34.46 | 32.82 | 49.50 |
Toxocara spp. | 7.43 | 11.28 | 10.89 |
Toxascaris leonina | 0.68 | 0 | 0 |
Dipylidium caninum | 0.68 | 1.02 | 0.99 |
Taeniidae | 0.34 | 0.51 | 1.98 |
Isospora spp. | 3.04 | 1.54 | 4.95 |
3.3. Parasite Associations and Infections
Number of Different Parasites | Environmental Dog Samples (n = 296) (%) | Farm Dog Samples (n = 195) (%) | Hunting Dog Samples (n = 101) (%) |
---|---|---|---|
0 | 40.2 a | 42.6 a | 18.8 a |
1 | 33.4 a | 39.0 a | 30.7 b |
>1 | 26.4 a | 18.5 b | 50.5 c |
Parasite | Environmental Dog Samples (n = 296) (%) | Farm Dog Samples (n = 195) (%) | Hunting Dog Samples (n = 101) (%) |
---|---|---|---|
Ancylostomatidae | 19.59 | 14.87 | 20.79 |
Trichuris spp. | 11.49 | 16.41 | 5.94 |
Toxocara spp. | 1.35 | 5.64 | 2.97 |
Dipylidium caninum | 0.38 | 0 | 0.99 |
Toxascaris leonina | 0.38 | 0 | 0 |
Isospora spp. | 0.38 | 0 | 0 |
Taeniidae | 0 | 0.51 | 0 |
Ancylostomatidae + Trichuris spp. | 17.91 | 10.77 | 34.65 |
Ancylostomatidae + Toxascaris leonina | 0 | 0 | 0.99 |
Ancylostomatidae + Toxocara spp. | 2.03 | 2.56 | 2.97 |
Trichuris spp. + Toxocara spp. | 1.01 | 2.56 | 0.99 |
Ancylostomatidae + Dipylidium caninum | 0.38 | 0.51 | 0.99 |
Ancylostomatidae + Isospora spp. | 0.38 | 0 | 0 |
Ancylostomatidae + Trichuris spp. + Toxocara spp. | 1.69 | 0.51 | 1.98 |
Ancylostomatidae + Trichuris spp. + Taeniidae | 0 | 0 | 0.99 |
Ancylostomatidae + Toxocara spp. + Taeniidae | 0 | 0 | 0.99 |
Ancylostomatidae + Trichuris spp. + Toxascaris leonina | 0 | 0 | 1.98 |
Ancylostomatidae + Trichuris spp. + Isospora spp. | 1.35 | 1.54 | 1.98 |
Ancylostomatidae + Isospora spp. + Toxocara spp. | 0.38 | 0 | 0 |
Trichuris spp. + Toxocara spp. + Taeniidae | 0.38 | 0 | 0 |
Dipylidiumcaninum + Toxocara spp. + Trichuris spp. | 0 | 0.51 | 0 |
Ancylostomatidae + Isospora spp. + Toxocara spp. + Trichuris spp. | 0.38 | 0 | 0.99 |
Ancylostomatidae + Isospora spp. + Toxocara spp. + Toxascaris leonina | 0.38 | 0 | 0.99 |
4. Discussion
4.1. Risk of Infection by Group
Authors | Country | N | Dog Sample Origin | Overall Prevalence |
---|---|---|---|---|
Tarsitano et al. [5] | Italy | 152 | Environmental | 8.5% |
Rinaldi et al. [19] | Italy | 415 | Environmental | 16.9% |
Dubná et al. [20] | Czech Republic | 3780 | Environmental + Shelter Dogs | 17.6% |
Martínez-Carrasco et al. [21] | Spain | 275 | Dogs presented to veterinary clinics + Shelter Dogs + Stray Dogs | 25.0% |
Papazahariadou et al. [22] | Greece | 281 | Farm Dogs + Hunting Dogs | 26.0% |
Gracenea et al. [23] | Spain | 505 | Shelter Dogs | 26.9% |
Soriano et al. [24] | Argentina | 1944 | Environmental | 37.9% |
Szabová et al. [1] | Slovak Republic | 752 | Environmental + Owned Dogs + Shelter Dogs | 45.7% |
Balassiano et al. [25] | Brazil | 500 | Dogs presented to veterinary clinics | 46.4% |
Fontanarrosa et al. [7] | Argentina | 2193 | Owned Dogs | 52.4% |
Okoye et al. [26] | Nigeria | 413 | Stray Dogs | 52.6% |
Benito et al. [27] | Spain | 1040 | Shelter Dogs | 53.6% |
Katagiri and Oliveira-Sequeira [28] | Brazil | 254 | Owned Dogs | 54.3% |
Beiromvand et al. [29] | Iran | 77 | Owned Dogs + Stray Dogs | 66.0% |
Bajer et al. [30] | Poland | 108 | Sled Dogs | 68.0% |
Ugbomoiko et al. [31] | Nigeria | 396 | Owned Dogs | 68.4% |
Martínez-Moreno et al. [32] | Spain | 1800 | Shelter Dogs | 71.3% |
Gingrich et al. [33] | Galapagos Island | 97 | Owned Dogs | 71.4% |
Eguía-Aguilar et al. [34] | México | 120 | Stray Dogs | 85.0% |
Mandarino-Pereira et al. [35] | Brazil | 81 | Environmental | 92.6% |
Crespo and Jorge [36] | Portugal | 576 | Environmental | 17.9% |
Cruz et al. [37] | Portugal | 49 | Environmental | 18.4% |
Neves et al. [38] | Portugal | 368 | Dogs presented to veterinary clinics | 20.6% |
Mateus et al. [39] | Portugal | 100 | Shelter Dogs | 41.0% |
Crespo et al. [40] | Portugal | 548 | Environmental | 50.0% |
Cardoso et al. [17] | Portugal | 301 | Farm Dogs | 58.8% |
4.2. Diversity of Parasites Found and Individual Prevalence
4.3. Parasite Associations and Infections
4.4. Limitations of the Study
4.5. “One Health” Approach Is Required
5. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Mateus, T.L.; Castro, A.; Ribeiro, J.N.; Vieira-Pinto, M. Multiple Zoonotic Parasites Identified in Dog Feces Collected in Ponte de Lima, Portugal—A Potential Threat to Human Health. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2014, 11, 9050-9067. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph110909050
Mateus TL, Castro A, Ribeiro JN, Vieira-Pinto M. Multiple Zoonotic Parasites Identified in Dog Feces Collected in Ponte de Lima, Portugal—A Potential Threat to Human Health. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2014; 11(9):9050-9067. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph110909050
Chicago/Turabian StyleMateus, Teresa Letra, António Castro, João Niza Ribeiro, and Madalena Vieira-Pinto. 2014. "Multiple Zoonotic Parasites Identified in Dog Feces Collected in Ponte de Lima, Portugal—A Potential Threat to Human Health" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 11, no. 9: 9050-9067. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph110909050