Multilevel Analysis of Air Pollution and Early Childhood Neurobehavioral Development
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Material and Methods
2.1. Study Population
2.2. Exposure Assessment
2.3. Data Collection
2.4. Neurobehavioral Development
2.5. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
Characteristics | Study Subjects |
---|---|
Total | 533 |
Maternal education, N (%) | |
College + | 242 (45.4) |
Senior high | 219 (41.1) |
Junior high | 52 (9.8) |
Elementary | 19 (3.6) |
Maternal nationality, N (%) | |
Taiwanese | 458 (85.9) |
Foreign | 75 (14.1) |
Gestational age, mean (SD) | 38.8 (1.2) |
Breast feeding a, N (%) | |
≥6 months | 93 (17.4) |
0–5 months | 440 (82.6) |
Environmental Tobacco Smoke (%) | |
Yes | 263 (49.3) |
No | 270 (50.7) |
Gender, N (%) | |
Male | 301 (56.5) |
Female | 232 (43.5) |
Birth weight, mean (SD) | 3190.7 (385.5) |
Parity, N (%) | |
1 | 283 (53.1) |
2 | 199 (37.3) |
3 | 45 (8.4) |
4 | 4 (0.8) |
5 | 2 (0.4) |
Air Pollutants | First Trimester | Second Trimester | Third Trimester | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Range | Mean | SD | Range | Mean | SD | Range | Mean | SD | |
CO (ppm) | 0.33–0.93 | 0.63 | 0.14 | 0.24–0.71 | 0.48 | 0.11 | 0.36–0.90 | 0.58 | 0.13 |
O3 (ppb) | 29.86–52.52 | 38.87 | 5.30 | 19.07–49.18 | 34.32 | 6.35 | 22.65–62.84 | 37.45 | 10.18 |
PM10 (g/m3) | 31.22–36.88 | 59.26 | 13.51 | 23.61–54.47 | 39.41 | 6.63 | 31.21–107.52 | 55.88 | 19.58 |
SO2 (ppb) | 0.27–14.63 | 4.45 | 2.50 | 0.28–6.86 | 3.63 | 1.36 | 0.25–13.31 | 4.08 | 2.51 |
NO2 (ppb) | 6.41–28.33 | 18.17 | 5.62 | 6.16–23.60 | 12.57 | 4.18 | 7.70–32.25 | 18.33 | 4.93 |
THC (ppm) | 2.22–3.05 | 2.52 | 0.22 | 2.03–2.78 | 2.37 | 0.18 | 2.31–3.19 | 2.59 | 0.17 |
NMHC (ppm) | 0.19–0.58 | 0.38 | 0.10 | 0.15–0.68 | 0.33 | 0.14 | 0.16–0.98 | 0.35 | 0.14 |
Air Pollutants | 1–6 Months | 7–12 Months | 13–18 Months | ||||||
Range | Mean | SD | Range | Mean | SD | Range | Mean | SD | |
CO (ppm) | 0.37–0.93 | 0.66 | 0.14 | 0.21–0.71 | 0.45 | 0.11 | 0.40–1.01 | 0.67 | 0.14 |
O3 (ppb) | 27.95–48.91 | 36.64 | 5.46 | 22.38–49.06 | 35.85 | 6.90 | 26.34–41.25 | 31.51 | 3.74 |
PM10 (μg/m3) | 36.37–116.58 | 72.39 | 19.80 | 38.96–71.52 | 54.95 | 8.68 | 37.66–111.78 | 69.79 | 17.45 |
SO2 (ppb) | 0.47–12.72 | 5.21 | 2.67 | 1.09–9.26 | 4.66 | 2.01 | 2.54–15.26 | 6.31 | 3.18 |
NO2 (ppb) | 9.15–32.13 | 23.10 | 6.25 | 6.76–24.56 | 15.98 | 5.44 | 9.29–32.00 | 21.12 | 6.47 |
THC (ppm) | 2.46–2.92 | 2.70 | 0.15 | 1.99–2.85 | 2.32 | 0.30 | 1.97–2.56 | 2.20 | 0.20 |
NMHC (ppm) | 0.20–0.63 | 0.42 | 0.13 | 0.13–0.57 | 0.31 | 0.17 | 0.15–0.49 | 0.28 | 0.11 |
Air Pollutant in the Different Periods | Gross Motor | Fine Motor | Language | Social-Personal | Total | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
β | SE | β | SE | β | SE | β | SE | β | SE | ||
CO | 1st trimester | 1.414 | 1.350 | −0.088 | 0.736 | −0.166 | 0.860 | 0.338 | 0.932 | 1.655 | 2.764 |
2nd & 3rd trimester | 0.459 | 1.695 | −0.243 | 0.928 | −0.655 | 1.088 | −0.180 | 1.223 | −0.528 | 3.477 | |
Birth–6 months | 0.100 | 1.324 | −0.219 | 0.718 | −0.456 | 0.834 | 0.411 | 0.913 | −0.043 | 2.697 | |
O3 | 1st trimester | −0.056 | 0.044 | −0.037 | 0.024 | −0.019 | 0.030 | 0.016 | 0.025 | −0.116 | 0.091 |
2nd & 3rd trimester | 0.001 | 0.028 | 0.003 | 0.016 | 0.012 | 0.020 | 0.009 | 0.022 | 0.030 | 0.058 | |
Birth–6 months | 0.078 | 0.052 | −0.042 | 0.026 | −0.011 | 0.032 | 0.007 | 0.036 | 0.058 | 0.082 | |
PM10 | 1st trimester | 0.008 | 0.020 | −0.007 | 0.011 | 0.003 | 0.011 | 0.017 | 0.016 | 0.033 | 0.044 |
2nd & 3rd trimester | 0.005 | 0.024 | −0.023 | 0.015 | −0.006 | 0.018 | −0.007 | 0.021 | −0.022 | 0.050 | |
Birth–6 months | −0.004 | 0.011 | −0.006 | 0.007 | 0.003 | 0.008 | 0.001 | 0.009 | 0.006 | 0.022 | |
SO2 | 1st trimester | 0.015 | 0.072 | −0.002 | 0.042 | 0.027 | 0.050 | 0.010 | 0.056 | 0.090 | 0.147 |
2nd & 3rd trimester | −0.125 | 0.113 | −0.037 | 0.062 | 0.036 | 0.073 | −0.009 | 0.082 | −0.092 | 0.229 | |
Birth–6 months | −0.053 | 0.070 | −0.001 | 0.039 | 0.033 | 0.046 | 0.002 | 0.051 | 0.019 | 0.141 | |
NO2 | 1st trimester | −0.005 | 0.034 | −0.004 | 0.019 | 0.017 | 0.022 | 0.022 | 0.025 | 0.023 | 0.070 |
2nd & 3rd trimester | −0.067 | 0.046 | −0.028 | 0.025 | −0.011 | 0.029 | 0.002 | 0.033 | −0.110 | 0.093 | |
Birth–6 months | −0.002 | 0.031 | −0.010 | 0.016 | 0.002 | 0.019 | 0.012 | 0.021 | 0.002 | 0.062 | |
THC | 1st trimester | 0.123 | 1.233 | −0.504 | 0.656 | 0.583 | 0.782 | 0.192 | 0.871 | 0.438 | 2.624 |
2nd & 3rd trimester | −2.143 | 1.888 | 0.940 | 0.979 | 0.269 | 1.203 | −0.970 | 1.335 | −1.606 | 4.031 | |
Birth–6 months | −0.173 | 1.908 | −1.451 | 0.996 | 0.523 | 1.210 | 0.087 | 1.346 | −0.753 | 4.058 | |
NMHC | 1st trimester | −6.134 | 4.392 | −2.014 | 2.471 | 3.121 | 2.957 | −0.673 | 3.284 | −5.721 | 9.843 |
2nd & 3rd trimester | −8.742 * | 3.512 | −8.742 | 3.512 | 2.091 | 1.985 | 2.091 | 1.985 | −3.986 | 8.024 | |
Birth–6 months | −2.822 | 2.696 | −2.166 | 1.494 | 1.453 | 1.809 | −0.337 | 2.008 | −4.603 | 5.952 |
Air Pollutant in the Different Periods | Gross Motor | Fine Motor | Language | Social-Personal | Total | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
β | SE | β | SE | β | SE | β | SE | β | SE | ||
CO | 1st trimester | 0.265 | 0.480 | 0.005 | 0.585 | 1.129 | 0.758 | 0.226 | 0.644 | 1.711 | 1.705 |
2nd & 3rd trimester | −0.059 | 0.603 | −1.095 | 0.726 | 0.177 | 0.947 | −0.869 | 0.799 | −2.119 | 2.084 | |
Birth–12 months | 0.297 | 0.542 | −0.236 | 0.662 | 0.806 | 0.859 | −0.053 | 0.729 | 0.856 | 1.928 | |
13–18 months | 0.077 | 0.552 | −0.114 | 0.652 | 0.285 | 0.826 | −1.394 | 0.626 | −0.650 | 1.832 | |
O3 | 1st trimester | −0.012 | 0.017 | −0.022 | 0.019 | −0.018 | 0.024 | 0.030 | 0.017 | −0.026 | 0.052 |
2nd & 3rd trimester | −0.001 | 0.011 | −0.015 | 0.013 | 0.018 | 0.017 | 0.022 | 0.015 | 0.029 | 0.036 | |
Birth–12 months | −0.013 | 0.023 | 0.014 | 0.025 | 0.044 | 0.031 | 0.046 | 0.032 | 0.112 | 0.084 | |
13–18 months | −0.014 | 0.024 | 0.011 | 0.028 | 0.017 | 0.035 | 0.033 | 0.033 | 0.053 | 0.075 | |
PM10 | 1st trimester | −0.004 | 0.008 | −0.007 | 0.008 | 0.005 | 0.011 | 0.018 | 0.010 | 0.010 | 0.026 |
2nd & 3rd trimester | −0.009 | 0.010 | −0.015 | 0.012 | 0.004 | 0.012 | 0.012 | 0.014 | 0.005 | 0.029 | |
Birth–12 months | −0.005 | 0.006 | −0.011 | 0.007 | 0.004 | 0.009 | 0.006 | 0.009 | 0.001 | 0.020 | |
13–18 months | −0.004 | 0.005 | −0.010 | 0.005 | 0.002 | 0.006 | 0.003 | 0.006 | −0.003 | 0.015 | |
SO2 | 1st trimester | −0.011 | 0.028 | −0.083 * | 0.030 | 0.019 | 0.043 | 0.036 | 0.037 | −0.026 | 0.093 |
2nd & 3rd trimester | −0.040 | 0.040 | −0.114 * | 0.045 | −0.044 | 0.062 | 0.029 | 0.054 | −0.140 | 0.137 | |
Birth–12 months | −0.017 | 0.031 | −0.091 * | 0.034 | −0.010 | 0.047 | 0.009 | 0.041 | −0.102 | 0.101 | |
13–18 months | −0.009 | 0.024 | −0.057 | 0.029 | −0.021 | 0.034 | 0.017 | 0.031 | −0.073 | 0.075 | |
NO2 | 1st trimester | 0.003 | 0.013 | −0.007 | 0.015 | 0.018 | 0.020 | 0.001 | 0.017 | 0.018 | 0.044 |
2nd & 3rd trimester | −0.010 | 0.016 | −0.029 | 0.020 | 0.003 | 0.026 | −0.013 | 0.022 | −0.045 | 0.058 | |
Birth–12 months | −0.003 | 0.013 | −0.017 | 0.015 | 0.009 | 0.020 | −0.004 | 0.017 | −0.013 | 0.044 | |
13–18 months | −0.004 | 0.011 | −0.016 | 0.013 | 0.004 | 0.018 | −0.011 | 0.015 | −0.025 | 0.039 | |
THC | 1st trimester | −0.229 | 0.387 | 0.478 | 0.529 | 0.287 | 0.700 | −0.052 | 0.574 | 0.538 | 1.486 |
2nd & 3rd trimester | 0.779 | 0.570 | −0.014 | 0.785 | 1.745 | 1.028 | −1.524 | 0.842 | 1.071 | 2.202 | |
Birth–12 months | −0.321 | 0.548 | 0.423 | 0.750 | 0.282 | 0.971 | −0.391 | 0.813 | −0.118 | 2.107 | |
13–18 months | −0.343 | 0.647 | 0.094 | 0.887 | 0.383 | 1.172 | −1.064 | 0.958 | −0.809 | 2.491 | |
NMHC | 1st trimester | −0.564 | 1.327 | −0.791 | 1.898 | 2.313 | 2.329 | 0.062 | 2.116 | 1.259 | 5.062 |
2nd & 3rd trimester | −0.585 | 1.064 | −1.406 | 1.518 | 0.830 | 1.875 | 0.024 | 1.697 | −0.956 | 4.061 | |
Birth–12 months | −0.199 | 0.897 | −0.307 | 1.284 | 1.821 | 1.572 | 0.271 | 1.430 | 1.754 | 3.418 | |
13–18 months | −0.122 | 1.076 | −0.251 | 1.538 | 2.400 | 1.881 | −0.211 | 1.717 | 2.168 | 4.104 |
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Lin, C.-C.; Yang, S.-K.; Lin, K.-C.; Ho, W.-C.; Hsieh, W.-S.; Shu, B.-C.; Chen, P.-C. Multilevel Analysis of Air Pollution and Early Childhood Neurobehavioral Development. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2014, 11, 6827-6841. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph110706827
Lin C-C, Yang S-K, Lin K-C, Ho W-C, Hsieh W-S, Shu B-C, Chen P-C. Multilevel Analysis of Air Pollution and Early Childhood Neurobehavioral Development. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2014; 11(7):6827-6841. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph110706827
Chicago/Turabian StyleLin, Ching-Chun, Shih-Kuan Yang, Kuan-Chia Lin, Wen-Chao Ho, Wu-Shiun Hsieh, Bih-Ching Shu, and Pau-Chung Chen. 2014. "Multilevel Analysis of Air Pollution and Early Childhood Neurobehavioral Development" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 11, no. 7: 6827-6841. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph110706827