Mouth-Level Intake of Benzo[a]pyrene from Reduced Nicotine Cigarettes
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Experimental Section
2.1. Summary of Study Protocol
2.2. Standards, Reagents and Materials
2.3. Measurement of Cigarette Physical Properties and Machine-Smoked Emission
2.3.1. Cigarette Physical Properties
2.3.2. Machine-Smoke Regimens and Smoke Sample Collection
Regimen | Puff Volume (mL) | Interval (Second) | Puffs or Smoked Length | Filter Vent Holes |
---|---|---|---|---|
ISO | 35 | 60 | 2 at the lighting end | Open |
ISO | 35 | 60 | Butt mark as defined in text | Open |
Canadian Intense | 55 | 30 | Butt mark as defined in text | Closed |
Intense 1 | 65 | 20 | Butt mark as defined in text | Closed |
Intense 2 | 75 | 30 | Butt mark as defined in text | Closed |
Intense 3 | 70 | 10 | Butt mark as defined in text | Closed |
2.3.3. Analysis of BaP from Machine-Smoked CFPs and Cigarette Filters
2.3.4. Analysis of Nicotine from Machine-Smoked CFPs
2.4. Measurement of BaP from Spent Cigarette Filter Samples and Urinary Cotinine and 1-HOP
2.4.1. Analysis of BaP from Spent Cigarette Filter Butts
2.4.2. Analysis of Urinary Cotinine and 1-HOP
2.5. Mathematic Calculation and Statistical Analysis
2.5.1. Brand Correlation Data
2.5.2. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Cigarette Physical Properties, Machine-Smoked Emission Data and Brand Correlation Parameters
3.1.1. Physical Properties
Cigarette Brand | Filter Ventilation Level (%) | Cigarette Weight (g) | Cigarette Length (mm) | Filter Length (mm) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Belmont Regular | 0 | 0.90 | 83 | 22 (10 + 12) * |
Belmont Silver | 21 | 0.82 | 71 | 19 (8 + 11) * |
Benson & Hedges Silver Menthol | 28 | 0.96 | 99 | 27 |
Canadian Classics Reg. King | 7 | 0.94 | 83 | 22 |
Canadian Classics Regular | 0 | 0.78 | 71 | 19 |
Canadian Classics Silver King | 14 | 0.92 | 83 | 22 |
Canadian Classics White King | 27 | 0.92 | 83 | 22 |
Du Maurier Distinct Regular | 19 | 0.93 | 100 | 25 |
Du Maurier Distinct King | 25 | 0.88 | 83 | 21 |
Du Maurier Premier King | 36 | 0.91 | 84 | 20 |
Du Maurier Premier Regular | 34 | 0.78 | 72 | 17 |
Du Maurier Prestige | 26 | 0.88 | 82 | 20 |
Du Maurier Regular King | 0 | 0.87 | 83 | 20 |
Du Maurier Regular | 12 | 0.76 | 71 | 17 |
Du Maurier Special | 21 | 0.90 | 83 | 20 |
Export A Green | 0 | 0.81 | 71 | 17 |
Export A Extra Smooth | 22 | 0.77 | 71 | 17 |
Export A Ultra Smooth | 27 | 0.87 | 83 | 22 |
John Player Standard Blue | 0 | 0.77 | 72 | 16 |
John Player Standard Blue King | 0 | 0.87 | 83 | 20 |
John Player Standard Sliver King | 20 | 0.84 | 83 | 20 |
Macdonald Special | 0 | 0.85 | 84 | 21 |
Next Blue | 7 | 0.89 | 82 | 22 |
Number 7 Blue | 22 | 0.90 | 82 | 22 |
Number 7 Regular | 10 | 0.89 | 83 | 22 |
Peter Jackson Full King | 0 | 0.87 | 82 | 20 |
Peter Jackson Full Regular | 0 | 0.79 | 72 | 17 |
Peter Jackson Select King | 16 | 0.89 | 82 | 20 |
Peter Jackson Select Regular | 16 | 0.81 | 72 | 17 |
Peter Jackson Smooth King | 31 | 0.92 | 83 | 19 |
Player’s Original King | 11 | 0.86 | 82 | 20 |
Player’s Rich Regular | 8 | 0.74 | 72 | 17 |
Player’s Rich King | 12 | 0.85 | 84 | 20 |
Player’s Smooth King | 26 | 0.87 | 82 | 20 |
Viceroy Blue | 19 | 0.89 | 82 | 20 |
Vogue Slims | 50 | 0.73 | 82 | 21 |
Quest® 1 | 45 | 0.82 | 83 | 25 |
Quest® 2 | 22 | 0.89 | 83 | 25 (9 + 16) * |
Quest® 3 | 39 | 0.87 | 83 | 25 (16 + 9) * |
3.1.2. Machine-Smoked Emission Data
Cigarette Brand | ISO | Canadian Intense | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Nicotine (mg/cigarette) | BaP (ng/cigarette) | Nicotine (mg/cigarette) | BaP (ng/cigarette) | |
Belmont Regular | 0.8 | 9.0 | 1.9 | 18.1 |
Belmont Silver | 1.0 | 7.2 | 2.2 | 13.7 |
Benson & Hedges Silver Menthol | 1.2 | 8.3 | 3.1 | 16.2 |
Canadian Classics Reg. King | 1.3 | 12.1 | 2.7 | 19.4 |
Canadian Classics Regular | 1.3 | 9.4 | 2.5 | 20.4 |
Canadian Classics Silver King | 1.2 | 7.6 | 2.4 | 16.7 |
Canadian Classics White King | 0.9 | 6.7 | 2.4 | 16.6 |
Du Maurier Distinct Regular | 1.2 | 12.9 | 2.4 | 22.5 |
Du Maurier Distinct King | 1.3 | 8.8 | 3.0 | 19.1 |
Du Maurier Premier King | 0.9 | 7.3 | 2.4 | 16.4 |
Du Maurier Premier Regular | 0.8 | 6.0 | 2.1 | 13.8 |
Du Maurier Prestige | 1.1 | 8.6 | 2.2 | 24.2 |
Du Maurier Regular King | 1.1 | 13.4 | 2.6 | 22.7 |
Du Maurier Regular | 1.2 | 9.1 | 2.3 | 14.9 |
Du Maurier Special | 1.3 | 8.8 | 2.6 | 18.2 |
Export A Green | 1.4 | 12.3 | 2.3 | 20.6 |
Export A Extra Smooth | 1.0 | 8.4 | 2.2 | 16.7 |
Export A Ultra Smooth | 1.0 | 7.6 | 2.3 | 19.6 |
John Player Standard Blue | 1.3 | 7.9 | 2.2 | 20.5 |
John Player Standard Blue King | 1.1 | 11.9 | 2.3 | 21.4 |
John Player Standard Sliver King | 1.2 | 10.9 | 2.3 | 23.4 |
Macdonald Special | 0.8 | 12.0 | 2.2 | 22.7 |
Next Blue | 1.2 | 10.1 | 2.7 | 19.1 |
Number 7 Blue | 1.1 | 8.8 | 2.9 | 20.7 |
Number 7 Regular | 1.3 | 9.9 | 2.7 | 18.7 |
Peter Jackson Full King | 1.1 | 12.0 | 2.5 | 21.5 |
Peter Jackson Full Regular | 1.2 | 10.5 | 2.3 | 19.8 |
Peter Jackson Select King | 1.1 | 13.0 | 2.6 | 22.1 |
Peter Jackson Select Regular | 1.2 | 10.4 | 2.6 | 17.8 |
Peter Jackson Smooth King | 0.9 | 7.3 | 2.3 | 15.3 |
Player’s Original King | 1.4 | 16.0 | 2.9 | 23.2 |
Player’s Rich Regular | 1.0 | 10.9 | 2.3 | 16.1 |
Player’s Rich King | 1.1 | 9.4 | 2.4 | 20.4 |
Player’s Smooth King | 0.9 | 7.5 | 2.5 | 15.7 |
Viceroy Blue | 1.1 | 9.6 | 2.6 | 16.9 |
Vogue Slims | 0.4 | 3.2 | 1.8 | 10.2 |
Quest® 1 | 0.7 | 6.1 | 1.9 | 22.8 |
Quest® 2 | 0.3 | 3.1 | 0.8 | 10.8 |
Quest® 3 | <0.0025 | 1.8 | 0.1 | 9.2 |
3.1.3. Brand Correlation Parameters
3.2. Mouth-Level Intake per Cigarette and Smoking Intensity
Cigarette Brand | Slope | Intercept | r2 |
---|---|---|---|
Belmont Regular | 5.2 | −0.4 | 0.94 |
Belmont Silver | 3.8 | −0.1 | 0.99 |
Benson & Hedges Silver Menthol | 3.3 | 0.6 | 0.82 |
Canadian Classics Reg. King | 6.5 | −2.5 | 0.96 |
Canadian Classics Regular | 4.4 | −0.4 | 0.96 |
Canadian Classics Silver King | 5.0 | −2.4 | 0.91 |
Canadian Classics White King | 4.7 | −2.5 | 0.97 |
Du Maurier Distinct Regular | 4.5 | 0.9 | 0.96 |
Du Maurier Distinct King | 2.7 | 1.1 | 0.96 |
Du Maurier Premier King | 2.3 | 1.3 | 0.94 |
Du Maurier Premier Regular | 2.9 | −0.9 | 1.00 |
Du Maurier Prestige | 3.4 | −2.6 | 0.99 |
Du Maurier Regular King | 3.0 | 3.0 | 0.96 |
Du Maurier Regular | 2.6 | 0.0 | 0.99 |
Du Maurier Special | 3.5 | −1.2 | 1.00 |
Export A Green | 6.5 | −3.4 | 0.97 |
Export A Extra Smooth | 3.0 | −0.1 | 0.98 |
Export A Ultra Smooth | 3.1 | 0.2 | 0.99 |
John Player Standard Blue | 5.2 | −7.9 | 0.87 |
John Player Standard Blue King | 3.3 | −0.6 | 0.96 |
John Player Standard Sliver King | 3.2 | 3.0 | 0.88 |
Macdonald Special | 5.4 | 1.1 | 0.95 |
Next Blue | 6.3 | −5.1 | 0.86 |
Number 7 Blue | 6.3 | −3.5 | 0.96 |
Number 7 Regular | 5.8 | −1.2 | 0.92 |
Peter Jackson Full King | 4.2 | −3.1 | 0.98 |
Peter Jackson Full Regular | 3.5 | −1.0 | 1.00 |
Peter Jackson Select King | 3.9 | −2.7 | 0.98 |
Peter Jackson Select Regular | 3.3 | −0.6 | 1.00 |
Peter Jackson Smooth King | 2.6 | 0.0 | 1.00 |
Players Original King | 5.3 | −0.3 | 0.97 |
Players Rich Regular | 3.2 | 0.9 | 0.93 |
Player’s Rich King | 3.3 | −0.8 | 0.97 |
Player’s Smooth King | 3.8 | −1.4 | 0.98 |
Viceroy Blue | 3.0 | 1.7 | 0.96 |
Vogue Slims | 3.0 | 0.1 | 0.99 |
Quest® 1 | 4.9 | −1.7 | 0.90 |
Quest® 2 | 7.6 | 0.3 | 0.95 |
Quest® 3 | 2.1 | 1.7 | 0.90 |
Cigarette Brand | Above Canadian Intense |
---|---|
Smoker’s usual brand | 57% |
Quest® 1 | 21% |
Quest® 2 | 30% |
Quest® 3 | 4% |
3.3. Total Mouth-Level BaP Intake per Day and Urinary Biomarkers
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Ding, Y.S.; Ward, J.; Hammond, D.; Watson, C.H. Mouth-Level Intake of Benzo[a]pyrene from Reduced Nicotine Cigarettes. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2014, 11, 11898-11914. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph111111898
Ding YS, Ward J, Hammond D, Watson CH. Mouth-Level Intake of Benzo[a]pyrene from Reduced Nicotine Cigarettes. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2014; 11(11):11898-11914. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph111111898
Chicago/Turabian StyleDing, Yan S., Jennye Ward, David Hammond, and Clifford H. Watson. 2014. "Mouth-Level Intake of Benzo[a]pyrene from Reduced Nicotine Cigarettes" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 11, no. 11: 11898-11914. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph111111898