Longitudinal Influences of Neighbourhood Built and Social Environment on Children’s Weight Status
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Participants
2.2. Weight Status
2.3. Social Factors
2.4. Built Environment
2.5. Social Environment
2.6. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
Longitudinal study (n = 485) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Baseline | Follow-up | ||||
Age (y) | 6.1 (5.8–6.4) | 10.0 (9.7–10.3) | |||
Boys/girls (% (95% CI)) | 50.5 (46.1–54.9)/49.5 (45.1–53.9) | ||||
BMI (kg/m2) | 15.5 (14.6–16.5) | 17.1 (15.7–19.0) | |||
BMI-SDS | 0.048 (−0.540–0.567) | 0.111 (−0.606–0.786) | |||
∆ BMI-SDS | −0.006 (−0.375–0.460) | ||||
Prevalence of overweight (% (95% CI)) 1 | 8.2 (5.8–10.6) | 12.3 (9.4–15.2) | |||
Prevalence of maternal overweight (% (95% CI)) 2 | n = 467 | ||||
35.1 (30.8–39.4) | |||||
Educational level of parents (% (95% CI)) | n = 478 | ||||
High | 59.8 (55.4–64.2) | ||||
Middle | 29.3 (25.2–33.4) | ||||
Low | 10.9 (8.1–13.7) | ||||
Nationality (% (95% CI)) | n = 478 | ||||
“German” | 86.0 (82.9–89.1) | ||||
“Non-German” | 14.0 (10.9–17.1) |
3.1. Characteristics of Socially Disadvantaged Neighbourhoods
Predictor variables | Median (IQ) or % (95% CI) | |
---|---|---|
Built environment | House type | n = 481 |
Single-unit/semi-detached | 66.9 (62.7–71.1) | |
Apartment building ≤ four floors | 25.8 (21.9–29.7) | |
≥five floors | 7.3 (5.0–9.6) | |
Garden | n = 469 | |
Yes/no | 91.3 (88.7–93.9)/8.7 (6.1–11.3) | |
Street type | n = 479 | |
Pedestrian zone or cul-de-sac or play streets | 30.1 (26.0–34.2) | |
Side street (traffic calmed) | 50.1 (45.6–54.6) | |
Side street | 8.8 (6.3–11.3) | |
Main street | 11.1 (8.3–13.9) | |
Traffic density 1 | ||
High/middle/low | 23.3 (19.5–27.1)/30.7 (26.6–34.8)/46.0 (41.5–50.5) | |
Perceived frequency of traffic jam | n = 481 | |
High/middle/low | 0.6 (−0.1–1.3)/3.7 (2.0–5.4)/95.7 (93.9–97.5) | |
Perceived frequency of passing trucks and buses | n = 478 | |
High/middle/low | 13.0 (10.0–16.0)/19.0 (15.5–22.5)/68.0 (63.8–72.2) | |
Walkability 1 | ||
High/middle/low | 15.7 (12.4–19.0)/54.6 (50.1–59.1)/29.7 (25.6–33.8) | |
Length of access path 2 | 20.5 (17.2–23.0) | |
Distance (m) to nearest | ||
Park/green space | 495.5 (234.0–912.8) | |
Playground | 205.8 (128.8–325.1) | |
Restriction by lack of | ||
Parks/green space | n = 475 | |
High/middle/low | 3.2 (1.6–4.8)/4.2 (2.4–6.0)/92.6 (90.2–95.0) | |
Playgrounds | n = 479 | |
High/middle/low | 4.0 (2.2–5.8)/7.3 (5.0–9.6)/88.7 (85.9–91.5) | |
Cycling paths | n = 475 | |
High/middle/low | 8.2 (5.7–10.7)/9.3 (6.7–11.9)/82.5 (79.1–85.9) | |
Number (n) of 2 | ||
Supermarkets | 2 (0–3) | |
Energy-dense food supply | 6 (3–11) | |
Social environment | Neighbourhood SES 1 | |
High/middle/low | 46.6 (42.1–51.1)/20.4 (16.8–24.0)/33.0 (28.8–37.2) | |
Crime rate 1 | ||
High/middle/low | 8.2 (5.7–10.7)/54.2 (49.7–58.7)/37.5 (33.1–41.9) | |
Neighbourhood safety | n = 471 | |
Yes/no | 93.8 (91.6–96.0)/6.2 (4.0–8.4) | |
Satisfaction with neighbourhood | n = 480 | |
High/middle/low | 81.5 (78.0–85.0)/13.8 (10.7–16.9)/4.8 (2.9–6.7) |
Nationality | Parents’ educational level | Neighbourhood SES | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
High | Middle | Low | ||
“German” | High | 62.7 | 20.9 | 16.4 |
Middle | 38.4 | 27.0 | 34.7 | |
Low | 11.6 | 16.8 | 71.6 | |
“Non-German” | High | 19.6 | 22.8 | 57.6 |
Middle | 12.0 | 17.3 | 70.7 | |
Low | 13.7 | 18.7 | 67.6 |
3.2. Longitudinal Influences of the Neighbourhood Built and Social Environment on Children’s BMI-SDS
4. Discussion
4.1. Built Environment and Children’s BMI-SDS
Model 1 | Model 2 | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
b | 95% CI | p-value | b | 95% CI | p-value | ||||
Built environment | Time (ref: baseline) | −0.14 | −0.30–0.03 | 0.101 | |||||
Street type | |||||||||
Pedestrian zone or cul-de-sac or play streets | Ref | Ref | |||||||
Side street (traffic calmed) | 0.27 | 0.09–0.44 | 0.003 | 0.23 | 0.06–0.40 | 0.010 | |||
Side street | 0.25 | −0.07–0.58 | 0.123 | 0.12 | −0.21–0.44 | 0.478 | |||
Main street | 0.27 | 0.00–0.54 | 0.050 | 0.10 | −0.22–0.41 | 0.539 | |||
Perceived frequency of passing trucks and buses | |||||||||
Low | Ref | Ref | |||||||
Middle | 0.16 | −0.03–0.36 | 0.105 | 0.11 | −0.10–0.32 | 0.318 | |||
High | 0.40 | 0.12–0.69 | 0.006 | 0.34 | 0.03–0.65 | 0.034 | |||
Walkability 2 | |||||||||
High | Ref | Ref | |||||||
Middle | 0.53 | 0.30–0.75 | 0.000 | 0.49 | 0.26–0.73 | 0.000 | |||
Low | 0.33 | 0.10–0.57 | 0.006 | 0.45 | 0.19–0.71 | 0.001 | |||
Time * Walkability | |||||||||
Time * Walkability (high) | Ref | ||||||||
Time * Walkability (middle) | 0.07 | −0.11–0.25 | 0.448 | ||||||
Time * Walkability (low) | −0.02 | −0.21–0.17 | 0.828 | ||||||
Social environment | Neighbourhood SES 2 | ||||||||
High | Ref | Ref | |||||||
Middle | 0.44 | 0.23–0.65 | 0.000 | 0.23 | 0.06–0.46 | 0.044 | |||
Low | 0.25 | 0.07–0.43 | 0.006 | 0.06 | −0.14–0.26 | 0.552 | |||
Time * Neighbourhood SES | |||||||||
Time * SES (high) | Ref | ||||||||
Time * SES (middle) | 0.20 | 0.03–0.36 | 0.019 | ||||||
Time * SES (low) | 0.31 | 0.17–0.45 | 0.000 | ||||||
Model 3 | |||||||||
b | 95% CI | p-value | |||||||
Built environment | Time (ref: baseline) | −0.16 | −0.36–0.05 | 0.135 | |||||
Street type | |||||||||
Pedestrian zone or cul-de-sac or play streets | Ref | ||||||||
Side street (traffic calmed) | 0.21 | 0.03–0.38 | 0.020 | ||||||
Side street | 0.03 | −0.32–0.37 | 0.878 | ||||||
Main street | −0.14 | −0.32–0.29 | 0.927 | ||||||
Perceived frequency of passing trucks and buses | |||||||||
Low | Ref | ||||||||
Middle | 0.23 | 0.02–0.44 | 0.030 | ||||||
High | 0.17 | −0.15–0.49 | 0.287 | ||||||
Walkability 2 | |||||||||
High | Ref | ||||||||
Middle | 0.44 | 0.18–0.71 | 0.001 | ||||||
Low | 0.45 | 0.18–0.72 | 0.001 | ||||||
Time * Walkability | |||||||||
Time * Walkability (high) | Ref | ||||||||
Time * Walkability (middle) | −0.02 | −0.22–0.18 | 0.842 | ||||||
Time * Walkability (low) | −0.08 | −0.29–0.13 | 0.461 | ||||||
Social environment | Neighbourhood SES 2 | ||||||||
High | Ref | ||||||||
Middle | 0.06 | −0.22–0.34 | 0.672 | ||||||
Low | 0.27 | −0.03–0.58 | 0.076 | ||||||
Time * Neighbourhood SES | |||||||||
Time * SES (high) | Ref | ||||||||
Time * SES (middle) | 0.28 | 0.09–0.47 | 0.004 | ||||||
Time * SES (low) | 0.32 | 0.11–0.54 | 0.003 | ||||||
Time * neighbourhood SES (parents’ educational level (EL)) | |||||||||
Parents’ EL (high) (Time * SES) | N/A | ||||||||
Parents’ EL (middle) (Time * SES) | |||||||||
SES (high) | Ref | ||||||||
SES (middle) | 0.50 | 0.04–0.97 | 0.033 | ||||||
SES (low) | −0.26 | −0.69–0.16 | 0.227 | ||||||
Parents’ EL (low) (Time * SES) | |||||||||
SES (high) | Ref | ||||||||
SES (middle) | −0.18 | −1.36–1.01 | 0.769 | ||||||
SES (low) | −0.03 | −0.87–0.81 | 0.941 | ||||||
Time * neighbourhood SES (parents’ nationality) | |||||||||
Nationality (“German”) (Time * SES ) | N/A | ||||||||
Nationality (“non-German”) (Time * SES) | |||||||||
SES (high) | Ref | ||||||||
SES (middle) | 0.00 | −0.69–0.69 | 0.998 | ||||||
SES (low) | −0.09 | −0.60–0.41 | 0.719 |
4.2. Social Environment and Children’s BMI-SDS
4.3. Limitations
5. Conclusion
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Share and Cite
Gose, M.; Plachta-Danielzik, S.; Willié, B.; Johannsen, M.; Landsberg, B.; Müller, M.J. Longitudinal Influences of Neighbourhood Built and Social Environment on Children’s Weight Status. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2013, 10, 5083-5096. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph10105083
Gose M, Plachta-Danielzik S, Willié B, Johannsen M, Landsberg B, Müller MJ. Longitudinal Influences of Neighbourhood Built and Social Environment on Children’s Weight Status. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2013; 10(10):5083-5096. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph10105083
Chicago/Turabian StyleGose, Maria, Sandra Plachta-Danielzik, Bianca Willié, Maike Johannsen, Beate Landsberg, and Manfred J. Müller. 2013. "Longitudinal Influences of Neighbourhood Built and Social Environment on Children’s Weight Status" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 10, no. 10: 5083-5096. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph10105083