Associations of Workplace Bullying and Harassment with Pain
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Subjects
2.2. Measures
2.3. Statistical Analyses
3. Results
Men ( n = 367) a | Women ( n = 1,266) a | pb | Number of missing data | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean | SD | Range | Mean | SD | Range | ||||
Age (years) | 31.9 | 9.7 | 18–74 | 39.2 | 12.8 | 17–73 | <0.001 | 5 | |
Depression | 11.2 | 4.2 | 6–24 | 10.9 | 4.1 | 6–24 | 0.358 | 36 | |
Person-related bullying | 8.3 | 3.3 | 6–29 | 7.8 | 2.9 | 6–30 | 0.036 | 83 | |
Work-related bullying | 5.1 | 2.1 | 3–15 | 4.8 | 1.8 | 3–14 | 0.187 | 51 | |
Sexual harassment | 3.38 | 0.99 | 3–11 | 3.25 | 0.81 | 3–13 | 0.008 | 36 | |
n | % | n | % | ||||||
Marital status | <0.001 | 10 | |||||||
Unmarried | 186 | 51.0 | 444 | 35.3 | |||||
Married | 169 | 46.3 | 629 | 50.0 | |||||
Divorced or widowed | 10 | 2.7 | 185 | 14.7 | |||||
Employment status | <0.001 | 13 | |||||||
Regular | 345 | 94.3 | 975 | 77.8 | |||||
Contractual | 21 | 5.7 | 279 | 22.2 | |||||
Work shift | <0.001 | 12 | |||||||
Shift work without night shift | 30 | 8.2 | 207 | 16.5 | |||||
Shift work with night shift | 251 | 68.8 | 566 | 45.1 | |||||
Regular daytime work | 84 | 23.0 | 483 | 38.5 | |||||
Type of occupation | Not applicable | 45 | |||||||
Professional caregiver | 290 | 81.0 | 879 | 71.5 | |||||
Nurse | 4 | 1.1 | 158 | 12.8 | |||||
Clerk | 27 | 7.5 | 45 | 3.7 | |||||
Nutritionist | 0 | 0.0 | 75 | 6.1 | |||||
Others | 37 | 10.4 | 73 | 5.9 | |||||
Having headache | 190 | 51.9 | 876 | 69.7 | <0.001 | 9 | |||
Having stiffness of neck or shoulders | 247 | 67.9 | 1047 | 83.3 | <0.001 | 10 | |||
Having lumbago | 247 | 67.9 | 983 | 78.2 | <0.001 | 12 | |||
Having pain of two or more joints | 145 | 39.6 | 671 | 53.3 | <0.001 | 12 |
Men | Women | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
PR | 95% CI | N a | PR | 95% CI | N a | ||
Headache | |||||||
Crude | 1.04 | (1.01, 1.07) | 347 | 1.03 | (1.02, 1.04) | 1,196 | |
Adjusted for demographics b | 1.04 | (1.01, 1.07) | 343 | 1.03 | (1.02, 1.04) | 1,169 | |
Additionally adjusted for depression | 1.01 | (0.98, 1.04) | 343 | 1.01 | (1.00, 1.02) | 1,145 | |
Stiffness of neck or shoulders | |||||||
Crude | 1.02 | (0.99, 1.04) | 346 | 1.01 | (1.00, 1.01) | 1,197 | |
Adjusted for demographics b | 1.02 | (0.99, 1.04) | 342 | 1.01 | (1.00, 1.01) | 1,170 | |
Additionally adjusted for depression | 1.00 | (0.97, 1.02) | 342 | 1.00 | (0.99, 1.01) | 1,146 | |
Lumbago | |||||||
Crude | 1.01 | (0.99, 1.04) | 346 | 1.02 | (1.02, 1.03) | 1,196 | |
Adjusted for demographics b | 1.02 | (0.99, 1.04) | 342 | 1.02 | (1.02, 1.03) | 1,169 | |
Additionally adjusted for depression | 1.00 | (0.98, 1.03) | 342 | 1.01 | (1.00, 1.02) | 1,146 | |
Pain of two or more joints | |||||||
Crude | 1.05 | (1.02, 1.09) | 347 | 1.04 | (1.02, 1.05) | 1,197 | |
Adjusted for demographics b | 1.06 | (1.02, 1.09) | 343 | 1.04 | (1.03, 1.05) | 1,170 | |
Additionally adjusted for depression | 1.03 | (1.00, 1.06) | 343 | 1.01 | (0.99, 1.02) | 1,147 |
Men | Women | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
PR | 95% CI | N a | PR | 95% CI | N a | ||
Headache | |||||||
Crude | 1.09 | (1.05, 1.13) | 355 | 1.06 | (1.04, 1.08) | 1,220 | |
Adjusted for demographics b | 1.09 | (1.06, 1.13) | 352 | 1.06 | (1.04, 1.08) | 1,193 | |
Additionally adjusted for depression | 1.05 | (1.01, 1.09) | 349 | 1.03 | (1.01, 1.05) | 1,168 | |
Stiffness of neck or shoulders | |||||||
Crude | 1.04 | (1.01, 1.07) | 353 | 1.02 | (1.01, 1.04) | 1,220 | |
Adjusted for demographics b | 1.04 | (1.01, 1.07) | 350 | 1.02 | (1.01, 1.03) | 1,193 | |
Additionally adjusted for depression | 1.01 | (0.98, 1.04) | 347 | 1.01 | (0.99, 1.02) | 1,168 | |
Lumbago | |||||||
Crude | 1.01 | (0.98, 1.05) | 353 | 1.03 | (1.02, 1.05) | 1,220 | |
Adjusted for demographics b | 1.02 | (0.99, 1.05) | 350 | 1.04 | (1.02, 1.05) | 1,193 | |
Additionally adjusted for depression | 0.99 | (0.96, 1.03) | 347 | 1.02 | (1.00, 1.03) | 1,169 | |
Pain of two or more joints | |||||||
Crude | 1.08 | (1.03, 1.13) | 355 | 1.07 | (1.04, 1.09) | 1,221 | |
Adjusted for demographics b | 1.10 | (1.04, 1.15) | 352 | 1.07 | (1.04, 1.09) | 1,194 | |
Additionally adjusted for depression | 1.04 | (0.99, 1.10) | 349 | 1.01 | (0.99, 1.04) | 1,170 |
Men | Women | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
PR | 95% CI | N a | PR | 95% CI | N a | ||
Headache | |||||||
Crude | 1.08 | (0.99, 1.18) | 361 | 1.08 | (1.05, 1.10) | 1,229 | |
Adjusted for demographics b | 1.08 | (0.99, 1.19) | 357 | 1.07 | (1.04, 1.10) | 1,201 | |
Additionally adjusted for depression | 1.03 | (0.94, 1.12) | 354 | 1.03 | (1.00, 1.06) | 1,176 | |
Stiffness of neck or shoulders | |||||||
Crude | 1.01 | (0.94, 1.08) | 359 | 1.03 | (1.01, 1.05) | 1,229 | |
Adjusted for demographics b | 1.01 | (0.94, 1.09) | 355 | 1.02 | (1.00, 1.05) | 1,201 | |
Additionally adjusted for depression | 0.97 | (0.90, 1.04) | 352 | 1.02 | (1.00, 1.04) | 1,176 | |
Lumbago | |||||||
Crude | 1.07 | (1.01, 1.15) | 359 | 1.05 | (1.03, 1.07) | 1,229 | |
Adjusted for demographics b | 1.07 | (1.00, 1.14) | 355 | 1.05 | (1.03, 1.07) | 1,201 | |
Additionally adjusted for depression | 1.04 | (0.98, 1.11) | 352 | 1.03 | (1.00, 1.05) | 1,177 | |
Pain of two or more joints | |||||||
Crude | 1.13 | (1.03, 1.24) | 361 | 1.09 | (1.06, 1.13) | 1,230 | |
Adjusted for demographics b | 1.13 | (1.02, 1.25) | 357 | 1.12 | (1.08, 1.16) | 1,202 | |
Additionally adjusted for depression | 1.06 | (0.96, 1.17) | 354 | 1.06 | (1.02, 1.10) | 1,178 |
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Share and Cite
Takaki, J.; Taniguchi, T.; Hirokawa, K. Associations of Workplace Bullying and Harassment with Pain. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2013, 10, 4560-4570. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph10104560
Takaki J, Taniguchi T, Hirokawa K. Associations of Workplace Bullying and Harassment with Pain. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2013; 10(10):4560-4570. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph10104560
Chicago/Turabian StyleTakaki, Jiro, Toshiyo Taniguchi, and Kumi Hirokawa. 2013. "Associations of Workplace Bullying and Harassment with Pain" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 10, no. 10: 4560-4570. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph10104560