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A series of new C11 cyclopentenones 1–7 was isolated, together with four known metabolites 9/10, 12 and 13, from the extract of the didemnid ascidian Lissoclinum sp. The other didemnid ascidian Diplosoma sp. contained didemnenones 1, 2 and 5, and five known metabolites 8–12. The structures of 1–7 were elucidated by spectroscopic analyses. Cytotoxicity of the isolated compounds was evaluated against three human cancer cell lines (HCT116, A431 and A549).
It has been amply demonstrated that ascidians are a prolific source of novel bioactive secondary metabolites [1–4]. Ascidians belonging to the family Didemnidae, e.g., Lissoclinum spp. and Diplosoma spp., harbor obligate cyanobacterial symbionts of the genus Prochloron [5–7], and have yielded structurally unique and pharmacologically interesting compounds such as patellazoles, varacin, virenamides, haterumalide and haterumaimides [8–15]. A series of C11 compounds having the distinctive exo-allylidene-lactone named didemnenone was isolated from didemnid ascidians, Trididemnum cyanophorum (didemnenones A and B) and Didemnum voeltzkowi (didemnenones C and D) [16]. They showed a wide range of biological activities, including cytotoxicity against leukemia cells as well as antimicrobial and antifungal activities [16–18]. Their structures were determined based on an X-ray investigation of the methylacetal of didemnenone A and from synthetic results [16–18]. As described previously, as part of our ongoing research aiming at the isolation of biologically active metabolites from marine organisms living in the tidal zone, we have isolated several C11 compounds, dinemnenone congeners 14–17 [19–22] and pentylphenols 18 and 19 [22] from ascidian Diplosoma spp. (Figure 1).
Recently, we examined the constituents of ascidians, Lissoclinum sp. collected on the coast of Tarama island and Diplosoma sp. from dead corals of Hateruma island. From the Lissoclinum sp. we identified the new metabolites 1–7, along with the known metabolites, didemnenones A (9) and B (10) as an inseparable mixture, a methylacetal of didemnenone B (12) [16], and inosine (13) (Figure 2). The Diplosoma sp. contained didemnenones 1, 2 and 5 along with five known metabolites 8–12 (Figure 2) [16,23–34]. In this report, we describe the isolation, structure elucidation and bioactivity of these metabolites, and we also discuss the biosynthesis of didemnenones and the related compounds.
Results and Discussion
Specimens of colonial ascidian Lissoclinum sp. were collected off the coast of Tarama island, Okinawa, Japan. The specimens were extracted with acetone and the extract was partitioned between EtOAc and H2O. The aqueous layer was further partitioned between 1-BuOH and H2O. The H2O-soluble part was fractionated using RP-MPLC (reversed-phase MPLC) and eluted with a combination of H2O and MeOH. Further purification of the obtained fractions using RP-HPLC led to isolation of 1 (0.0059% of wet weight) and 13 (0.00067%). The EtOAc extract was suspended in aqueous MeOH and then successively extracted with hexane, CHCl3 and 1-BuOH. The resultant BuOH-soluble material was separated by a series of chromatographic steps [RP-OCC (reversed-phase open column chromatography), RP-MPLC and RP-HPLC] to afford 3 (0.0020%), 4 (0.00058%), 6 (0.0029%), 2 (0.011%), 1 (0.0049%), 12 (0.000014%), 5 (0.00030%), 7 (0.000019%) and an inseparable mixture of didemnenones A/B (9/10, 1:1, 0.00033%).
The colonial ascidian Diplosoma sp. was collected off the coast of Hateruma island, Okinawa, Japan. The specimens were extracted with acetone and the extract was partitioned between EtOAc and H2O. The EtOAc extract was suspended in aqueous MeOH and then successively extracted with hexane, CHCl3 and 1-BuOH. The CHCl3-soluble material was subjected to RP-OCC and eluted with H2O/MeOH, MeOH and MeOH/EtOAc. Further separation of the H2O/MeOH fraction by RP-HPLC eluted with a combination of H2O, MeOH and MeCN, led to the isolation of 1 (0.0021%), 2 (0.00066%), 5 (0.00047%), 8 (0.018%), 9/10 (1:1 mixture, 0.00069%), 11 (0.00098%) and 12 (0.00033%).
Analysis of 1 by NMR (Tables 1 and 2) and HR-ESIMS [m/z 233.0786 (M + Na)+, calcd. for C11H14O4Na, 233.0784] provided a molecular formula of C11H14O4. The carbon resonating at δC 197.1 (s) suggested the presence of a carbonyl carbon in 1 and the IR absorption band at vmax 1675 cm−1 further supported the presence of the carbonyl group. Extensive analysis of 1H- and 13C-NMR data (Tables 1 and 2) supported by 1H-1H COSY data indicated the presence of a cis double bond [δC 161.4 (d), 134.3 (d); δH 7.35 (d), 6.25 (d)], a trans double bond [δC 127.2 (d), 134.8 (d); δH 7.73 (dd, J = 1.6, 16.0 Hz), 6.43 (dq, J = 16.0, 6.8 Hz)], a tetrasubstituted double bond [δC 133.5 (s), 144.5 (s)], a methyl group [δC 19.1 (t); δH 1.83 (dd)], two oxygenated methylenes [δC 66.8 (t); δH 3.74 (dd), 3.51 (dd) and δC 56.6 (t); δH 4.64 (dd), 4.36 (dd)] and an oxygenated quaternary carbon [δC 80.5 (s)] in 1. Degrees of unsaturation for these partial structures amount to four. Thus, 1 must be monocyclic to account for the five degrees of unsaturation required by the molecular formula. The connectivity of the aforementioned partial structures was established from the HMBC correlations of H2-1/C-2, H-3/C-6, H-4/C-5, H-4/C-6, H-8/C-11, H3-10/C-7, H3-10/C-8, H3-10/C-9, H2-11/C-6 and H2-11/C-7, as shown in Figure 3, to describe the entire carbon framework of 1. Geometric configuration of two olefins in 1 at C-6/C-7 and C-8/C-9 were assigned to be E by NOEDS experiments (Figure 4), in which irradiation of H-9 caused enhancement of H-11 and irradiation of H-1 resulted in enhancement of the H-3 and OH-11 proton signals. Therefore, the planar structure of 1 was established as a class of didemnenone as shown in 1.
Compound 2 had the same molecular formula as 1, C11H14O4, as established by HR-ESIMS [m/z 233.0786 (M + Na)+, calcd. for C11H14O4Na, 233.0784]. The IR absorption bands at vmax 1695 and 3360 cm−1 indicated the presence of carbonyl and hydroxyl groups. The NMR data (Tables 1 and 2) of 2 showed close similarity to those of 1, except for chemical shifts of H-8. The chemical shift of H-8 in 2 (δH 6.91) was at higher field than in 1 (δH 7.73) due to the magnetic anisotropy effect of the carbonyl group, suggesting a Z configuration for the C-6 olefin in 2. This was confirmed by NOEDS experiments (Figure 4), in which irradiation of H-9 caused enhancement of H-11 and irradiation of H-1 resulted in enhancement of H-8.
Analysis of the 13C-NMR and HR-ESIMS [m/z 231.0632, (M + Na)+, calcd for C11H12O4Na, 231.0628] for 3 provided a molecular formula C11H12O4, which suggested six degrees of unsaturation. The carbon resonating at δC 203.8 (s) suggested the presence of a carbonyl carbon in 3 and the IR absorption band at vmax 1710 cm−1 further supported the presence of the carbonyl group. The 1H- and 13C-NMR analyses (Tables 1 and 2) coupled with 1H-1H COSY data indicated the presence of an α, β-unsaturated ketone moiety [δC 203.8 (s), 132.8 (d), 165.1 (d); δH 6.28 (d), 7.52 (d)], a conjugated diene moiety [δC 135.0 (s), 131.7 (d); δH 6.48 (d) and δC 132.3 (d), 119.9 (t); δH 6.58 (ddd), 5.23 (d), 5.38 (d)], an acetal [δC 91.7 (d); δH 5.10 (brd)], a methine [δC 55.5 (d); δH 3.45 (s)], an oxygenated methylene [δC 63.2 (t); δH 3.53 (d), 3.42 (d)] and an oxygenated quaternary carbon [δC 79.7 (s)] in 3. Extensive analysis of 1H-1H COSY demonstrated two isolated spin systems, C-3–C-4 and C-8–C-10. The connectivity of the aforementioned partial structures was established from the HMBC correlations of H2-1/C-2, H2-1/C-3, H2-1/C-6, H2-1/C-11, H-3/C-2, H-3/C-4, H-3/C-5, H-3/C-6, H-6/C-2, H-6/C-4, H-6/C-5, H-6/C-7, H-6/C-11, H-8/C-6, H-8/C-11, H-9/C-7, H-11/C-1, H-11/C-6 and H-11/C-7, to describe the entire carbon framework of 3. Geometric configuration of the olefins in 3 at C-7/C-8 was assigned to be E by NOEDS experiments, in which irradiation of H-6 caused enhancement of H-9 and irradiation of H-8 caused enhancement of H-11 and H-10. Therefore, the planar structure of 3 was concluded to be a class of didemnenone, as depicted in 3. The NOE observed between a hydroxyl proton (OH-2) and H-6 revealed a cis fusion of two rings. The NOEs; OH-2/H-11; H-1b/H-11 allowed the assignment of the H-11 as α.
The molecular formula of 4 was deduced to be C12H14O4 based on HR-ESIMS [m/z 245.0794, (M + Na)+, calcd for C12H14O4Na, 245.0784]. The 1H- and 13C-NMR spectral data (Tables 1 and 2) of 4 resembled those of 3, except for the presence of a proton signal at δH 3.31 (s) and a carbon signal at δC 54.9 (q) in 4. Geometric configuration of the double bond at C-7/C-8 in 4 was assigned to be E by NOEDS experiments, in which irradiation of H-6 caused enhancement of H-9 and irradiation of H-8 caused enhancement of H-11 and H-10. Therefore, the planar structure of 4 was elucidated to be a methylacetal of 3. The NOE between a hydroxyl proton (OH-2) and H-6 also indicated the ring junction to have the cis-geometry. The NOEs; OH-2/ H-1b; H-1a /H-11 allowed the assignment of the H-11 as β. We cannot affirm that 4 is a natural product, because it is conceivable it arises from 3 in the isolation process.
The molecular formula of 5 was determined to be C11H10O4, based on HR-ESIMS [m/z 207.0654 (M + H)+, calcd for C11H11O4, 207.0652]. The carbons resonating at δC 202.9 (s) and 166.9 (s) suggested the presence of a carbonyl carbon and an ester carbonyl carbon, respectively in 5 (Table 2) and the IR absorption band at vmax 1717 cm−1 further supported the presence of the carbonyl groups. The 1H- and 13C-NMR (Tables 1 and 2) and 2D NMR spectral data of 5 are similar to those of γ-lactone didemnenone [16], except for the HMBC correlation observed between an oxymethylene proton H2-1 at δH 4.13 and a carbonyl carbon C-11 at δC 166.9. Geometric configuration of the double bond at C-7/C-8 in 5 was assigned to be E by NOEDS experiments, in which irradiation of H-6 caused enhancement of H-9. Therefore, the planar structure of 5 was concluded to be a class of didemnenone, as depicted in 5.The NOE between a hydroxyl proton (OH-2) and H-6 allowed the ring junction to be assigned as cis.
Analysis of the 13C-NMR and HR-ESIMS [m/z 249.0742, (M + Na)+, calcd for C11H14O5Na, 249.0733] for 6 provided a molecular formula C11H14O5. The carbon resonating at δC 206.1 (s) suggested the presence of a carbonyl carbon in 6 (Table 2) and the IR absorption band at vmax 1720 cm−1 further supported the presence of the carbonyl group. Extensive analysis of 1H- and 13C-NMR data (Tables 1 and 2) supported with 1H-1H COSY data indicated the presence of a trans double bond [δC 124.4 (d), 135.3 (d); δH 7.27 (dd, J = 1.4, 16.0 Hz), 6.31 (dq, J = 16.0, 6.8 Hz)], a tetrasubstituted double bond [δC 130.4 (s), 142.3 (s)], an oxygenated methylene [δC 63.1 (t); δH 4.27 (d), 3.50 (d)], two oxygenated methines [δC 86.6 (d); δH 5.51 (d) and δC 70.5 (d); δH 3.99 (brt)], an oxygenated quaternary carbon [δC 73.0 (s)], a methylene [δC 46.3 (t); δH 2.74 (dd), 1.98 (brd)] and a methyl [δC 19.1 (q); δH 1.82 (dd)] in 6. These functionalities accounted for three of the five degrees of unsaturation, therefore 6 is bicyclic. The connectivity of the aforementioned partial structures was established from the HMBC correlations of H-1/C-2, H-1/C-6, H-1/C-11, H-4/C-5, H-4/C-6, H-8/C-11 and H-11/C-6, to describe the entire carbon framework of 6. The NOE between H-9 and H-11 also indicated the double bond at C-8 to have the trans-geometry, and the NOEs; OH-2/H-1a; OH-2/H-3; H-1a/H-11 allowed the assignment of the 3-OH and the 11-OH both as β.
Analysis of 7 by 13C-NMR (Table 3) and HR-ESIMS [m/z 401.1602 (M + H)+, calcd for C22H25O7, 401.1595] provided a molecular formula of C22H24O7. Extensive analysis of 1H- (Table 3) and 13C-NMR data, supported with 1H-1H COSY data, indicated the presence of two α, β-unsaturated ketone moieties [δC 203.6 (s), 132.8 (d), 165.1 (d); δH 6.31 (d), 7.55 (d) and δC 196.7 (s), 134.9 (d), 161.6 (d); δH 6.28 (d), 7.37(d)], a conjugated diene moiety [δC 132.6 (s), 132.8 (d); δH 6.37 (d) and δC 132.2 (d), 120.3 (t); δH 6.59 (ddd), 5.30 (d), 5.26 (d)], a trans double bond [δC 126.9 (d), 134.7 (d); GH 7.78 (dd, J = 1.4, 16.0 Hz), 6.41 (m)], a tetrasubstituted double bond [δC 135.2 (s), 140.7 (s)], an acetal [δC 97.9 (d); δH 5.08 (s)], three oxygenated methylenes [δC 63.3 (t); δH 3.53 (brd), δC 66.6 (t); δH 3.70 (dd), 3.46 (dd) and δC 62.7 (t); δH 4.86 (d), 4.49 (d)], two oxygenated quaternary carbons [δC 79.1 (s), 80.4 (s)], a methine [δC 55.1 (d); δH 3.48 (s)] and a methyl [δC 19.1 (q); δH 1.88 (dd)] in 7. The structure of 7 was elucidated to be a dimeric didemnenone composed of 1 and 3, from the molecular formula, the NMR data and the HMBC correlations of H-11/C-11′ and H2-11′/C-11. Geometric configuration of three olefins in 7 at C-7/C-8, C-6′/C-7′ and C-8′/C-9′ was assigned to be E by NOEDS experiments, in which irradiation of H-6 caused enhancement of H-9, irradiation of H-8 caused enhancement of H-11 and H-10, irradiation of H-9′ caused enhancement of H-11′ and irradiation of H-3′ resulted in enhancement of the H-1′ proton signal. Therefore, the structure of 7 was established as a didemnenone dimer as shown in 7. We could not determine the C-2/C-6 ring junction stereochemistry owing to decomposition of 7.
The structure of marine metabolite 8 was determined to be 4-amino-7-(5’-deoxy-β-d-xylofuranosyl) -5-iodopyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine by 1D and 2D NMR spectra for 8 and 23, and by CD spectra of compounds 8, 24 and 25 (Figure 5), as previously described [23]. The absolute stereochemistry of the new compounds was tentatively deduced to be as depicted in 1–7 based on the assumption that there is a similar biogenetic relationship between these compounds and (+)-didemnenone A. (+)Didemnenones 9–12 and inosine (13) were unambiguously identified by comparison of their spectral data with those described in the literature [16].
Compounds 1–13 were tested in vitro for their cytotoxic activities against the HCT116, A431 and A549 cancer cell lines (Table 4). Compounds 1, 2 and 8 were significantly cytotoxic against the HCT116, A431 and A549 cancer cell lines, and compounds 3, 4, 7, 9/10 and 12 were significantly cytotoxic against two cell lines, HCT116 and A431. In contrast to 12 (a β-anomer), its isomer 11 (an α-anomer) was not cytotoxic against any of the three cell lines. Among the isolated compounds tested, the iodinated nucleoside 8 showed the strongest cytotoxic activity against the HCT116, A431 and A549 cancer cell lines, with IC50 values of 1.8, 3.1 and 3.5 μ g/mL, respectively.
To date, a variety of C11 compounds have been isolated from ascidians (compounds 9 and 10), cyanobacteria (compounds 20 and 21) and a sponge (compound 22) (Figures 1 and 2) [16,35,36]. Compounds 16 and 17 have been isolated from the ascidian Diplosoma virens and a sponge Ulosa sp. (Figure 2) [19,20]. Isolation of a series of the C11 compounds including compounds 18 and 19 (Figure 2) from unrelated marine organisms supports the potential microbial origin of these compounds. From this viewpoint, we assume that the ascidian Diplosoma sp. might not be the actual producer of the C11 compounds, but suggest a possible microorganism source such as Prochloron spp. We conducted, therefore, the following experiments. The Prochloron spp., which are obligatory symbionts of ascidians, were separated from the body of the ascidians Lissoclinum sp. and Diplosoma spp. by squeezing through the plankton net. 1H-NMR spectra of the acetone extracts of the separated Prochloron spp. showed the presence of the same peaks as present in those of didemnenones. This confirms our assumption that Prochloron spp. are the actual producers of didemnenones.
Most C11 compounds are derived from polyketides (six acetates-C1) or polyketides (five acetates + C1) [37]. Pentylphenols such as 18 and 19, and some compounds which have a carbon skeleton of 5-methyldecane are known to be derived from the former with a loss of CO2 from C12 parent (six acetates). Some C11 metabolites are ascertained to be derived from a polyketide precursor (five acetates + C1) which has a carbon skeleton of 4-methyldecane [37]. We found that didemnenone-related compounds 1–7, 9–12, 14–17 and 20–22 have a common carbon skeleton of 4-methyldecane from a consideration of the carbon skeleton of these compounds. Consequently, We propose that these compounds should be derived from the polyketides (five acetates + C1) via cyclization between C-9/C-5, between C-11/C-7 or between C-10/C-5 (Scheme 1).
Optical rotations were measured on either a JASCO P-1020 or JASCO DIP-1000 polarimeter. Ultraviolet-visible spectra were obtained in methanol on a JASCO V-550 spectrophotometer. Infrared spectra were recorded as dry films on either JASCO FT/IR-300 or Spectrum 2000 Explorer (PERKIN ELMER). CD spectra were recorded on a JASCO J-720W Circular Dichroism Spectrometer. 1H- and 13C-NMR spectra were recorded on a JEOL JNM α-500 FT-NMR spectrometer or a JEOL JNM lambda 400 FT-NMR spectrometer, and chemical shifts were referenced to the solvent signals [δH 7.24 and δC 77.0 in chloroform-d, δH 2.49 and δC 39.5 in DMSO-d6, δH 3.30 and δC 49.0 in methanol-d4]. Inversed-detected heteronuclear correlations were measured using HMQC and HMBC pulse sequences with a pulse field gradient. HR-ESIMS data were obtained on a LTQ ORBITRAP (ThermoFisher Scientific, Germany), and HR-FABMS data were obtained on a JEOL JMS-700 mass spectrometer. LR-ESIMS data were measured on a Waters Quattro micro API triple quadruple mass analyzer. RP-OCC and RP-MPLC were performed on COSMOSIL® 140C18-OPN. Preparative RP-HPLC was run on a Waters 600 multi solvent system using ODS columns (YMC-Pack ODS-A, 150 × 20 mm I.D., YMC-Pack ODS-A, 250 × 20 mm I.D., YMC-Pack ODS-C8, 250 × 20 mm I.D., YMC-Pack ODS-AQ, 250 × 20 mm I.D., Develosil ODS-HG-5, 250 × 20 mm I.D. and COSMOSIL® -packed C18, 250 × 10 mm I.D.). All solvents used were reagent grade.
Animal material
The colonial brown ascidian was collected by hand at the tidal zone of Tarama island, Okinawa, Japan, and the colonial green ascidian was collected by hand from the coast of Hateruma island, Okinawa, Japan. The ascidians were stored at −15 °C until extraction. The brown ascidian and the green ascidian were identified as Lissoclinum sp. and Diplosoma sp., respectively, by Euichi Hirose, University of the Ryukyus, Japan. The voucher specimens were deposited at the University of the Ryukyus (Specimen no. URKU-801 for the brown ascidian and URKU-802).
Extraction and isolation
The ascidian Lissoclinum sp. (5.7 kg, wet weight) was initially extracted with acetone (18 L) and filtered to remove debris. The filtrate was concentrated in vacuo to remove acetone and the resultant mixture was partitioned between EtOAc (3.5 L) and H2O (3.5 L). The H2O layer was extracted with 1-BuOH to give the 1-BuOH extract (18.3 g) and the H2O extract (141.2 g). An aliquot of 27.8 g of the H2O-soluble material was subject to RP-MPLC on ODS (COSMOSIL® 140C18-OPN, 140 μm, 50 × 3 cm I.D.) with H2O (500 mL), H2O/MeOH (9:1, 500 mL 7:3, 500 mL; 5:5, 500 mL, 3:7, 500 mL; 1:9, 500 mL) and MeOH (500 mL) to give seven fractions. The second fraction (860 mg) was subjected to HPLC on ODS [YMC-Pack ODS-AQ, 250 × 20 mm I.D.; linear gradient elution, H2O/MeOH (3:1)-MeOH] to give 18 fractions. The 18th fraction contained pure 1 (66.0 mg). The 14th fraction (84.0 mg) was subjected to HPLC on ODS [YMC-Pack ODS-AQ, 250 × 20 mm I.D.; linear gradient elution, 1% HCOOH /H2O (1:9)-1% HCOOH/MeCN (1:9)] to give 13 (7.6 mg). The EtOAc layer was concentrated in vacuo to give a brown material (29.3 g). The material was subjected to a modified Kupchan’s partitioning procedure as follows. The material was suspended in a mixture of H2O/MeOH (1:1) and then successively extracted with hexane and CHCl3. The resultant aqueous phase was concentrated to remove MeOH and then extracted with 1-BuOH. An aliquot of 0.58 g of the BuOH-soluble material (3.93 g) was separated by RP-MPLC (COSMOSIL® 140C18-OPN, 140 μm, 50 × 3 cm I.D.) using H2O (500 mL), H2O/MeOH (9:1, 500 mL 7:3, 500 mL; 5:5, 500 mL, 3:7, 500 mL; 1:9, 500 mL) and MeOH (500 mL) to give seven fractions (fr. 1–7). The first fraction (fr. 1, 436 mg) was purified by RP-HPLC [YMC-Pack ODS-A, 250 × 20 mm I.D.; linear gradient elution, H2O/MeOH (4:1)-MeOH] to afford 3 (165 mg) and 4 (3.2 mg). The second fraction (fr. 2, 272 mg) was separated by RP-HPLC [YMC-Pack ODS-A, 150 × 20 mm I.D.; linear gradient elution, H2O/MeOH (4:1)-MeOH] to give 18 fractions (fr. 2-1–2-18). Purification of the second fraction (fr. 2-2, 170 mg) by RP-HPLC (Develosil ODS-HG-5, 250 × 20 mm I.D.) using H2O/MeOH (9:1) led to the isolation of 6 (24.6 mg), 2 (92.3 mg), 1 (92.7 mg) and an inseparable mixture of didemnenones A/B (9/10, 2.8 mg). HPLC separation [Develosil ODS-HG-5, 250 × 20 mm I.D., H2O/MeOH (9:1)] of seventh fraction (fr. 2–7, 6.8 mg) led to the isolation of 12 (0.8 mg). An aliquot of 3.35 g of the 1-BuOH extract (3.93 g) was chromatographed on ODS (COSMOSIL® 140C18-OPN, 140 μm, 100 g) with H2O/MeOH (3:7, 500 mL; 2:8, 100 mL; 1:9, 100 mL) and MeOH (100 mL) to give nine fractions. The second fraction (1.1 g) was purified by HPLC on ODS [YMC-Pack C8, 250 × 20 mm I.D.; linear gradient elution, H2O/MeCN (8:2–1:9)], to give 1 (186.8 mg), 5 (14.6 mg), 4 (29.7 mg) and 7 (0.9 mg).
The ascidian Diplosoma sp. (900 g, wet weight) was initially extracted with acetone (2.2 L). After filtration, the extracts were concentrated in vacuo to give an acetone extract. The acetone extract was partitioned between EtOAc and H2O. The H2O layer was further extracted with 1-BuOH. The 1-BuOH layer was concentrated in vacuo to give a BuOH-soluble material (2.14 g). The EtOAc layer was concentrated in vacuo to give an EtOAc extract (7 g). The EtOAc extract was suspended in H2O/MeOH (1:1, 400 mL) and then successively extracted with hexane and CHCl3 to give a hexane-soluble material (4.0 g), a CHCl3-soluble material (2.0 g) and an aqueous material (2.1 g). The aqueous material and the BuOH-soluble material (2.14 g) were combined. The combined polar fraction (4.24 g) was chromatographed on ODS (COSMOSIL® 140C18-OPN) with H2O/MeOH (1:1, 2:1), MeOH and MeOH/EtOAc (9:1) as eluent. The first fraction (2.0 g) contained more than 95% of 1 from its 1H NMR data. The CHCl3-soluble material (2.0 g) was subjected to OCC on ODS [COSMOSIL® 140C18-OPN, H2O/MeOH (1:4), MeOH and MeOH/EtOAc (7:3)]. The first fraction (fr. 1, 1.0 g) was further separated by OCC on ODS (COSMOSIL® 140C18-OPN) using H2O/MeOH (1:1, 2:1), MeOH and MeOH/EtOAc (9:1). The first aqueous methanol fraction (fr. 1-1, 902 mg) was subjected to HPLC on ODS (COSMOSIL® -packed C18, 250 × 10 mm I.D.) using H2O/MeOH (1:1) to give six fractions (fr. 1-1-1-fr. 1-1-6). The first fraction (fr. 1-1-1, 92.9 mg) was separated by HPLC on ODS [COSMOSIL® -packed C18, 250 × 10 mm I.D., H2O/MeCN (1:1)] first, and then by RP-HPLC [COSMOSIL®-packed C18, 250 × 10 mm I.D., H2O/MeOH/MeCN (5:2:2)] to yield 1 (18.7 mg) and 2 (5.9 mg). Further separation of the second fraction (fr. 1-1-2, 61.6 mg) by repeated HPLC [COSMOSIL® -packed C18, 250 × 10 mm I.D., H2O/MeOH/MeCN (50:31:19) and then H2O/MeCN (1:1)] to give 5 (4.2 mg). An inseparable mixture (6.2 mg) of didemnenones A and B (9 and 10) was obtained along with their methylacetals 11 (8.8 mg) and 12 (3.0 mg) from the fourth fraction (fr. 1-1-4, 70.4 mg) by repeated ODS HPLC [COSMOSIL® -packed C18, 250 × 10 mm I.D., H2O/MeOH/MeCN (50:31:19) and then H2O/MeCN (1:1)]. The fifth fraction (fr. 1-1-5, 40.0 mg) was purified by RP-HPLC (COSMOSIL®-packed C18, 250 × 10 mm I.D.) with H2O/MeOH/MeCN (50:31:19) to afford 8 (9.9 mg). The sixth fraction (fr. 1-1-6, 210.7 mg) was purified by HPLC on ODS (COSMOSIL®-packed C18, 250 × 10 mm I.D.) using MeOH/EtOAc (19:1) to yield 8 (164.4 mg).
Pare yellowish oil: [α]26D −69° (c 0.1, MeOH); UV (MeOH) λmax (log ɛ) 283 nm (3.59); FT/IR (film) vmax 3461, 3317, 3132, 1633, 1584, 1474, 1084, 755 cm−1; NMR data were described in the previous paper [13]. LR-EIMS m/z (rel.%) 376 (M+, 7), 303 (3), 289 (13), 261 (33), 260 (100), 233 (18). HR-FABMS m/z (M)+ 376.0016 (calcd. for C11H13IN4O3, 376.0027).
Acetal <bold>23</bold>
To a solution of iodinated nucleoside 8, (10.0 mg, 26.6 μmol) in 2,2-dimethoxypropane (1 mL) and acetone (2 mL) was added a catalytic amount of camphorsulfonic acid. The mixture was stirred at rt for 24 h and at 45 °C for 4 h. The reaction mixture was diluted with ether, washed with saturated aqueous Na2CO3 and brine. The organic phase was dried (MgSO4) and concentrated in vacuo. The residual oil was purified by preparative TLC [CHCl3-MeOH (3:0.2)] to give the acetal as colorless oil (23, 3.0 mg, 25%). HR-FABMS and 1H NMR data for compound 23 were described in the earlier paper [23].
The mixture of methyl 5-deoxy-β-l-xylofuranoside [38,39] (56.5 mg, 0.11 mmol), 4-bromobenzoyl chloride (250.1 mg, 0.87 mmol), and DMAP (2.2 mg, 0.018 mmol), in pyridine (0.8 mL) was stirred at ambient temperature for 24 h, and water (0.5 mL) was added to the mixture. After being stirred at ambient temperature for 30 min, the mixture was concentrated. The residual solid was purified by HPLC [Develosil ODS-HG-5 (250 × 20 mm I.D.); flow rate 5 mL/min; detection UV 256 nm; solvent 85% MeOH] to give methyl 5-deoxy 2.3-di-O-(4-bromobenzoyl)-β-l-xylofuranoside (24, 17.2 mg, 30%) and its corresponding α-anomer (15.3 mg, 27%), respectively. Spectral data for compound 24 were described in the previous paper [23].
Dibenzoate <bold>25</bold>
The mixture of iodinated nucleoside 8 (5.0 mg, 0.013 mmol), 4-bromobenzoyl chloride (25.2 mg, 0.115 mmol), and DMAP (2.2 mg, 0.018 mmol), in pyridine (0.5 mL) was stirred at ambient temperature for 24 h, and water (0.5 mL) was added to the mixture. After being stirred at ambient temperature for 30 min, the mixture was concentrated. The residual solid was purified by HPLC [Develosil ODS-HG-5 (250 × 20 mm I.D.); flow rate 5 mL/min; detection UV 256 nm; solvent 85% MeOH] to give dibenzoate 25 (2.0 mg, 21%). Spectral data for compound 25 were described in the earlier paper [23].
Condition of cell cultures
Human colorectal carcinoma (HCT116), human epidermal carcinoma (A431) and human lung cancer (A549) cells were cultured in DMEM medium (including 10% FBS, 100 U/mL penicillin and 100 ng/mL streptomycin) at 37 °C in a 5% CO2 atmosphere.
Determination of cytotoxicity
Growth inhibition experiments were carried out in quadruplicate on 96-well flat-bottomed microplates, and the amount of viable cells at the end of incubation was determined with the MTT [3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl) 2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide] dye reduction assay. Test compounds were dissolved in DMSO (4.0 mg/mL) and diluted with H2O such that the final DMSO concentration was 0.5%. Viable cells (HCT116, A431 and A549) in the growth medium were seeded on 96-well microplates (1.0 × 104 cells/well) and incubated at 37 °C in a 5% CO2 atmosphere, and continuously cultured without or with five concentrations (20, 10, 5, 2.5, 1.25 μg/mL, final concentration) of test compounds for 48 h from the next day. After incubation, 10 μL of MTT (5 mg/mL in phosphate-buffer saline) was added each well, the samples were again incubated. After standing for 3 h, the medium was removed, and the resulting formazan crystals were dissolved with DMSO (100 μL). The optical density (O.D.) was measured at 570 nm, provided the reference for reading at 655 nm with a microplate reader (Model 550, BIO-RAD, USA).
Conclusions
We have isolated seven new didemnenone derivatives 1–7 together with four known metabolites 9/10, 12 and 13 from Lissoclinum sp. We have also isolated didemnenones 1, 2 and 5 and five known metabolites 8–12 from the other didemnid ascidian Diplosoma sp. Compounds 1–4, 7–10 and 12 were significantly cytotoxic against the HCT116, A431 and/or A549 cancer cell lines. Didemnenone-related compounds 1–7, 9–12, 14–17 and 20–22, which have been ever isolated from marine organisms [19–22,35,36], were found to have a common carbon skeleton of 4-methyldecane. From consideration of the carbon skeleton of these compounds, a biosynthesis of the carbon skeletons for didemnenones and related compounds was proposed (Scheme 1). 1H-NMR spectra of the extracts of the separated Prochloron spp. from the body of the ascidians Lissoclinum sp. and Diplosoma spp.showed the presence of the same peaks as present in those of didemnenones, which suggested that Prochloron spp. are the actual producers of didemnenones.
The authors thank Euichi Hirose (University of the Ryukyus, Japan) for identifying the ascidians, Makoto Kitamura and Daisuke Uemura (Keio University, Japan) for their help with data collection, Michael C. Roy and Takayuki Naito (Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology, Japan) for recording accurate mass spectra.
Sample Availability: Samples of the stable compounds are available from the authors.
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Some C11 metabolites isolated from marine organisms.
Compounds isolated from two didemnid ascidians.
Partial structures of 1 and 2 based on COSY (bold line) and some important HMBC–correlations (arrows).
Selected NOEs for 1 and 2.
Compounds used for determining the absolute structure of 8.
Plausible biosynthesis of the carbon skeletons for didemnenones and related compounds.