Anti-Diabetic Effect of Balanced Deep-Sea Water and Its Mode of Action in High-Fat Diet Induced Diabetic Mice
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results and Discussion
2.1. BDSW Suppresses Fasting Blood Glucose Levels and Improves Glucose Intolerance in High-Fat Diet (HFD)-Induced Diabetic Mice
Measurement | ND | HFD | HFD + BDSW 500 | HFD + BDSW 1000 | HFD + BDSW 2000 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Initial body weight (g) | 18.9 ± 0.4 ** | 19.2 ± 0.3 | 18.7 ± 0.3 | 18.9 ± 0.1 | 19.0 ± 0.1 |
Final body weight (g) | 25.3 ± 0.1 ** | 35.9 ± 0.6 | 33.7 ± 0.3 | 34.1 ± 0.4 | 33.2 ± 0.1 * |
Weight gain (g/20 weeks/mouse) | 6.3 ± 1.0 ** | 16.74 ± 1.7 | 15.1 ± 2.5 | 15.2 ± 1.6 | 14.1 ± 1.4 * |
Intra-abdominal fat weight (g/100 g body weight) | 1.8 ± 0.1 ** | 8.2 ± 0.2 | 8.1 ± 0.3 | 8.02 ± 0.1 | 7.6 ± 0.1 * |
Food intake (g/day/mouse) | 2.5 ± 0.1 ** | 2.2 ± 0.1 | 2.3 ± 0.12 | 2.3 ± 0.1 | 2.2 ± 0.1 |
Serum triglycerides | 45.6 ± 1.7 ** | 81.2 ± 6.4 | 65.9 ± 9.1 * | 61.5 ± 8.5 * | 49.6 ± 7.5 ** |
Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 78.9 ± 3.8 ** | 142.3 ± 4.3 | 131.52 ± 2.7 * | 133.8 ± 2.7 * | 126.7 ± 3.6 * |
Liver triglycerides | 136.57 ± 1.6 ** | 246.5 ± 19.9 | 221.8 ± 23.6 | 195.8 ± 6.5 * | 187.5 ± 7.6 * |
Total cholesterol (mg/g liver) | 99.8 ± 3.6 ** | 147.7 ± 5.1 | 149.2 ± 5.4 | 132.7 ± 7.1 * | 129.6 ± 5.1 * |
Tap water & BDSW intake (mL/day/mouse) | 4.8 ± 0.1 ** | 3.9 ± 0.1 | 4.1 ± 0.1 | 4.2 ± 0.1 | 4.3 ± 0.1 |
Serum insulin level (ng/mL) | 4.2 ± 0.8 | 3.6 ± 0.1 | 3.7 ± 0.3 | 5.4 ± 0.8 * | 6.3 ± 0.8 * |
2.2. Effect of BDSW on the Levels of Adiponectin, Leptin, and Insulin in the Plasma and Pancreas Functions of HFD-Induced Diabetic Mice
2.3. Effect of BDSW on the Expressions of Genes Related to Glucose Homeostasis in Livers and Muscles of HFD-Induced Diabetic Mice
2.4. BDSW Stimulates Glucose Uptake by 3T3-L1 Adipocytes in a Dose-Dependent Manner
2.5. BDSW Activates the PI-3K and AMPK Signaling Pathways
2.6. BDSW Specifically Stimulates AMPK Phosphorylation and Improves Impaired AMPK Phosphorylation in the Muscles and Livers of HFD-Induced Diabetic Mice
3. Experimental Section
3.1. Materials
3.2. The Preparatioin of BDSW
3.3. Animals and Diets
3.4. Determination of Blood Glucose Level
3.5. Cell Culture and Adipocyte Differentiation
3.6. Triglyceride and Cholesterol Assays of the Liver and Serum
3.7. Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT) and Intraperitoneal Glucose Tolerance Test (IPGTT)
3.8. Histopathological Analysis of Pancreas
3.9. Determination of Glucose Uptake by 3T3-L1 Adipocytes
3.10. Western Blot Analysis
3.11. Quantitative Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) Analysis
3.12. Statistical Analysis
4. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Ha, B.G.; Shin, E.J.; Park, J.-E.; Shon, Y.H. Anti-Diabetic Effect of Balanced Deep-Sea Water and Its Mode of Action in High-Fat Diet Induced Diabetic Mice. Mar. Drugs 2013, 11, 4193-4212. https://doi.org/10.3390/md11114193
Ha BG, Shin EJ, Park J-E, Shon YH. Anti-Diabetic Effect of Balanced Deep-Sea Water and Its Mode of Action in High-Fat Diet Induced Diabetic Mice. Marine Drugs. 2013; 11(11):4193-4212. https://doi.org/10.3390/md11114193
Chicago/Turabian StyleHa, Byung Geun, Eun Ji Shin, Jung-Eun Park, and Yun Hee Shon. 2013. "Anti-Diabetic Effect of Balanced Deep-Sea Water and Its Mode of Action in High-Fat Diet Induced Diabetic Mice" Marine Drugs 11, no. 11: 4193-4212. https://doi.org/10.3390/md11114193