Mar. Drugs 2012, 10(6), 1391-1399; https://doi.org/10.3390/md10061391
Anti-Oxidative, Anti-Tumor-Promoting, and Anti-Carcinogensis Activities of Nitroastaxanthin and Nitrolutein, the Reaction Products of Astaxanthin and Lutein with Peroxynitrite
1
Research Institute for Production Development, 15 Shimogamo-morimoto-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-0805, Japan
2
Department of Complementary and Alternative Medicine, Clinical R&D, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, 13-1 Takara-machi, Kanazawa 920-8640, Japan
3
Faculty of Agriculture, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Received: 29 March 2012 / Revised: 7 June 2012 / Accepted: 13 June 2012 / Published: 18 June 2012
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Marine Carotenoids and Oxidative Stress)
Abstract
Astaxanthin captured peroxynitrite to form nitroastaxanthins. 15-Nitroastaxanthin was a major reaction product of astaxanthin with peroxynitrite. Here, the anti-oxidative, anti-tumor-promoting, and anti-carcinogensis activities of 15-nitroastaxanthin were investigated. In addition to astaxanthin, 15-nitroastaxanthin showed excellent singlet oxygen quenching activity. Furthermore, 15-nitroastaxanthin showed inhibitory effects of in vitro Epstein-Barr virus early antigen activation and two-stage carcinogensis on mouse skin papillomas. These activities were slightly higher than those of astaxanthin. Similar results were obtained for the 15-nitrolutein, a major reaction product of lutein with peroxynitrite. View Full-TextKeywords:
carotenoid; 15-nitroastaxanthin; 15-nitrolutein; anti-carcinogensis activity; anti-oxidative activity
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Maoka, T.; Tokuda, H.; Suzuki, N.; Kato, H.; Etoh, H. Anti-Oxidative, Anti-Tumor-Promoting, and Anti-Carcinogensis Activities of Nitroastaxanthin and Nitrolutein, the Reaction Products of Astaxanthin and Lutein with Peroxynitrite. Mar. Drugs 2012, 10, 1391-1399.
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