The Adenosine A3 Receptor Regulates Differentiation of Glioblastoma Stem-Like Cells to Endothelial Cells under Hypoxia
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Extracellular Adenosine Concentration and A3 Adenosine Receptor Expression Increase under Hypoxia
2.2. Differentiation of Glioblastoma Stem-Like Cells to Endothelial Cells Increases under Hypoxia
2.3. A3AR Blockade Decreases Differentiation of Glioblastoma Stem-Like Cells to Endothelial Cells under Hypoxia
2.4. In Vivo Antagonization of A3AR Decreases Tumor Size and Blood Vessel Formation
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Cell Culture
4.2. High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)
4.3. Western Blot
4.4. Flow Cytometry
4.5. Enzyme-Linked ImmunoSorbent Assay
4.6. In Vivo Studies and Histopathological Analysis
4.7. Statistical Analysis and Artwork
5. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
GBM | Glioblastoma Multiforme |
GSCs | Glioblastoma Stem-Like Cells |
NSCs | Neural Stem Cells |
HIF-1α | Hypoxia Inducible Factor 1 |
VEGF | Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor |
ECs | Endothelial Cells |
ARs | Adenosine Receptors |
A1AR | A1 Adenosine Receptor |
A2AAR | A2A Adenosine Receptor |
A2BAR | A2B Adenosine Receptor |
A3AR | A3 Adenosine Receptor |
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Rocha, R.; Torres, Á.; Ojeda, K.; Uribe, D.; Rocha, D.; Erices, J.; Niechi, I.; Ehrenfeld, P.; San Martín, R.; Quezada, C. The Adenosine A3 Receptor Regulates Differentiation of Glioblastoma Stem-Like Cells to Endothelial Cells under Hypoxia. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2018, 19, 1228. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms19041228
Rocha R, Torres Á, Ojeda K, Uribe D, Rocha D, Erices J, Niechi I, Ehrenfeld P, San Martín R, Quezada C. The Adenosine A3 Receptor Regulates Differentiation of Glioblastoma Stem-Like Cells to Endothelial Cells under Hypoxia. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2018; 19(4):1228. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms19041228
Chicago/Turabian StyleRocha, René, Ángelo Torres, Karina Ojeda, Daniel Uribe, Dellis Rocha, José Erices, Ignacio Niechi, Pamela Ehrenfeld, Rody San Martín, and Claudia Quezada. 2018. "The Adenosine A3 Receptor Regulates Differentiation of Glioblastoma Stem-Like Cells to Endothelial Cells under Hypoxia" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 19, no. 4: 1228. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms19041228