Combined Effects of Curcumin and Lycopene or Bixin in Yoghurt on Inhibition of LDL Oxidation and Increases in HDL and Paraoxonase Levels in Streptozotocin-Diabetic Rats
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Characterization of the Experimental Model of Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus (DM)
2.2. Body Weight, Adipose Tissue and Skeletal Muscle Weights and Physiological Parameters
2.3. Plasma Glucose Levels
2.4. Lipid Profile
2.5. Plasma Oxidative Stress Biomarkers
2.6. Liver Oxidative Stress Biomarkers
2.7. Liver Antioxidant Activity
3. Discussion
4. Material and Methods
4.1. Animals
4.2. Induction of Experimental Diabetes Mellitus
4.3. Experimental Design and Treatment
4.4. Oxidative Stress Biomarkers
4.4.1. Lipid Peroxidation (LPO)
4.4.2. Protein Carbonyl Groups (PCO)
4.4.3. Oxidized LDL (ox-LDL)
4.4.4. Non-Protein Sulfhydryl (NPSH) Groups
4.4.5. Paraoxonase 1 (PON1) Activity
4.5. Activities of the Antioxidant Enzymes in Liver
4.5.1. Sample preparation
4.5.2. Superoxide Dismutase (SOD) Activity
4.5.3. Catalase (CAT) Activity
4.5.4. Glutathione Peroxidase (GSH-Px) Activity
4.6. Statistical Analysis
5. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
AAPH | 2′,2′-azobis(2-amidinopropane) hydrochloride |
CAT | catalase |
CVD | cardiovascular disease |
DM | diabetes mellitus |
EDL | extensor digitorum longus |
GSH-Px | glutathione peroxidase |
H2O2 | hydrogen peroxide |
HDL | high-density lipoprotein |
LDL | low-density lipoprotein |
LPO | lipid peroxidation |
MDA | malondialdehyde |
NADPH | nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate, reduced form |
NBT | nitroblue tetrazolium chloride |
NPSH | non-protein sulfhydryl groups |
O2•− | superoxide anion radical |
ox-LDL | oxidized LDL |
PCO | protein carbonyl groups |
PON1 | paraoxonase 1 |
ROS | reactive oxygen species |
SEM | standard error of mean |
SOD | superoxide dismutase |
STZ | streptozotocin |
TBA | thiobarbituric acid |
TBARS | thiobarbituric acid reactive substances |
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Physiological Parameters | Groups | |||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
NYOG | DYOG | DINS | DC | DB | DCB | DL | DCL | |||||||||
Parameters | Day 0 | Day 50 | Day 0 | Day 50 | Day 0 | Day 50 | Day 0 | Day 50 | Day 0 | Day 50 | Day 0 | Day 50 | Day 0 | Day 50 | Day 0 | Day 50 |
Body weight (g) | 134.07 ± 8.03 | 319.32 ± 20.28 (#) | 131.56 ± 2.11 | 204.10 ± 10.86 (a,#) | 126.90 ± 2.88 | 308.00 ± 10.66 (b,#) | 130.43 ± 1.72 | 281.90 ± 6.49 (a,b,#) | 130.14 ± 3.83 | 234.83 ± 17.45 (a,c,#) | 132.13 ± 3.79 | 277.50 ± 11.12 (a,b,#) | 131.00 ± 3.44 | 246.10 ± 18.56 (a,c,#) | 133.00 ± 2.10 | 279.70 ± 10.17 (a,b,#) |
Food intake (g/12 h) | 5.75 ± 1.40 | 9.50 ± 1.59 | 7.69 ± 0.84 | 22.00 ± 1.74 (a,#) | 7.33 ± 0.85 | 8.00 ± 0.68 (b) | 7.11 ± 0.48 | 12.83 ± 2.12 (b,#) | 7.60 ± 1.89 | 17.25 ± 1.29 (a,c,#) | 7.33 ± 0.88 | 13.67 ± 0.44 (b,#) | 7.58 ± 1.29 | 15.44 ± 2.18 (a,c,#) | 7.92 ± 0.37 | 12.70 ± 1.90 (b,#) |
Water intake (mL/24 h) | 5.14 ± 1.75 | 17.00 ± 2.60 (#) | 39.11 ± 5.30 | 91.47 ± 9.68 (a,#) | 40.40 ± 8.42 | 18.83 ± 2.93 (b,#) | 42.20 ± 4.62 | 52.20 ± 9.20 (b) | 39.00 ± 7.03 | 60.29 ± 9.80 (a,c) | 33.11 ± 7.56 | 53.20 ± 4.31 (b,#) | 42.00 ± 5.02 | 62.57 ± 9.30 (a,c) | 45.40 ± 3.86 | 56.43 ± 7.96 (b) |
Urinary volume (mL/24 h) | 3.58 ± 2.18 | 16.17 ± 3.34 (#) | 28.33 ± 3.12 | 108.33 ± 10.76 (a,#) | 25.80 ± 6.98 | 28.00 ± 4.21 (b) | 29.13 ± 2.16 | 54.80 ± 9.65 (a,b,#) | 29.86 ± 4.90 | 67.11 ± 10.40 (a,c,#) | 25.17 ± 4.74 | 57.17 ± 9.23 (a,b,#) | 28.00 ± 3.47 | 70.00 ± 7.33 (a,c,#) | 32.40 ± 1.66 | 56.33 ± 5.06 (a,b,#) |
Tissues Weights | Groups | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
NYOG | DYOG | DINS | DC | DB | DCB | DL | DCL | |
Epididymal adipose tissue (g) | 4.753 ± 0.478 | 1.226 ± 0.112 (a) | 4.348 ± 0.2588 (b) | 1.873 ± 0.119 (a,b,c) | 1.603 ± 0.262 (a,c) | 2.160 ± 0.140 (a,b,c) | 1.522 ± 0.229 (a,c) | 1.661 ± 0.033 (a,b,c) |
Retroperitoneal adipose tissue (g) | 4.517 ± 0.304 | 0.611 ± 0.170 (a) | 3.949 ± 0.449 (b) | 1.242 ± 0.180 (a,c) | 0.768 ± 0.276 (a,c) | 1.190 ± 0.136 (a,c) | 0.808 ± 0.248 (a,c) | 1.214 ± 0.186 (a,c) |
Soleus muscle (g) | 0.155 ± 0.003 | 0.105 ± 0.007 (a) | 0.163 ± 0.004 (b) | 0.137 ± 0.004 (a,b) | 0.109 ± 0.010 (a,c) | 0.134 ± 0.007 (a,b) | 0.107 ± 0.010 (a,c) | 0.120 ± 0.005 (a,b) |
EDL muscle (g) | 0.151 ± 0.004 | 0.096 ± 0.006 (a) | 0.153 ± 0.005 (b) | 0.121 ± 0.004 (a,b) | 0.095 ± 0.008 (a,c) | 0.118 ± 0.004 (a,b) | 0.093 ± 0.008 (a,c) | 0.115 ± 0.008 (a,b) |
Biochemical Parameters | DC | DB | DL | DCB | DCL |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Plasma | |||||
Glycemia | ↓ 63% | ↓ 32% | ↓ 59% | ↓ 67% | ↓ 66% |
Triacylglycerol | ↓ 61% | ↓ 31% | ↓ 61% | ↓ 60% | ↓ 62% |
Total-Cholesterol | ↓ 21% | ↓ 21% | ↓ 22% | ↓ 22% | ↓ 23% |
HDL-Cholesterol | no effect | ↑ 34% | ↑ 33% | ↑ 32% | ↑ 33% |
TBARS | ↓ 43% | no effect | ↓ 36% | ↓ 39% | ↓ 44% |
PON1 | ↑ 32% | ↑ 29% | ↑ 30% | ↑ 38% | ↑ 36% |
ox-LDL | ↓ 32% | ↓ 38% | ↓ 48% | ↓ 55% * | ↓ 58% |
Liver | |||||
TBARS | no effect | ↓ 29% | ↓ 34% | ↓ 30% | ↓ 42% |
PCO | ↓ 61% | ↓ 43% | ↓ 38% | ↓ 72% | ↓ 68% |
SOD | ↑ 434% | ↑ 282% | ↑ 204% | ↑ 447% | ↑ 375% |
CAT | ↑ 104% | ↑ 111% | ↑ 66% | ↑ 92% | ↑ 93% |
GSH-Px | ↑ 64% | no effect | no effect | no effect | no effect |
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Assis, R.P.; Arcaro, C.A.; Gutierres, V.O.; Oliveira, J.O.; Costa, P.I.; Baviera, A.M.; Brunetti, I.L. Combined Effects of Curcumin and Lycopene or Bixin in Yoghurt on Inhibition of LDL Oxidation and Increases in HDL and Paraoxonase Levels in Streptozotocin-Diabetic Rats. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2017, 18, 332. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms18040332
Assis RP, Arcaro CA, Gutierres VO, Oliveira JO, Costa PI, Baviera AM, Brunetti IL. Combined Effects of Curcumin and Lycopene or Bixin in Yoghurt on Inhibition of LDL Oxidation and Increases in HDL and Paraoxonase Levels in Streptozotocin-Diabetic Rats. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2017; 18(4):332. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms18040332
Chicago/Turabian StyleAssis, Renata Pires, Carlos Alberto Arcaro, Vânia Ortega Gutierres, Juliana Oriel Oliveira, Paulo Inácio Costa, Amanda Martins Baviera, and Iguatemy Lourenço Brunetti. 2017. "Combined Effects of Curcumin and Lycopene or Bixin in Yoghurt on Inhibition of LDL Oxidation and Increases in HDL and Paraoxonase Levels in Streptozotocin-Diabetic Rats" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 18, no. 4: 332. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms18040332