Maternal Food Restriction during Pregnancy and Lactation Adversely Affect Hepatic Growth and Lipid Metabolism in Three-Week-Old Rat Offspring
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Characteristics of Male Rat Offspring Aged Three Weeks
2.2. Hepatic Growth via the AKT/mTOR Pathway
2.3. The Regulation of Hepatic Lipogenesis
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Animals and Study Design
4.2. Analysis of Lipid Profiles in Plasma
4.3. Quantitative Real-Time Reverse Transcription (RT) Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)
4.4. Western Blotting
4.5. Histology
4.6. Statistical Analyses
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variables | Control (n = 9) | FR †/AdLib ‡ (n = 9) | AdLib †/FR ‡ (n = 9) |
---|---|---|---|
Birth weight (g) | 7.33 ± 0.29 a | 6.67 ± 0.29 b | 7.63 ± 0.32 a |
Three-week-old | – | – | – |
Body weight (g) | 56.97 ± 3.97 a | 64.14 ± 4.66 a | 18.88 ± 0.21 b |
Liver weight (g) | 2.61 ± 0.56 a | 2.38 ± 0.29 a | 0.49 ± 0.02 b |
Liver weight to body weight ratio | 0.046 ± 0.009 a | 0.037 ± 0.003 a,b | 0.026 ± 0.001 b |
Variables | Control | FR †/AdLib ‡ | AdLib †/FR ‡ | F-Value | F-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
(Mean ± SD) | (Mean ± SD) | (Mean ± SD) | ANOVA | ANCOVA | |
Lipid profiles | – | – | – | – | – |
Triglyceride (mg/dL) | 101.3 ± 15.5 a | 157.3 ± 16.9 b | 50.3 ± 19.5 c | 28.42 * | 37.26 * |
Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 104.0 ± 17.0 a | 151.0 ± 9.8 b | 444.0 ± 19.0 c | 408.95 ** | 777.19 ** |
HDL-cholesterol (mg/dL) | 36.0 ± 6.0 a | 39.7 ± 3.5 a | 50.0 ± 1.0 b | 9.62 * | 25.66 * |
LDL-cholesterol (mg/dL) | 25.0 ± 3.0 a | 48.0 ± 3.6 b | 196.0 ± 7.0 c | 1091.70 ** | 1226.96 ** |
Carbohydrate metabolism | – | – | – | – | – |
Glucose (mmol/L) | 18.9 ± 0.9 a | 21.9 ± 1.9 a | 9.8 ± 0.9 b | 71.86 ** | 73.07 ** |
Insulin (μU/mL) | 4.5 ± 1.5 a | 10.6 ± 4.3 b | 3.1 ± 0.5 a | 6.65 * | 4.02 |
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Lee, S.; You, Y.-A.; Kwon, E.J.; Jung, S.-C.; Jo, I.; Kim, Y.J. Maternal Food Restriction during Pregnancy and Lactation Adversely Affect Hepatic Growth and Lipid Metabolism in Three-Week-Old Rat Offspring. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2016, 17, 2115. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms17122115
Lee S, You Y-A, Kwon EJ, Jung S-C, Jo I, Kim YJ. Maternal Food Restriction during Pregnancy and Lactation Adversely Affect Hepatic Growth and Lipid Metabolism in Three-Week-Old Rat Offspring. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2016; 17(12):2115. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms17122115
Chicago/Turabian StyleLee, Sangmi, Young-Ah You, Eun Jin Kwon, Sung-Chul Jung, Inho Jo, and Young Ju Kim. 2016. "Maternal Food Restriction during Pregnancy and Lactation Adversely Affect Hepatic Growth and Lipid Metabolism in Three-Week-Old Rat Offspring" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 17, no. 12: 2115. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms17122115