Time in Redox Adaptation Processes: From Evolution to Hormesis
Abstract
:1. Adaptation or Hormesis in General
2. Short Term—Enzymatic Level
3. Long Term Adaptation—Transcriptional, Epigenetic, and Genomic Level
3.1. Transcriptional Level
3.2. Epigenetic Level
3.3. Genomic Level
4. Factors Influencing Hormesis
5. Dose and Reactivity of the Compound and Hormesis
6. Adaptation Induced by Acrolein
6.1. Short-Term—Enzymatic Level
6.2. Long-Term Adaptation
6.2.1. Transcriptional Level
6.2.2. Epigenetic Level
6.3. Adaptation Induced by One Compound Protects against Another
6.4. Adaptation Induced by Dietary Antioxidants
7. Effects of Hormesis—Remodeling of the GSH System
Timing and Hormesis
8. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Short Term GSH-Related Adaptation to O2 | Target |
---|---|
Cofactor | GSH |
Enzyme | γGCS |
Regeneration | GR- > NAPDH |
Exposure | Time | Frequency | Adaptation | Example | Effect | Fading Effect | Outcome | Change | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Single exposure of relative low dose | Direct/acute | Occasionally | Enzymatic activity | GSTs | Fast | Fast | Hormetic Response | Protein | Reversible |
More cofactors | GSH synthesis GAPDH | ||||||||
Often | More transcription | Nrf2 | Altered Phenotype | ||||||
Remodeling | Slow | Not | |||||||
Chronic exposure of relative high dose | Long | Continuously | Epigenetic level | Altered Genotype | |||||
Genomic level | Gene | Irreversible |
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Sthijns, M.M.J.P.E.; Weseler, A.R.; Bast, A.; Haenen, G.R.M.M. Time in Redox Adaptation Processes: From Evolution to Hormesis. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2016, 17, 1649. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms17101649
Sthijns MMJPE, Weseler AR, Bast A, Haenen GRMM. Time in Redox Adaptation Processes: From Evolution to Hormesis. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2016; 17(10):1649. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms17101649
Chicago/Turabian StyleSthijns, Mireille M. J. P. E., Antje R. Weseler, Aalt Bast, and Guido R. M. M. Haenen. 2016. "Time in Redox Adaptation Processes: From Evolution to Hormesis" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 17, no. 10: 1649. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms17101649