Improved Chemotherapeutic Activity by Morus alba Fruits through Immune Response of Toll-Like Receptor 4
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Mechanisms of Macrophage Stimulation by M. alba L. Fruit Extract (MFE)
NO (%) | TNF-α (%) | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ab Free | TLR2 Ab | TLR4 Ab | TLR6 Ab | Ab Free | TLR2 Ab | TLR4 Ab | TLR6 Ab | ||
Untreated | 100.0 ± 2.4 | 100.0 ± 3.3 | 100.0 ± 2.6 | 100.0 ± 2.4 | 100.0 ± 3.2 | 100.0 ± 3.6 | 100.0 ± 2.6 | 100.0 ± 1.4 | |
MFE (μg/mL) | 10 | 140.4 ± 22.4 | 138.3 ± 22.7 | 115.7 ± 12.6 * | 126.2 ± 19.4 | 131.9 ± 8.0 | 121.6 ± 5.3 | 90.6 ± 4.3 * | 131.3 ± 7.8 |
30 | 312.9 ± 12.3 | 280.4 ± 13.5 | 231.6 ± 13.4 * | 277.8 ± 14.6 | 160.4 ± 12.2 | 150.1 ± 3.4 | 102.7 ± 4.6 * | 150.5 ± 14.5 | |
100 | 466.4 ± 10.3 | 392.4 ± 12.5 | 340.4 ± 8.3 * | 340.1 ± 7.3 | 172.9 ± 3.2 | 159.6 ± 24.6 | 122.7 ± 5.3 * | 167.2 ± 18.3 |
2.2. Macrophage Activation of MFE for Tumor Cytotoxicity
2.3. Enhancement of Chemotherapeutic Effects by MFE in Xenograft Mice
Group | Dose (mg/kg) | Leukocyte (103/mL) | Weight of Spleen (g) | Weight of Tumor (g) | Inhibition Rate of Tumor (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Control | - | 12.3 ± 1.35 | 0.45 ± 0.04 | 5.81 ± 1.35 | - |
5-FU | 50 | 8.32 ± 1.35 | 0.32 ± 0.23 | 4.62 ± 1.24 | 21 |
5-FU + MFE | 50 + 100 | 12.5 ± 0.65 * | 0.43 ± 0.20 | 4.26 ± 0.65 | 29 |
50 + 300 | 14.2 ± 0.95 * | 0.52 ± 0.08 * | 3.75 ± 0.95 | 42 |
3. Discussion
4. Experimental Section
4.1. Chemical and Reagents
4.2. Cell Culture and Animal Care
4.3. Extract of Morus alba Fruits
4.4. HPLC Estimation of Pyrrole Alkaloid
4.5. Proliferation Assay
4.6. NO and Cytokine Assays
4.7. Antibody Inhibition Experiments
4.8. siRNA Preparation and Transfection
4.9. Western Blots
4.10. Macrophage-Mediated Cytotoxicity
4.11. Treatment and Drug Administration
4.12. Evaluation of Tumor Volume, Leukocyte Count, Tumor Weight, and Organ Weight
4.13. Assay of NK Cells and CTL Activity
4.14. Measurement of Antigen-Specific Antibody
4.15. Statistical Analysis
5. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Chang, B.Y.; Kim, S.B.; Lee, M.K.; Park, H.; Kim, S.Y. Improved Chemotherapeutic Activity by Morus alba Fruits through Immune Response of Toll-Like Receptor 4. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2015, 16, 24139-24158. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms161024139
Chang BY, Kim SB, Lee MK, Park H, Kim SY. Improved Chemotherapeutic Activity by Morus alba Fruits through Immune Response of Toll-Like Receptor 4. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2015; 16(10):24139-24158. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms161024139
Chicago/Turabian StyleChang, Bo Yoon, Seon Beom Kim, Mi Kyeong Lee, Hyun Park, and Sung Yeon Kim. 2015. "Improved Chemotherapeutic Activity by Morus alba Fruits through Immune Response of Toll-Like Receptor 4" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 16, no. 10: 24139-24158. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms161024139