• Submit to IJMS Login Register
• MDPI
• Journals A-Z
• For Authors
• For Editors
• About
• Open Access Policy

• Abstract
• Full-Text PDF [2561 KB]
• Full-Text XML
• Article Versions Notes

• Article Statistics
• PubMed/Medline
• Google Scholar
• Order Reprints

• Cite this article
• Export to BibTeX
• Export to EndNote

• [+] on DOAJ
• Checconi, P
• Sgarbanti, R
• Celestino, I
• Limongi, D
• Amatore, D
• Iuvara, A
• Alimonti, A
• Garaci, E
• Palamara, ATeresa
• Nencioni, L
• [+] on Google Scholar
• Checconi, P
• Sgarbanti, R
• Celestino, I
• Limongi, D
• Amatore, D
• Iuvara, A
• Alimonti, A
• Garaci, E
• Palamara, ATeresa
• Nencioni, L
• [+] on PubMed
• Checconi, P
• Sgarbanti, R
• Celestino, I
• Limongi, D
• Amatore, D
• Iuvara, A
• Alimonti, A
• Garaci, E
• Palamara, ATeresa
• Nencioni, L

•  CiteULike
•  Facebook
•  Mendeley
•  Twitter

This article is

• freely available
• re-usable

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2013, 14(2), 4148-4162; doi:10.3390/ijms14024148

Article

The Environmental Pollutant Cadmium Promotes Influenza Virus Replication in MDCK Cells by Altering Their Redox State

Paola Checconi ¹ , Rossella Sgarbanti ² , Ignacio Celestino ¹ , Dolores Limongi ³ , Donatella Amatore ¹ , Alessandra Iuvara ³ , Alessandro Alimonti ⁴ , Enrico Garaci ³ , Anna Teresa Palamara ^1,2,*  and Lucia Nencioni ¹

¹ Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Institute Pasteur, Cenci-Bolognetti Foundation, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Rome 00185, Italy ² San Raffaele Pisana Scientific Institute for Research, Hospitalization and Health Care, Rome 00163, Italy ³ Department of Experimental Medicine and Surgery, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome 00133, Italy ⁴ Department of Environment and Primary Prevention, Italian National Institute for Health, Rome 00161, Italy

* Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.

Received: 27 December 2012; in revised form: 4 February 2013 / Accepted: 6 February 2013 / Published: 19 February 2013

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Redox Signaling in Biology and Patho-Biology)

Download PDF Full-Text [2561 KB, uploaded 19 February 2013 10:01 CET]

Abstract: Cadmium (Cd) is a toxic heavy metal that is considered an environmental contaminant. Several sources of human exposure to Cd, including employment in primary metal industries, production of certain batteries, foods, soil and cigarette smoke, are known. Its inhalation has been related to different respiratory diseases and toxic effects, among which alterations of the physiological redox state in individuals exposed to the metal have been described. Host-cell redox changes characteristic of oxidative stress facilitate the progression of viral infection through different mechanisms. In this paper, we have demonstrated that pre-treatment with CdCl₂ of MDCK cells increased influenza virus replication in a dose-dependent manner. This phenomenon was related to increased viral protein expression (about 40% compared with untreated cells). The concentration of CdCl₂, able to raise the virus titer, also induced oxidative stress. The addition of two antioxidants, a glutathione (GSH) derivative or the GSH precursor, N-acetyl-L-cysteine, to Cd pre-treated and infected cells restored the intracellular redox state and significantly inhibited viral replication. In conclusion, our data demonstrate that Cd-induced oxidative stress directly increases the ability of influenza virus to replicate in the host-cell, thus suggesting that exposure to heavy metals, such as this, could be a risk factor for individuals exposed to a greater extent to the contaminant, resulting in increased severity of virus-induced respiratory diseases.

Keywords: cadmium; pollutants; influenza virus infection; oxidative stress; glutathione; respiratory diseases

Article Statistics

Cite This Article