Characterization of Apoptosis Induced by Emodin and Related Regulatory Mechanisms in Human Neuroblastoma Cells
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1 Cytotoxic Effects of Emodin on IMR-32 Cells
2.2 ROS Levels Are Increased in IMR-32 Cells Treated with Emodin
2.3 Changes in Intracellular Ca2+ and NO Levels Are Involved in Emodin-Induced Cell Apoptosis
2.4 PTIO Inhibits Mitochondrial Membrane Potential (MMP) Changes and Caspase Activation during Emodin-Induced Cell Apoptosis
2.5. Changes in p53 and p21 Expression Levels Following Emodin Treatment of IMR-32 Cells
2.6. Treatment of IMR-32 Cells with p53 siRNA Blocks Emodin-Induced Apoptosis
3. Discussion
4. Experimental Section
4.1. Chemicals and Reagents
4.2. Cell Culture and Emodin Treatment
4.3. MTT Assay
4.4. Assessment of Necrosis and Apoptosis
4.5. ROS Assay
4.6. Detection of Intracellular Calcium Concentration ([Ca2+]i )
4.7. Detection of Intracellular NO Content
4.8. Caspase Activity Assays
4.9. Real-Time RT-PCR Assay
4.10. siRNA Knockdown
4.11. Immunoblots
4.12. Statistics
5. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of interest
References
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Huang, F.-J.; Hsuuw, Y.-D.; Chan, W.-H. Characterization of Apoptosis Induced by Emodin and Related Regulatory Mechanisms in Human Neuroblastoma Cells. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2013, 14, 20139-20156. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms141020139
Huang F-J, Hsuuw Y-D, Chan W-H. Characterization of Apoptosis Induced by Emodin and Related Regulatory Mechanisms in Human Neuroblastoma Cells. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2013; 14(10):20139-20156. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms141020139
Chicago/Turabian StyleHuang, Fu-Jen, Yan-Der Hsuuw, and Wen-Hsiung Chan. 2013. "Characterization of Apoptosis Induced by Emodin and Related Regulatory Mechanisms in Human Neuroblastoma Cells" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 14, no. 10: 20139-20156. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms141020139