Pharmacological Assessment of the Medicinal Potential of Acacia mearnsii De Wild.: Antimicrobial and Toxicity Activities
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results and Discussion
3. Experimental Section
3.1. Collection of Plant Material
3.2. Extract Preparation
3.3. Test Organisms
3.4. Preparation of Inocula
3.5. Antibiotic Susceptibility Testing—Agar Diffusion Method
3.6. Macrobroth Dilution for Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC)
3.7. Determination of Minimum Bactericidal and Fungicidal Concentrations (MBC/MFC)
3.8. Determination of Mechanisms of Antibiosis (Bactericidal or Bacteriostatic)
3.9. Brine Shrimp Lethality Test
4. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
- Rukangira, E. The African herbal industry: Constraints and challenges. Available online: http://www.conserveafrica.org.uk/main/images/documents/herbal_industry.pdf accessed on 26 March 2012.
- Kabir, O.A.; Olukayode, O.; Chidi, E.O.; Christopher, C.I.; Kehinde, A.F. Screening of crude extracts of six medicinal plants used in South-west Nigerian orthodox medicine for anti methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus activity. BMC Complment. Altern. Med 2005, 5. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Priya, K.S.; Gnanamani, A.; Radhakrishnan, N.; Babu, M. Healing potential of Datura alba on burn wounds in albino rats. J. Ethnopharmacol 2002, 83, 193–199. [Google Scholar]
- Steenkamp, V.; Mathivha, E.; Gouws, M.C.; Rensburg, C.E.J. Studies on antibacterial, antioxidant and fibroblast growth stimulation of wound healing remedies from South Africa. J. Ethnopharmacol 2004, 95, 353–357. [Google Scholar]
- Patel, M.; Coogan, M.M. Antifungal activity of the plant Dodonaea viscose var. angustifolia on Candida albicans from HIV-infected patients. J. Ethnopharmacol 2008, 118, 173–176. [Google Scholar]
- Jayashree, A.; Maneemegalai, S. Studies on the antibacterial activity of the extracts from Tridax procumbens L. and Ixora coccinea L. Biomedicine 2008, 28, 190–194. [Google Scholar]
- Monroe, S.; Polk, R. Antimicrobial use and bacterial resistance. Curr. Opin. Microbiol 2000, 3, 496–501. [Google Scholar]
- Sharma, V.; Sharma, A.; Kansal, L. The effect of oral administration of Allium sativum extracts on lead nitrate induced toxicity in male mice. Food Chem. Toxicol 2010, 48, 928–936. [Google Scholar]
- Wilson, E.O. The Current State of Biological Diversity. In Biodiversity; Wilson, E.O., Peters, F.M., Eds.; Academic Press: New York, NY, USA, 1988; pp. 3–18. [Google Scholar]
- Kinghorn, A.D. Plants as Sources of Medicinally and Pharmaceutically Important Compounds. In Phytochemical Resources for Medicine and Agriculture; Nigg, H.N., Seigler, D., Eds.; Plenum Press: New York, NY, USA, 1992; pp. 75–95. [Google Scholar]
- Ordonez, A.A.; Cudmani, N.M.; Gomez, D.; Vattuone, M.A.; Isla, M.I. Antimicrobial activity of nine extracts of Sechium edule (Jacq) Swartz. Microbiol. Ecol. Health Dis 2003, 15, 33–39. [Google Scholar]
- Arias, M.E.; Gomez, J.D.; Cudmani, N.; Vattuone, M.A.; Isla, M.I. Antibacterial activity of ethanolic and aqueous extract of Acacia aroma Gill. ex Hook et Arn. Life Sci 2004, 75, 191–202. [Google Scholar]
- Trivedi, N.A.; Hotchandani, S.C. A study of the antimicrobial activity of oil of Eucalyptus. Indian J. Pharmacol 2004, 36, 93–95. [Google Scholar]
- Ncube, N.S.; Afolayan, A.J.; Okoh, A. Assessment techniques of antimicrobial properties of natural compounds of plant origin: Current methods and future trends. Afr. J. Biotechnol 2008, 7, 1797–1806. [Google Scholar]
- Nair, R.; Kalariye, T.; Chanda, S. Antimicrobial activity of some selected Indian medicinal flora. Turk. J. Biol 2005, 29, 41–47. [Google Scholar]
- Kumar, P.V.; Chauhan, S.N.; Padh, H.; Rajani, M. Search for antibacterial and antifungal agents from selected Indian medicinal plants. J. Ethnopharmacol 2006, 107, 182–188. [Google Scholar]
- Olajuyigbe, O.O.; Afolayan, A.J. In vitro antibacterial activities of the methanol extract of Ziziphus mucronata Willd. subsp. mucronata Willd. J. Med. Plants Res 2011, 5, 3791–3795. [Google Scholar]
- McGaw, L.J.; Rabe, T.; Sparg, S.G.; Jäger, A.K.; Eloff, J.N.; van Staden, J. An investigation on the biological activity of Combretum species. J. Ethnopharmacol 2001, 75, 43–50. [Google Scholar]
- Masoko, P.; Eloff, J.N. The diversity of antifungal compounds of six South African Terminalia species (Combretaceae) determined by bioautography. Afr. J. Biotechnol 2005, 4, 1425–1431. [Google Scholar]
- Olajuyigbe, O.O.; Babalola, A.E.; Afolayan, A.J. Antibacterial and phytochemical screening of crude ethanolic extracts of Waltheria indica Linn. Afr. J. Microbiol. Res 2011, 5, 3760–3764. [Google Scholar]
- El-Seedi, H.R.; Ohara, T.; Sata, N.; Nishiyama, S. Antimicrobial diterpenoids from Eupatorium glutinosum (Asteraceae). J. Ethnopharmacol 2002, 81, 293–296. [Google Scholar]
- Zgoda-Pols, J.R.; Freyer, A.J.; Killmer, L.B.; Porter, J.B. Antimicrobial resveratrol tetramers from the stem bark of Vatica oblongifolia ssp. oblongifolia. J. Nat. Prod 2002, 65, 1554–1559. [Google Scholar]
- Costa, E.S.; Hiruma-Lima, C.A.; Limo, E.O.; Sucupira, G.C.; Bertolin, A.O.; Lolis, S.F.; Andrade, F.D.; Vilegas, W.; Souza-Brito, A.R. Antimicrobial activity of some medicinal plants of Cerrado, Brazil. Phytother. Res. 2008, 22, 705–707. [Google Scholar]
- Al-Bayati, F.A.; Al-Mola, H.F. Antibacterial and antifungal activity of different parts of Trubulus terrestris L. growing in Iraq. J. Zhejiang Univ. Sci. B 2008, 9, 154–159. [Google Scholar]
- Tomoko, N.; Takashi, A.; Hiromu, T.; Yuka, I. Antibacterial activity of extracts prepared from tropical and subtropical plants on methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus. J. Health Sci 2002, 48, 273–276. [Google Scholar]
- Elvin-Lewis, M. Should we be concerned about herbal remedies. J. Ethnopharmacol 2001, 75, 141–164. [Google Scholar]
- Chan, K. Some aspects of toxic contaminants in herbal remedies. A review. Chemosphere 2003, 52, 1361–1371. [Google Scholar]
- Pelka, M.; Danzl, C.; Distler, W.; Petschelt, A. A new screening test for toxicity testing of dental materials. J. Dent 2000, 28, 341–345. [Google Scholar]
- Acacia mearnsii Black Wattle. Available online: http://fedpub.ris.environment.gov.au/fedora/objects/mql:1371/methods/c4oc-sDef:Document/getPDF accessed on 10 January 2012.
- Walsh, N.G.; Entwisle, T.J. Flora of Victoria; Inkata Press: Melbourne, Australia, 1996; Volume 3. [Google Scholar]
- Maslin, B.R. Introduction to Acacia. In Flora of Australia; Orchard, A.E., Wilson, A.J.G., Eds.; ABRS/CSIRO Publishing: Melbourne, Australia, 2001; Volume 1. [Google Scholar]
- Olajuyigbe, O.O.; Afolayan, A.J. Phytochemical assessment and antioxidant activities of alcoholic and aqueous extracts of Acacia mearnsii De Wild. Int. J. Pharmacol 2011, 7, 856–861. [Google Scholar]
- Tortora, G.J.; Funke, B.R.; Case, C.L. Microbiology: An Introduction; Benjamin Cummings: San Francisco, CA, USA, 2001; p. 88. [Google Scholar]
- Olajuyigbe, O.O.; Afolayan, A.J. In vitro antibacterial activities of crude aqueous and ethanolic extract of the stem bark of Acacia mearnsii De Wild. Afr. J. Pharm. Pharmacol 2011, 5, 1234–1240. [Google Scholar]
- Kerridge, D. Mode of action of clinically important antifungal drugs. Adv. Microb. Physiol 1986, 27, 1–72. [Google Scholar]
- Kurtz, M.B.; Heath, I.B.; Marrinan, J.; Dreikhorn, S.; Onishi, J.; Douglas, C. Morphological effects of lipopeptides against correlate with activities against (1,3)-β-d-glucan synthase. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother 1994, 38, 1480–1489. [Google Scholar]
- Tiwari, R.; Dixit, V. Fungitoxic activity of vapours of some higher plants against predominant storage fungi. Natl. Acad. Sci. Lett 1994, 17, 55–57. [Google Scholar]
- Hawser, S.; Islam, K. Comparisons of the effects of fungicidal and fungistatic antifungal agents on the morphogenetic transformation of Candida albicans. J. Antimicrob. Chemother 1999, 43, 411–413. [Google Scholar]
- Xu, J.; Zhao, X.; Han, X.; Du, Y. Antifungal activity of oligochitosan against Phytophthora capsici and other plant pathogenic fungi in vitro. Pesticide Biochem. Physiol 2007, 87, 220–228. [Google Scholar]
- Mishra, A.K.; Misra, A.; Kehri, H.K.; Sharma, B.; Pandey, A.K. Inhibitory activity of Indian spice plant Cinnamomum Zeylanicum extracts against Alternaria Solani and Curvuluria lunata, the pathogenic dematiaceous moulds. Ann. Clin. Microbiol. Antimicrob 2009, 8. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Carballo, J.L.; Hernandez-Inda, Z.L.; Perez, P.; Garcia-Gravalos, M.D. A comparison between two brine shrimp assays to detect in vitro cytotoxicity in marine natural products. BMC Biotechnol 2002, 2. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Meyer, B.N.; Ferrigni, N.R.; Putnam, J.E.; Jacobsen, L.B.; Nichols, D.E.; Melaughlin, J.L. Brine shrimp: A convenient general bioassay for active plant constituents. J. Planta Med 1982, 45, 31–34. [Google Scholar]
- Moshi, M.J.; Innocent, E.; Magadula, J.J.; Otieno, D.F.; Weisheit, A.; Mbabazi, P.K.; Nondo, R.S.O. Brine Shrimp of Some Plants used as Traditional Medicine in Kagera Region, North West Tanzania. Tanzan. J. Health Res 2010, 12, 63–67. [Google Scholar]
- Schmitz, F.J.; Bowden, B.F.; Toth, S.I. Marine Biotechnology, Pharmaceutical and Bioactive Natural Products; Plenum Press: New York, NY, USA, 1993; pp. 197–308. [Google Scholar]
- Pfaller, M.A.; Yu, W.L. Antifungal susceptibility testing: New technology and clinical applications. Infect. Dis. Clin. N. Am 2001, 15, 1227–1261. [Google Scholar]
- Groll, A.H.; Mickiene, D.; Petraitiene, R.; Petraitis, V.; Lyman, C.A.; Bacher, J.S.; Piscitelli, S.C.; Walsh, T.J. Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic modeling of anidulafungin (LY303366): Reappraisal of its efficacy in neutropenic animal models of opportunistic mycoses using optimal plasma sampling. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother 2001, 45, 2845–2855. [Google Scholar]
- Andes, D. In vivo pharmacodynamics of antifungal drugs in treatment of candidiasis. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother 2003, 47, 1179–1196. [Google Scholar]
- Canton, E.; Peman, J.; Viudes, A.; Quindos, G.; Governado, M.; Espinel-Ingroff, A. Minimum fungicidal concentrations of amphotericin B for bloodstream Candida species. Diagn. Microbiol. Infect. Dis 2003, 45, 203–206. [Google Scholar]
- Basri, D.F.; Fan, S.H. The potential of aqueous and acetone extracts of galls of Queercus infectoria as antibacterial agents. Indian J. Pharmcol 2005, 37, 26–29. [Google Scholar]
- EUCAST (European Committee for Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing). Determination of minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of antibacterial agents by agar dilution. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. 2000, 6, 509–515.
- Cheesbrough, M. Medical Laboratory Manual for Tropical Countries, 2nd ed; Butterworth-Heinemann: Oxford, UK, 1987; pp. 2–392. [Google Scholar]
- Murugan, S.; Anand, R.; Uma Devi, P.; Vidhya, N.; Rajesh, K.A. Efficacy of Euphobia milli and E. pulcherrima on aflatoxin producing fungi (Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus). Afr. J. Biotechnol 2007, 6, 718–719. [Google Scholar]
- CLSI (Clinical and Laboratory Standard Institute), Performance Standards for Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing Eighteenth Informational Supplement, M100-S18; CLSI: Wayne, PA, USA, 2008; pp. 46–52.
- Carson, C.F.; Hammer, K.A.; Riley, T.V. Broth micro-dilution method for determination of susceptibility of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus to the essential oil of Malaleuca alterifolia (Tea tree oil). Microbios 1995, 82, 181–185. [Google Scholar]
- Khan, A.; Rhaman, M.; Islam, S. Antibacterial, antifungal and Cytotoxic activities of Tuberous Roots of Amorphophallus campanulatus. Turk. J. Biol 2007, 31, 167–172. [Google Scholar]
- Cheesbrough, M. District Laboratory Practice in Tropical Countries, 1st ed; Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, UK, 2006; p. 434. [Google Scholar]
- Irkin, R.; Korukluoglu, M. Control of Aspergillus niger with garlic, onion and leek extracts. Afr. J. Biotechnol 2007, 6, 384–387. [Google Scholar]
- Shanmughapriya, S.A.; Manilal, A.; Sujith, S.; Selvin, J.; Kiran, G.S.; Natarajaseenivasan, K. Antimicrobial activity of seaweeds extracts against multi-resistant pathogens. Ann. Microbiol 2008, 58, 535–541. [Google Scholar]
- Mclaughlin, J.L.; Rogers, L.L. The use of biological assays to evaluate the botanicals. Drug Inf. J 1998, 32, 513–524. [Google Scholar]
- Lewis, G.E. Testing the toxicity of extracts of Southern African plants using brine shrimp (Artemia salina). S. Afr. J. Sci 1995, 91, 382–384. [Google Scholar]
- Gupta, M.P.; Monge, A.; Karitas, G.; Lopez de Cerain, A.; Solis, P.N.; Leon, E.; de Trujilo, M.; Surez, O.; Wilson, F.; Montenegro, G.; Noriega, Y.; Santana, A.I.; Correa, M.; Sanchez, C. Screening of Panamanian medicinal Plants for brine shrimp toxicity, crown gall tumor inhibition, cytotoxicity and DNA interaction. Int. J. Pharmacol 1996, 34, 123–127. [Google Scholar]
Tested bacterial isolates | Average inhibition zones produced by 100 μL of each concentration of antibacterial agents (±1.0 mm) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Erythromycin | Crude acetone extract of A. mearnsii | ||||||
50 | 20,000 | 10,000 | 5000 | 2500 | 1250 | 625 | |
μg/mL | |||||||
Proteus vulgaris KZN | 32 | 20 | 17 | 15 | 15 | 13 | 0 |
Staphylococcus aureus OK1 | 31 | 19 | 14 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Enterococcus faecalis KZN | 0 | 20 | 16 | 14 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Klebsiella pneumoniae KZN | 14 | 22 | 20 | 18 | 16 | 15 | 14 |
Proteus vulgaris CSIR 0030 | 38 | 35 | 33 | 27 | 23 | 20 | 19 |
Bacillus cereus (ATCC 10702) | 30 | 24 | 22 | 20 | 17 | 16 | 14 |
Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922) | 13 | 22 | 20 | 18 | 16 | 15 | 15 |
Bacillus pumilus (ATCC 14884) | 16 | 22 | 19 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 16 |
Salmonella typhi (ATCC 13311) | 13 | 27 | 24 | 20 | 16 | 14 | 0 |
Serratia marcescens(ATCC 9986) | 18 | 27 | 24 | 22 | 21 | 20 | 18 |
Klebsiella pneumoniae (ATCC 10031) | 30 | 22 | 20 | 18 | 17 | 16 | 15 |
Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 19582) | 37 | 20 | 18 | 16 | 14 | 13 | 0 |
Tested bacterial isolates | Erythromycin | A. mearnsii | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
MIC (μg/mL) | MIC (μg/mL) | MBC (μg/mL) | MICindex | |
Proteus vulgaris KZN | 12.5 | 312.5 | 625 | 2 |
Staphylococcus aureus OK1 | 0.1953 | 78.1 | 78.1 | 1 |
Enterococcus faecalis KZN | 12.5 | 156.3 | 625 | 4 |
Klebsiella pneumoniae KZN | 12.5 | 312.5 | 625 | 2 |
Proteus vulgaris CSIR 0030 | 0.048 | 39.1 | 156.3 | 4 |
Bacillus cereus (ATCC 10702) | 0.0977 | 156.3 | 312.5 | 2 |
Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922) | 0.3906 | 625 | 625 | 1 |
Bacillus pumilus (ATCC 14884) | 12.5 | 312.5 | 312.5 | 1 |
Salmonella typhi (ATCC 13311) | 6.25 | 156.3 | 156.3 | 1 |
Serratia marcescens (ATCC 9986) | 3.125 | 625 | 625 | 1 |
Klebsiella pneumoniae (ATCC 10031) | 0.09765 | 156.3 | 156.3 | 1 |
Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 19582) | 0.1953 | 156.3 | 625 | 4 |
Tested fungal isolates | Antifungal activities of A. mearnsii | ||
---|---|---|---|
MIC (μg/mL) | MFC (μg/mL) | MICindex | |
Candida krusei | 1250 | 2500 | 2 |
Candida albicans | 625 | 1250 | 2 |
Candida rugosa | 625 | 625 | 1 |
Aspergillus niger | 5000 | 20,000 | 4 |
Aspergillus terreus | 5000 | 20,000 | 4 |
Aspergillus flavus | 5000 | 20,000 | 4 |
Penicillium notatum | 5000 | 20,000 | 4 |
Absidia corymbifera | 625 | 625 | 1 |
Fusarium sporotrichioides | 625 | 625 | 1 |
Trichophyton tonsurans | 2500 | 5000 | 2 |
Candida glabrata (ATCC 2001) | 625 | 625 | 1 |
Trichophyton mucoides (ATCC 201382) | 2500 | 5000 | 2 |
Conc. of extract (μg/mL) | Test 1 | Test 2 | Test 3 | Av. No. of shrimp alive (Sample) | Av. No. of shrimp alive (Control) | % Mortality | Log. of conc. | LC50 μg/mL |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
31.25 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 10 | 0 | 1.495 | |
62.5 | 5 | 4 | 4 | 4.33 | 10 | 43.3 | 1.796 | |
125 | 7 | 8 | 8 | 7.66 | 10 | 76.6 | 2.097 | 112.36 |
250 | 9 | 10 | 9 | 9.33 | 10 | 93.33 | 2.398 | |
500 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 100 | 2.699 |
© 2012 by the authors; licensee Molecular Diversity Preservation International, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open-access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/).
Share and Cite
Olajuyigbe, O.O.; Afolayan, A.J. Pharmacological Assessment of the Medicinal Potential of Acacia mearnsii De Wild.: Antimicrobial and Toxicity Activities. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2012, 13, 4255-4267. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms13044255
Olajuyigbe OO, Afolayan AJ. Pharmacological Assessment of the Medicinal Potential of Acacia mearnsii De Wild.: Antimicrobial and Toxicity Activities. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2012; 13(4):4255-4267. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms13044255
Chicago/Turabian StyleOlajuyigbe, Olufunmiso O., and Anthony J. Afolayan. 2012. "Pharmacological Assessment of the Medicinal Potential of Acacia mearnsii De Wild.: Antimicrobial and Toxicity Activities" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 13, no. 4: 4255-4267. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms13044255