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Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2010, 11(9), 3209-3225; doi:10.3390/ijms11093209

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Biomarkers for Colorectal Cancer

Takuji Tanaka ^1,2,* , Mayu Tanaka ³ , Takahiro Tanaka ⁴  and Rikako Ishigamori ⁵

¹ The Tohkai Cytopathology Institute: Cancer Research and Prevention (TCI-CaRP), 5-1-2 Minami-Uzura, Gifu 500-8285, Japan ² Department Oncologic Pathology, Kanazawa Medical University, 1-1 daigaku, Uchinada Ishikawa 920-0293, Japan ³ Department of Pharmacy, Kinjo Gakuin University of Pharmacy, Moriyama-Ku, Nagoya, Aichi 463-8521, Japan ⁴ Department of Physical Therapy, Kansai University of Health Sciences, Kumatori-Machi, Sennan-Gun, Osaka 590-0482, Japan ⁵ Cancer Prevention Basic Research Project, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan

* Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.

Received: 18 August 2010; in revised form: 2 September 2010 / Accepted: 3 September 2010 / Published: 13 September 2010

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomarkers)

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Abstract: Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common epithelial malignancy in the world. Since CRC develops slowly from removable precancerous lesions, detection of the lesion at an early stage by regular health examinations can reduce the incidence and mortality of this malignancy. Colonoscopy significantly improves the detection rate of CRC, but the examination is expensive and inconvenient. Therefore, we need novel biomarkers that are non-invasive to enable us to detect CRC quite early. A number of validation studies have been conducted to evaluate genetic, epigenetic or protein markers for identification in the stool and/or serum. Currently, the fecal occult blood test is the most widely used method of screening for CRC. However, advances in genomics and proteomics will lead to the discovery of novel non-invasive biomarkers.

Keywords: biomarkers; colorectal cancer; fecal biomarkers; genomic and epigenetic biomarkers; serum biomarkers; microRNA

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