Mycoflora and Co-Occurrence of Fumonisins and Aflatoxins in Freshly Harvested Corn in Different Regions of Brazil
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Experimental Section
2.1. Corn samples
2.2. Water activity
2.3. Isolation, enumeration and identification of the mycoflora
2.4. Determination of fumonisins
2.5. Determination of aflatoxins
2.6. Statistical analysis
3. Results and Discussion
4. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References and Notes
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Location | Mean temperature (°C) | Standard deviation | Mean relative humidity (%) | Standard deviation | Mean rainfall (mm) | Standard deviation |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Várzea Grande (MT) | 27.1 | 2.1 | 40.0 | 26.4 | 3.4 | 6.2 |
Santa Maria (RS) | 22.5 | 3.5 | 71.3 | 11.8 | 2.8 | 9.0 |
Oliveira dos Campinhos (BA) | 28.0 | 1.3 | 73.7 | 9.3 | 6.1 | 18.0 |
Nova Odessa (SP) | 24.6 | 2.1 | 79.3 | 7.7 | 6.0 | 13.4 |
Sampling region | aWC | Frequency of isolated fungi (%) | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Fusarium spp. | Aspergillus spp. | Cladosporium spp. | Trichoderma spp. | Mucorspp. | Penicillium spp. | NSF e | Curvularia spp. | Rhizopus spp. | Neurospora spp. | ||
MTa, b | 0.76 | 87.4 | 14 | 0.8 | ND | ND | 0.8 | ND | 0.2 | ND | ND |
RSa, b | 0.82 | 91.3 | 9.8 | 1.6 | 1.3 | ND | 19.2 | 0.1 | ND | ND | ND |
BAa, b | 0.83 | 90.4 | 12.6 | 0.4 | ND | 1.6 | 1.9 | ND | ND | 1.1 | 0.3 |
SPa, b | 0.87 | 96.2 | ND d | 10.4 | 1.1 | 0.1 | 15.4 | ND | ND | ND | ND |
Sampling region | Fumonisin B1 | Fumonisin B2 | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Positive samples (%) | Range (μg/g) | Mean (μg/g) | Standard deviation | Positive samples (%) | Range (μg/g) | Mean (μg/g) | Standard deviation | |
MTa, b | 92 | 0.015–8.44 | 0.73 | 1.4 | 56 | 0.02 – 3.03 | 0.19 | 0.5 |
RSa, b | 100 | 0.015–6.27 | 0.72 | 1.7 | 50 | 0.015–1.18 | 0.15 | 0.3 |
BAa, b | 100 | 0.015–9.42 | 2.75 | 1.6 | 98 | 0.12–1.31 | 0.62 | 0.3 |
SPa, b | 100 | 0.091–9.67 | 2.81 | 1.8 | 94 | 0.017–3.16 | 0.95 | 0.8 |
Sampling region | Aflatoxin B1 | Aflatoxin B2 | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Positive samples (%) | Range (μg/kg) | Mean (μg/kg) | Standard deviation | Positive samples (%) | Range (μg/kg) | Mean (μg/kg) | Standard deviation | |
MTa, b | 18 | 6.8–976.1 | 27.7 | 139.0 | 4 | 22.3–33.4 | 1.11 | 5.6 |
RSa, b | 14 | 13.7–1393.0 | 50.5 | 237.9 | 10 | 5.6–55.7 | 3.5 | 12.2 |
BAa, b | 8 | 13.7–47.8 | 2.05 | 8.0 | ND d | ND | ND | ND |
SPa, b | 2c | ND–34.2 | 0.68 | 4.8 | ND | ND | ND | ND |
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Rocha, L.O.; Nakai, V.K.; Braghini, R.; Reis, T.A.; Kobashigawa, E.; Corrêa, B. Mycoflora and Co-Occurrence of Fumonisins and Aflatoxins in Freshly Harvested Corn in Different Regions of Brazil. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2009, 10, 5090-5103. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms10115090
Rocha LO, Nakai VK, Braghini R, Reis TA, Kobashigawa E, Corrêa B. Mycoflora and Co-Occurrence of Fumonisins and Aflatoxins in Freshly Harvested Corn in Different Regions of Brazil. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2009; 10(11):5090-5103. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms10115090
Chicago/Turabian StyleRocha, Liliana O., Viviane K. Nakai, Raquel Braghini, Tatiana A. Reis, Estela Kobashigawa, and Benedito Corrêa. 2009. "Mycoflora and Co-Occurrence of Fumonisins and Aflatoxins in Freshly Harvested Corn in Different Regions of Brazil" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 10, no. 11: 5090-5103. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms10115090