Eco-Friendly Synthesis of a New Class of Pyridinium-Based Ionic Liquids with Attractive Antimicrobial Activity

Messali, Mouslim

doi:10.3390/molecules200814936

Open AccessArticle

Eco-Friendly Synthesis of a New Class of Pyridinium-Based Ionic Liquids with Attractive Antimicrobial Activity

by

Mouslim Messali

Department of Chemistry, Taibah University, Al-Madina Al-Mounawara 30002, Saudi Arabia

Molecules 2015, 20(8), 14936-14949; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules200814936

Submission received: 16 June 2015 / Revised: 30 July 2015 / Accepted: 5 August 2015 / Published: 14 August 2015

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ionic Liquids in Organic Synthesis)

Download

Browse Figures

Versions Notes

Abstract

:

The present study reports a green synthesis of a new family of ionic liquids (ILs) based on functionalized 4-dimethylaminopyridinium derivatives. The structures of 23 newly synthesized ILs (2–24) were confirmed by FT-IR, ¹H-, ¹³C-, ¹¹B-, ¹⁹F-, and ³¹P-NMR spectroscopy and mass spectrometry. The antimicrobial activity of all novel ILs was tested against a panel of bacteria and fungi. The results prove that all tested ILs are effective antibacterial and antifungal agents, especially 4-(dimethylamino)-1-(4-phenoxybutyl)pyridinium derivatives 5 and 19.

Keywords:

eco-friendly synthesis; ultrasound irradiation; ionic liquid; antimicrobial activity

1. Introduction

Ionic liquids (ILs) have received increased attention in recent years due to their outstanding and unique properties, such as negligible vapor pressure, non-volatility, non-flammability, excellent thermal stability, and high electrical conductivity [1,2,3,4,5,6,7]. Generally, ILs are defined as organic salts with a melting point below 100 °C that contain an organic cation combined with various anions, such as halides or fluorinated anions [8]. An extensive range of applications of ILs has been reported based on the above-cited characteristics. For example, as an alternative solvent of volatile organic compounds [9,10], as media for the electrodeposition of metals [11], catalysts and biocatalysts [12,13,14], potential corrosion inhibitors [15,16], and in food chemical science [17]. Additionally, the antimicrobial activity of various families of ILs against both environmental and clinically important microorganisms has been studied by different research groups [18,19].

In our previous research, we investigated green procedures, including microwave and ultrasound irradiation, to provide a clean synthesis of ILs compared with their conventional preparation. The reduction in reaction times and the increase in the product yields were the most important advantages from using these eco-friendly technologies [20,21].

Continuing our interest in the design and synthesis of potential antimicrobial agents based on ionic liquids [22,23], we herein present an interesting preparation of a new series of ILs based on 4-(dimethylamino)pyridinium derivatives. All newly-synthesized ILs were screened for their antibacterial and antifungal activity against eight pathogenic strains.

2. Results and Discussion

2.1. Chemistry

ILs 2–24 were synthesized under ultrasound irradiation, as shown in Scheme 1 and Scheme 2.

Scheme 1. N-alkylation of 4-dimethylaminopyridine under ultrasonic irradiation conditions. RX/toluene, 80 °C, 5 h. R = –(CH₂)₂OH for 1; –(CH₂)₃OH for 2; –(CH₂)₂OCH₃ for 3; –(CH₂)₂OCH₂CH₃ for 4; –(CH₂)₄OPh for 5; –(CH₂)₃CN for 6; X = Cl, Br.

Scheme 2. Anion metathesis under ultrasonic irradiation conditions (US): MY, dichloromethane, 70 °C, 45 min. M = Na, K.

To the best of our knowledge, all are novel ILs except 4-(dimethylamino)-1-(2-hydroxyethyl)pyridinium bromide 1 [24]. Initially, the nucleophilic alkylation of 4-dimethylaminopyridine (DMAP) with various functionalized alkyl halides in toluene was carried out under ultrasound irradiation for 5 h at 80 °C, and afforded the desired ILs 1–6 in 79%–85% yield as solids (Table 1).

Table 1. Alkylation and anion metathesis using ultrasound irradiation.

**Table 1.** Alkylation and anion metathesis using ultrasound irradiation.
Ionic Liquid	RX	Yield (%) for the N-Alkylation ^a	MY	Yield (%) for the Anion Metathesis ^b
1	HO(CH₂)₂Br	82
7			NaBF₄	97
8			KPF₆	98
9			NaOOCCF₃	96
2	HO(CH₂)₃Br	85
10			NaBF₄	97
11			KPF₆	99
12			NaOOCCF₃	97
3	CH₃O(CH₂)₂Br	81
13			NaBF4	94
14			KPF6	92
15			NaOOCCF3	94
4	CH₃CH₂O(CH₂)₂Cl	79		94
16			NaBF₄	93
17			KPF₆	95
18			NaOOCCF₃	92
5	PhO(CH₂)₄Br	83		93
19			NaBF₄	94
20			KPF₆	94
21			NaOOCCF₃	93
6	NC(CH₂)₃Cl	78
22			NaBF₄	92
23			KPF₆	93
24			NaOOCCF₃	92

^a Time (5 h), temperature (80 °C) in toluene; ^b Time (45 min), temperature (70 °C) in dichloromethane.

In the second step, three fluorine-containing anions were introduced to obtain low melting point ILs. This metathesis reaction consisted of a halide anion exchange using sodium tetrafluoroborate, potassium hexafluorophosphate or sodium trifluoroacetate under ultrasonic irradiation (Scheme 2).

The desired ionic liquids 7–24 were synthesized by reacting the mixture of 4-dimethylaminopyridinium ILs 1–6 and different metal salts in a closed vessel exposed to ultrasound irradiation for 45 min at 70 °C. The excellent yields for this step are summarized in Table 1.

The structures of ILs 1–6 were confirmed by ¹H-NMR, ¹³C-NMR, FT-IR, and LCMS. The ¹H-NMR spectrum contained a singlet around δ_H 3.20 ppm corresponding to the six protons for N(CH₃)₂. The protons of the different methylene groups (CH₂) of all the ILs were observed at their usual chemical shifts. In addition, the signals of the pyridinium protons appeared as two doublets around δ_H 7 and 8 ppm. For IL 5, more aromatic protons for the phenyl group were observed as a multiplet at δ_H 6.89–6.93 ppm. It is also important to note the disappearance of the singlet around δ_H 5.1 ppm for the OH proton in the spectra of ILs 1 and 2, as the NMR solvent was D₂O.

All of the ¹³C-NMR spectra of ILs 1–6 showed the CH₂ and CH₃ signals at their usual chemical shifts. For example, the signals for the N(CH₃)₂, (OCH₂), and (NCH₂) carbons of IL 2 appeared at δ_C 39.6, 54.6, and 57.9 ppm, respectively. Furthermore, the aromatic carbons and the C=N gave signals between δ_C 107–158 ppm.

The IR spectra of ILs 1 and 2 showed a major absorption band at 3213 cm⁻¹, indicating the presence of hydroxyl group (OH). In addition, the FT-IR spectra of ILs 1–5 contained peaks around 1160 cm⁻¹, which is consistent with the presence of a C–O bond belonging to an ether or hydroxyl group. To support the NMR evidence, the band at 2247 cm⁻¹ (characteristic of a cyano group), clearly confirms the structure of IL 6.

The structures of ILs 7–24 were also fully characterized. The ¹H- and ¹³C-NMR spectra were essentially the same as those recorded for the parent ILs 1–6, and the ¹¹B-, ¹⁹F-, and ³¹P-NMR were also recorded to confirm the success of the metathesis reactions for these compounds. All peaks related to B or F in BF₄ appeared around δ_B −1 ppm and δ_F −148 ppm. The ³¹P-NMR and ¹⁹F-NMR spectra contained a septuplet at δ_P −131 to −157 ppm related to PF₆, and a doublet around δ_F −69 to −71 ppm related to PF₆. Finally, the presence of CF₃COO was also confirmed by the ¹⁹F NMR, and gave a peak around δ_F −73 ppm.

2.2. Antimicrobial Activity

As mentioned, one of the aims of the current work was to test the antibacterial and antifungal activities of all newly-synthesized ILs. ILs 1–24 were screened in vitro for their antibacterial activity against a panel of bacteria and fungi. These were two Gram-positive bacteria (Streptococcus pneumonia and Bacillus subtilis) and two Gram-negative bacteria (Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli) using an agar diffusion method with Mueller-Hinton agar medium for the bacteria [25]. The ILs 1–24 were also screened against four fungal strains (Aspergillus fumigates, Syncephalastrum racemosum, Geotrichum candidum, and Candida albicans) using an agar diffusion method with Sabouraud’s agar medium for the fungi [26].

The mean values for inhibition zone diameter summarized in Table 2 show that, except IL 4, 7–10 and 22–24, which did not show any antimicrobial activity against all the tested bacterial and fungal strains, all ILs displayed good to excellent antibacterial activities against the growth of all selected bacteria compared with the standards Amphotericin B, ampicillin and Gentamicin.

Table 2. Antimicrobial activities (inhibition zone; diameter in mm) of ILs 1–24 against four fungi and four bacteria.

**Table 2.** Antimicrobial activities (inhibition zone; diameter in mm) of ILs 1–24 against four fungi and four bacteria.
Compd	Antifungal Activity				Antibacterial Activity
Compd	A. fumigatus	S. racemosum	G. candidum	C. albicans	S. pneumoniae	B. subtilis	P. aeruginosa	E. coli
1	11.9	13.2	14.4	11.6	11.2	13.6	15.8	16.2
2	19.3	20.4	17.7	15.6	16.5	18.7	15.2	18.4
3	12.2	13.1	13.9	10.8	11.6	12.3	10.1	10.9
4	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA
5	23.4	22.3	28.1	26.3	23.2	27.4	22.3	23.2
6	11.1	12.1	12.9	10.3	12.4	12.9	10.2	11.9
7	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA
8	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA
9	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA
10	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA
11	14.3	15.9	17.3	13.1	18.3	20.1	14.6	16.2
12	21.3	20.2	22.1	19.6	20.4	21.3	17.3	20.6
13	18.3	19.6	18.2	17.3	18.1	19.6	15.2	17.3
14	16.3	17.8	19.2	16.7	17.4	18.3	17.2	20.9
15	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA
16	18.3	19.3	21.2	15.7	18.4	19.2	16.7	17.3
17	16.3	18.2	19.4	14.6	17.3	18.2	15.3	14.6
18	18.2	19.6	15.6	13.9	14.5	16.2	13.3	16.5
19	24.2	23.3	29.2	27.3	24.6	28.3	24.2	24.9
20	16.3	18.2	20.1	14.3	19.3	20.4	16.2	20.3
21	15.3	16.9	19.2	13.4	18.2	16.8	15.9	17.5
22	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA
23	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA
24	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA
Amphotericin B	20.4	17.3	26.3	22.0	---	---	---	---
Ampicillin	---	---	---	---	20.8	26.7	---	---
Gentamicin	---	---	---	---	---	---	16.1	18.3

The results also clearly reveal that S. racemosum and P. aeruginosa are susceptible to the action of all tested ILs. Furthermore, IL 5 (4-(dimethylamino)-1-(4-phenoxybutyl)pyridinium bromide) and IL 19 (4-(dimethylamino)-1-(4-phenoxybutyl)pyridinium tetrafluoroborate) exhibited spectacular antibacterial activities against all tested microorganisms at a concentration of 1 mg/mL.

Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC)

Based on the excellent results obtained in the inhibition zone test, it seemed appropriate to evaluate the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC), which is the highest dilution of the compound that shows a clear fluid with no development of turbidity. For this, eight ILs were selected based on their activity, and the results are summarized in Table 3.

Table 3. Antimicrobial activity expressed as MIC (μg/mL).

**Table 3.** Antimicrobial activity expressed as MIC (μg/mL).
Compd	Antifungal Activity				Antibacterial Activity
Compd	A. fumigatus	S. racemosum	G. candidum	C. albicans	S. pneumoniae	B. subtilis	P. aeruginosa	E. coli
2	3.9	3.9	7.81	31.25	15.63	3.9	62.5	7.81
5	0.98	0.98	0.24	0.49	0.98	0.49	1.95	0.98
12	1.95	3.9	0.98	3.9	3.9	1.95	15.63	1.95
13	7.81	3.9	7.81	15.63	7.81	3.9	125	15.63
14	31.25	7.81	3.9	15.63	15.63	7.81	15.63	1.95
16	7.81	3.9	1.95	62.5	7.81	0.49	31.25	7.81
19	0.49	0.98	0.49	0.49	0.49	0.24	0.49	0.24
20	31.25	7.81	3.9	125	3.9	3.9	31.25	3.9
Amphotericin B	3.9	15.63	0.49	0.98	---	---	---	---
Ampicillin	---	---	---	---	3.9	0.49	---	---
Gentamicin	---	---	---	---	---	---	31.25	7.81

From the MIC values obtained, all compounds exhibited antibacterial activity of varying degrees as well as spectrum. In general and as expected, all tested ILs (2, 5, 12, 13, 14, 16, 19, and 20) possessed similar antibacterial activities.

IL 5 (4-(dimethylamino)-1-(4-phenoxybutyl)pyridinium bromide) and IL 19 (4-(dimethylamino)-1-(4-phenoxybutyl)pyridinium tetrafluoroborate) exhibited particularly impressive antimicrobial activities in the series against all tested bacteria and fungi, with MIC values significantly lower than those of the standard controls. The excellent antibacterial activity of ILs 5 and 19 confirm our recently published results and allows us to unambiguously attribute this to the presence of the butylphenoxy group [20].

However, in this case, exchanging the halides (Br or Cl) with fluorinated anions (BF₄, PF₆ or CF₃CO₂) did not cause any obvious trends in the activity, and different activities were observed depending on the bacteria or fungi and the ionic liquid tested.

3. Experimental Section

3.1. Apparatus

All new compounds were characterized by ¹H-NMR, ¹³C-NMR and IR spectroscopy, and LCMS. ¹H-NMR (400 MHz) and ¹³C-NMR (100 MHz) spectra were measured in DMSO and D₂O at room temperature. Chemical shifts (δ) were reported in ppm, with tetramethylsilane (TMS) as an internal standard (Bruker, Faellanden, Switzerland). The LCMS spectra were measured with a Micromass LCT mass spectrometer (Agilent Technologies, Waldbronn Germany). IR spectra were recorded on a KBr disc with a Shimadzu 8201 PC FT-IR spectrophotometer (ν_max in cm⁻¹) (Shimadzu Scientific Instruments INC, Canby, OR, USA). The elemental analyses were given by using the 2400 Series II CHNS/O Elemental Analyzer (Perkin Elmer, Waltham, MA, USA). Ultrasound-assisted reactions were performed with a high-intensity ultrasonic processor SUB Aqua 5 Plus-Grant with a temperature controller (750 W), microprocessor controlled-2004. The ultrasonic frequency of the cleaning bath used is 25 KHz (Grant Scientific, Cambridgeshire, UK).

3.2. Synthesis

General procedures for the synthesis of imidazolium halides (1–6). To a solution of 4-dimethylaminopyridine (2 g, 0.0163 mol) in 20 mL of toluene, was added the appropriate alkyl halide (1.1 eq) at room temperature. The mixture was placed in a closed vessel and exposed to ultrasound irradiation for 5 h at 80 °C using a sonication bath. The completion of the reaction was marked by the separation of oil or a solid from the initially obtained clear and homogenous mixture of 4-dimethylaminopyridine and alkyl halide in toluene. The product was isolated by extraction or filtration to remove the unreacted starting materials and solvent. Subsequently, the pyridinium IL was washed with (3 × 20 mL) of ethyl acetate followed by drying under reduced pressure.

General procedure for the methathesis reaction of (1–6) leading to compounds (7–24) under ultrasound irradiation. The quaternary salt (0.3 g, 1 eq) was dissolved in in 10 mL of dichloromethane to obtain a clear solution. To this was added (1 eq) of sodium tetrafluoroborate, potassium hexafluorophosphate or sodium trifluoroacetate. The mixture were placed in a closed vessel and exposed to irradiation for 45 min at 70 °C using a sonication bath. The cooled reaction mixture was filtered through Celite to remove the solid metal halide. Evaporation of the dichloromethane quantitatively afforded the desired ionic liquids.

3.3. Characterization

4-(Dimethylamino)-1-(2-hydroxyethyl)pyridinium bromide (1). This compound was obtained as white solid (3.26 g); mp 148–150 °C, ¹H-NMR (D₂O, 400 MHz,): δ = 3.20 (s, 6H), 3.94 (t, 2H), 4.24 (t, 2H), 6.90 (d, 2Ar-H), 8.01 (d, 2Ar-H); ¹³C-NMR (D₂O, 100 MHz,): δ = 39.5 (2CH₃), 59.3 (CH₂), 60.5 (CH₂), 107.6 (CH), 141.7 (CH), 156.6 (C); IR (KBr) ν_max 3213 (O–H), 3161 (C–H, sp²), 1566 (C=C), 1161 (C–N), 1157 (C–O), LCMS (M-Br) 167.2 found for C₉H₁₅N₂O⁺; (Found: C, 43.66%; H, 6.05%; N, 11.40%. Calc. for C₉H₁₅BrN₂O (247.13); C, 43.74%; H, 6.12%; N, 11.34%).

4-(Dimethylamino)-1-(3-hydroxypropyl)pyridinium bromide (2). This compound was obtained as white solid (3.63 g); mp 112–114 °C, ¹H-NMR (D₂O, 400 MHz,): δ = 2.09 (quintet, 3H), 3.20 (s, 6H), 3.62 (t, 2H), 4.24 (t, 2H), 6.89 (d, 2H), 8.03 (d, 2H); ¹³C-NMR (D₂O, 100 MHz,): δ = 32.3 (CH₂), 39.6 (2CH₃), 54.6 (CH₂), 57.9 (CH₂), 107.7 (CH), 141.6 (CH), 156.4 (C); IR (KBr) ν_max 3212 (O–H), 3160 (C–H, sp²), 1565 (C‚C), 1163 (C–N), 1158 (C–O); LCMS (M-Br) 181.2 found for C₁₀H₁₇N₂O⁺; (Found: C, 46.04%; H, 6.49%; N, 10.68%. Calc. for C₁₀H₁₇BrN₂O (261.16); C, 45.99%; H, 6.56%; N, 10.73%).

4-(Dimethylamino)-1-(2-methoxyethyl)pyridinium bromide (3). This compound was obtained as white solid (3.46 g); mp 184–186 °C, ¹H-NMR (DMSO, 400 MHz,): δ = 1.11 (t, 3H), 3.25 (s, 3H), 3.67 (t, 2H), 3.87 (t, 2H), 4.29 (t, 2H), 6.88 (d, 2H), 8.00 (d, 2H); ¹³C-NMR (DMSO, 100 MHz,): δ = 39.6 (2CH₃), 56.2 (CH₂), 58.1 (CH₃) 70.4 (CH₂), 107.3 (CH), 142.2 (CH), 155.9 (C); ); IR (KBr) ν_max 3159 (C–H, sp²), 1563 (C=C), 1161 (C–N), 1156 (C–O); LCMS (M-Br) 181.2 found for C₁₀H₁₇N₂O⁺; (Found: C, 45.91%; H, 6.51%; N, 10.80%. Calc. for C₁₀H₁₇BrN₂O (261.16); C, 45.99%; H, 6.56%; N, 10.73%).

4-(Dimethylamino)-1-(2-ethoxyethyl)pyridinium chloride (4). This compound was obtained as brown solid; mp >280 °C (decomp) (2.98 g); ¹H-NMR (D₂O, 400 MHz,): δ = 3.17 (s, 3H), 3.20 (s, 6H), 3.55 (q, 2H), 4.34 (t, 2H), 7.00 (d, 2H), 8.20 (d, 2H); ¹³C-NMR (D₂O, 100 MHz,): δ = 14.1 (CH₃), 39.5 (2CH₃), 56.9 (CH₂), 66.8 (CH₂), 68.4 (CH₂), 107.5 (CH), 141.7 (CH), 156.5 (C); ); IR (KBr) ν_max 3160 (C–H, sp²), 1565 (C=C), 1163 (C–N), 1158 (C–O); LCMS (M-Cl) 195.3 found for C₁₁H₁₉N₂⁺; (Found: C, 57.19%; H, 8.35%; N, 12.22%. Calc. for C₁₁H₁₉ClN₂O (230.73); C, 57.26%; H, 8.30%; N, 12.14%).

4-(Dimethylamino)-1-(4-phenoxybutyl)pyridinium bromide (5). This compound was obtained as brown solid (4.77 g); mp 98–100 °C, ¹H-NMR (DMSO, 400 MHz,): δ = 1.68 (quintet, 2H), 1.93 (quintet, 2H), 3.218 (s, 6H), 3.98 (t, 2H), 4.29 (t, 2H), 6.89–6.93 (m, 5Ar-H 7.05 (d, 2Ar-H), 8.40 (d, 2Ar-H); ¹³C-NMR (DMSO, 100 MHz,): δ = 25.2 (CH₂), 27.2 (CH₂), 39.7 (2CH₃), 56.2 (CH₂), 66.6 (CH₂), 107.5 (CH), 114.4 (CH), 120.5 (CH), 129.4 (CH), 142.0 (CH), 155.8 (C), 158.4 (C); IR (KBr) ν_max 3131 (C–H Ar), 1599–1469 (C=C), 1166 (C–N), 1079 (C–O) cm⁻¹; LCMS (M-Br) 271.4 found for C₁₇H₂₃N₂O⁺; (Found: C, 58.07%; H, 6.54%; N, 8.04%. Calc. for C₁₇H₂₃BrN₂O (351.28); C, 58.12%; H, 6.60%; N, 7.97%).

1-(3-Cyanopropyl)-4-(dimethylamino)pyridinium chloride (6). This compound was obtained as white solid; mp 78–80 °C (2.88 g), ¹H-NMR (D₂O, 400 MHz,): δ = 2.25 (quintet, 2H), 2.61 (t, 2H), 3.22 (s, 6H), 4.27 (t, 2H), 6.92 (d, 2Ar-H), 8.06 (d, 2Ar-H); ¹³C-NMR (D₂O, 100 MHz,): δ = 13.7 (CH₂), 25.7 (CH₂), 39.5 (2CH₃), 56.1 (CH₂), 107.9 (CH), 120.4 (C), 141.4 (CH), 156.6 (C); IR (KBr) ν_max 3131 (C–H Ar), 2247 (C–N), 1597–1471 (C=C), 1169 (C–N)cm⁻¹; LCMS (M-Cl) 190.2 found for C₁₁H₁₆N₃⁺; (Found: C, 58.46%; H, 7.06%; N, 18.71%. Calc. for C₁₁H₁₆ClN₃ (225.72); C, 58.53%; H, 7.145%; N, 18.62%).

4-(Dimethylamino)-1-(2-hydroxyethyl)pyridinium tetrafluoroborate (7). This compound was obtained as yellow solid; mp 62–63 °C (0.29 g), ¹H-NMR (DMSO, 400 MHz,): δ = 3.18 (s, 6H), 3.71 (m, 2H), 4.24 (t, 2H), 5.09 (s, 1H), 7.02 (d, 2Ar-H), 8.25 (d, 2Ar-H); ¹³C-NMR (DMSO, 100 MHz,): δ = 39.7 (2CH₃), 58.9 (CH₂), 60.0 (CH₂), 107.3 (CH), 142.4 (CH), 155.9 (C); ¹⁹F-NMR (DMSO, 376.5 MHz): δ = −148.30; ¹¹B-NMR (DMSO, 128 MHz): δ = −1.27; IR (KBr) ν_max 3214 (O–H), 3162 (C–H, sp²), 1568 (C=C), 1162 (C–N), LCMS (M-Br) 167.2 found for C₉H₁₅N₂O⁺; (Found: C, 42.63%; H, 6.03%; N, 10.94%. Calc. for C₉H₁₅BF₄N₂O (254.03); C, 42.55%; H, 5.95%; N, 11.03%).

4-(Dimethylamino)-1-(2-hydroxyethyl)pyridinium hexafluorophosphate (8). This compound was obtained as white solid; mp 66–68 °C (0.37 g), ¹H-NMR (DMSO, 400 MHz,): δ = 3.18 (s, 6H), 3.71 (m, 2H), 4.24 (t, 2H), 5.09 (s, 1H), 7.02 (d, 2Ar-H), 8.25 (d, 2Ar-H); ¹³C-NMR (DMSO, 100 MHz,): δ = 39.7 (2CH₃), 58.9 (CH₂), 60.0 (CH₂), 107.3 (CH), 142.4 (CH), 155.9 (C); ¹⁹F-NMR (DMSO, 376.5 MHz): δ = −71.11, −69.18 (d); ³¹P-NMR (DMSO, 162 MHz): δ = −157.34–−130.99 (sept); IR (KBr) ν_max 3210 (O–H), 3159 (C–H, sp²), 1563 (C=C), 1160 (C–N), LCMS (M-PF₆) 167.2 found for C₉H₁₅N₂O⁺; (Found: C, 34.55%; H, 4.76%; N, 9.04%. Calc. for C₉H₁₅F₆N₂OP (312.19); C, 34.62%; H, 4.84%; N, 8.97%).

4-(Dimethylamino)-1-(2-hydroxyethyl)pyridinium trifluoroacetate (9). This compound was obtained as white solid; mp 86–88 °C (0.32 g), ¹H-NMR (DMSO, 400 MHz,): δ = 3.19 (s, 6H), 3.73 (m, 2H), 4.24 (t, 2H), 5.23 (s, 1H), 7.04 (d, 2Ar-H), 8.26 (d, 2Ar-H); ¹³C-NMR (DMSO, 100 MHz,): δ = 39.6 (2CH₃), 59.0 (CH₂), 60.1 (CH₂), 107.3 (CH), 142.5 (CH), 155.9 (C);¹⁹F-NMR (DMSO, 376.5 MHz): δ = −73.49; IR (KBr) ν_max 3213 (O–H), 3161 (C–H, sp²), 1564 (C=C), 1158 (C–N), LCMS (M-CF₃CO₂) 167.2 found for C₉H₁₅N₂O⁺; (Found: C, 47.04%; H, 5.23%; N, 10.08%. Calc. for C₁₁H₁₅F₃N₂O₃ (280.24); C, 47.14%; H, 5.39%; N, 10.00%).

4-(Dimethylamino)-1-(3-hydroxypropyl)pyridinium tetrafluoroborate (10). This compound was obtained as oil (0.29 g), ¹H-NMR (DMSO, 400 MHz,): δ = 1.93 (quintet, 3H), 3.20 (s, 6H), 3.41 (t, 2H), 4.25 (t, 2H), 7.05 (d, 2H), 8.31 (d, 2H); ¹³C-NMR (DMSO, 100 MHz,): δ = 33.1 (CH₂), 39.7 (2CH₃), 54.2 (CH₂), 56.9 (CH₂), 107.6 (CH), 141.2 (CH), 155.8 (C); ¹⁹F-NMR (DMSO, 376.5 MHz): δ = −148.36; ¹¹B NMR (DMSO, 128 MHz): δ = −1.27; IR (NaCl) ν_max 3216 (O–H), 3167 (C–H, sp²), 1566 (C=C), 1166 (C–N), 1153 (C–O), LCMS (M-BF₄) 181.2 found for C₁₀H₁₇N₂O⁺; (Found: C, 44.92%; H, 6.30%; N, 10.53%. Calc. for C₁₀H₁₇BF₄N₂O (268.06); C, 44.81%; H, 6.39%; N, 10.45%).

4-(Dimethylamino)-1-(3-hydroxypropyl)pyridinium hexafluorophosphate (11). This compound was obtained as white semi-solid (0.37 g), ¹H-NMR (DMSO, 400 MHz,): δ = 1.92 (quintet, 3H), 3.19 (s, 6H), 3.40 (t, 2H), 4.23 (t, 2H), 7.02 (d, 2H), 8.24 (d, 2H); ¹³C-NMR (DMSO, 100 MHz,): δ = 33.1 (CH₂), 39.7 (2CH₃), 54.2 (CH₂), 56.9 (CH₂), 107.6 (CH), 141.2 (CH), 155.8 (C); ¹⁹F-NMR (DMSO, 376.5 MHz): δ = −71.10, −69.22 (d); ³¹P-NMR (DMSO, 162 MHz): δ = −157.35–−131.00 (sept); IR (NaCl) ν_max 3211 (O–H), 3160 (C–H, sp²), 1565 (C=C), 1164 (C–N), 1152 (C–O),LCMS (M-PF₆) 181.2 found for C₁₀H₁₇N₂O⁺; (Found: C, 36.73%; H, 5.16%; N, 8.67%. Calc. for C₁₀H₁₇F₆N₂OP (326.22); C, 36.82%; H, 5.25%; N, 8.59%).

4-(Dimethylamino)-1-(3-hydroxypropyl)pyridinium trifluoroacetate (12). This compound was obtained as oil (0.32 g), ¹H-NMR (DMSO, 400 MHz,): δ = 1.91 (quintet, 3H), 3.19 (s, 6H), 3.39 (t, 2H), 4.26 (t, 2H), 7.03 (d, 2H), 8.32 (d, 2H); ¹³C-NMR (DMSO, 100 MHz,): δ = 33.1 (CH₂), 39.7 (2CH₃), 54.1 (CH₂), 56.9 (CH₂), 107.6 (CH), 142.2 (CH), 155.8 (C); ¹⁹F-NMR (DMSO, 376.5 MHz): δ = −73.56; IR (NaCl) ν_max 3209 (O–H), 3164 (C–H, sp²), 1562 (C=C), 1162 (C–N), 1150 (C–O); LCMS (M-CF₃CO₂) 181.2 found for C₁₀H₁₇N₂O⁺; (Found: C, 49.06%; H, 5.73%; N, 9.61%. Calc. for C₁₂H₁₇F₃N₂O₃ (294.27); C, 48.98%; H, 5.82%; N, 9.52%).

4-(Dimethylamino)-1-(2-methoxyethyl)pyridinium tetrafluoroborate (13). This compound was obtained as white solid (0.29 g); mp 98–100 °C, ¹H-NMR (DMSO, 400 MHz,): δ = 3.19 (s, 6H), 3.24 (s, 3H), 3.67 (t, 2H), 4.34 (t, 2H), 7.02 (d, 2H), 8.23 (d, 2H); ¹³C-NMR (DMSO, 100 MHz,): δ = 39.6 (2CH₃), 56.2 (CH₂), 58.1 (CH₃) 70.4 (CH₂), 107.4 (CH), 142.3 (CH), 155.9 (C); ¹⁹F-NMR (DMSO, 376.5 MHz): δ = −148.33; ¹¹B NMR (DMSO, 128 MHz): δ = −1.26; IR (NaCl) ν_max 3161 (C–H, sp²), 1563 (C=C), 1163 (C–N), 1156 (C–O) LCMS (M-BF₄) 181.2 found for C₁₀H₁₇N₂O⁺; (Found: C, 44.84%; H, 6.33%; N, 10.51%. Calc. for C₁₀H₁₇BF₄N₂O (268.06); C, 44.81%; H, 6.39%; N, 10.45%).

4-(Dimethylamino)-1-(2-methoxyethyl)pyridinium hexafluorophosphate (14). This compound was obtained as white solid; mp 80–82 °C (0.34 g), ¹H-NMR (DMSO, 400 MHz,): δ = 3.17 (s, 6H), 3.25 (s, 3H), 3.67 (t, 2H), 4.34 (t, 2H), 7.00 (d, 2H), 8.20 (d, 2H); ¹³C-NMR (DMSO, 100 MHz,): δ = 39.6 (2CH₃), 56.2 (CH₂), 58.1 (CH₃) 70.4 (CH₂), 107.3 (CH), 142.2 (CH), 155.9 (C); ¹⁹F-NMR (DMSO, 376.5 MHz): δ = −71.10, −69.21 (d); ³¹P-NMR (DMSO, 162 MHz): δ = −157.31–−130.99 (sept); IR (NaCl) ν_max 3159 (C–H, sp²), 1564 (C=C), 1161 (C–N), 1158 (C–O); LCMS (M-PF₆) 181.2 found for C₁₀H₁₇N₂O⁺; (Found: C, 36.74%; H, 5.19%; N, 8.66%. Calc. for C₁₀H₁₇F₆N₂OP (326.22); C, 36.82%; H, 5.25%; N, 8.59%).

4-(Dimethylamino)-1-(2-methoxyethyl)pyridinium trifluoroacetate (15). This compound was obtained as oil (0.31 g), ¹H-NMR (DMSO, 400 MHz,): δ = 3.18 (s, 6H), 3.23 (s, 3H), 3.66 (t, 2H), 4.39 (t, 2H), 7.05 (d, 2H), 8.30 (d, 2H); ¹³C-NMR (DMSO, 100 MHz,): δ = 39.7 (2CH₃), 56.0 (CH₂), 58.1 (CH₃) 70.5 (CH₂), 107.4 (CH), 142.4 (CH), 155.9 (C); ¹⁹F-NMR (DMSO, 376.5 MHz): δ = −74.34; IR (NaCl) ν_max 3158 (C–H, sp²), 1560 (C=C), 1160 (C–N), 1158 (C–O); LCMS (M-CF₃CO₂) 181.2 found for C₁₀H₁₇N₂O⁺; (Found: C, 49.06%; H, 5.74%; N, 9.59%. Calc. for C₁₂H₁₇F₃N₂O₃ (294.27); C, 48.98%; H, 5.82%; N, 9.52%).

4-(Dimethylamino)-1-(2-ethoxyethyl)pyridinium tetrafluoroborate (16). This compound was obtained as oil (0.34 g), ¹H-NMR (DMSO, 400 MHz,): δ = 1.04 (t, 3H), 3.18 (s, 3H), 3.43 (q, 2H), 3.70 (t, 2H), 4.33 (t, 2H), 7.01 (d, 2H), 8.20 (d, 2H); ¹³C-NMR (DMSO, 100 MHz,): δ = 14.7 (CH₃), 39.5 (2CH₃), 56.4 (CH₂), 65.5 (CH₂), 68.2 (CH₂), 107.3 (CH), 142.2 (CH), 156.5 (C); ¹⁹F-NMR (DMSO, 376.5 MHz): δ = −148.35; ¹¹B NMR (DMSO, 128 MHz): δ = −1.20; IR (NaCl) ν_max 3161 (C–H, sp²), 1564 (C=C), 1160 (C–N), 1158 (C–O); LCMS (M-BF₄) 195.3 found for C₁₁H₁₉N₂O⁺; (Found: C, 46.76%; H, 6.71%; N, 7.01%. Calc. for C₁₁H₁₉BF₄N₂O (282.09); C, 46.84%; H, 6.79%; N, 9.93%).

4-(Dimethylamino)-1-(2-ethoxyethyl)pyridinium hexafluorophosphate (17). This compound was obtained as oil (0.42 g), ¹H-NMR (DMSO, 400 MHz,): δ = 1.05 (t, 3H), 3.19 (s, 3H), 3.43 (q, 2H), 3.70 (t, 2H), 4.33 (t, 2H), 7.02 (d, 2H), 8.21 (d, 2H); ¹³C-NMR (DMSO, 100 MHz,): δ = 14.7 (CH₃), 39.6 (2CH₃), 56.4 (CH₂), 65.5 (CH₂), 68.2 (CH₂), 107.3 (CH), 142.3 (CH), 155.9 (C); ¹⁹F-NMR (DMSO, 376.5 MHz): δ = −71.13, −69.24 (d); ³¹P-NMR (DMSO, 162 MHz): δ = −157.34–−130.99 (sept); IR (NaCl) ν_max 3158 (C–H, sp²), 1564 (C=C), 1160 (C–N), 1157 (C–O); LCMS (M-PF₆) 195.3 found for C₁₁H₁₉N₂O⁺; (Found: C, 38.77%; H, 5.57%; N, 8.32%. Calc. for C₁₁H₁₉F₆N₂OP (340.25); C, 38.83%; H, 5.63%; N, 8.23%).

4-(Dimethylamino)-1-(2-ethoxyethyl)pyridinium trifluoroacetate (18). This compound was obtained as oil (0.36 g), ¹H-NMR (DMSO, 400 MHz,): δ = 1.05 (t, 3H), 3.20 (s, 3H), 3.45 (q, 2H), 3.71 (t, 2H), 4.37 (t, 2H), 7.05 (d, 2H), 8.28 (d, 2H); ¹³C-NMR (DMSO, 100 MHz,): δ = 13.7 (CH₃), 39.6 (2CH₃), 55.3 (CH₂), 64.5 (CH₂), 67.2 (CH₂), 106.3 (CH), 141.3 (CH), 154.9 (C); ¹⁹F-NMR (DMSO, 376.5 MHz): δ = −73.57; IR (NaCl) ν_max 3160 (C–H, sp²), 1564 (C=C), 1162 (C–N), 1159 (C–O); LCMS (M-CF₃CO₂) 195.3 found for C₁₁H₁₉N₂O⁺; (Found: C, 50.56%; H, 6.13%; N, 9.16%. Calc. for C₁₃H₁₉F₃N₂O₃ (308.30); C, 50.65%; H, 6.21%; N, 9.09%).

4-(Dimethylamino)-1-(4-phenoxybutyl)pyridinium tetrafluoroborate (19). This compound was obtained as white solid (0.28 g); mp 106–107 °C, ¹H-NMR (DMSO, 400 MHz,): δ = 1.68 (quintet, 2H), 1.94 (quintet, 2H), 3.18 (s, 6H), 3.98 (t, 2H), 4.26 (t, 2H), 6.90–7.04 (m, 5Ar-H), 7.27 (d, 2Ar-H), 8.34 (d, 2Ar-H); ¹³C-NMR (DMSO, 100 MHz,): δ = 25.2 (CH₂), 27.2 (CH₂), 39.7 (2CH₃), 56.3 (CH₂), 66.6 (CH₂), 107.6 (CH), 114.4 (CH), 120.5 (CH), 129.4 (CH), 141.9 (CH), 155.8 (C), 158.4 (C); ¹⁹F-NMR (DMSO, 376.5 MHz): δ = −148.34; ¹¹B NMR (DMSO, 128 MHz): δ = −1.22; IR (KBr) ν_max 3132 (C–H Ar), 1600–1471 (C=C), 1164 (C–N), 1081 (C–O) cm⁻¹; LCMS (M-BF₄) 271.4 found for C₁₇H₂₃N₂O⁺; (Found: C, 57.07%; H, 6.41%; N, 7.89%. Calc. for C₁₇H₂₃BF₄N₂O (358.18); C, 57.01%; H, 6.47%; N, 7.82%).

4-(Dimethylamino)-1-(4-phenoxybutyl)pyridinium hexafluorophosphate (20). This compound was obtained as white solid (0.33 g); mp 128–130 °C, ¹H-NMR (DMSO, 400 MHz,): δ = 1.68 (quintet, 2H), 1.93 (quintet, 2H), 3.18 (s, 6H), 3.97 (t, 2H), 4.29 (t, 2H), 6.89–7.06 (m, 5Ar-H), 7.26 (d, 2Ar-H), 8.40 (d, 2Ar-H); ¹³C-NMR (DMSO, 100 MHz,): δ = 25.2 (CH₂), 27.2 (CH₂), 39.7 (2CH₃), 56.2 (CH₂), 66.6 (CH₂), 107.5 (CH), 114.4 (CH), 120.5 (CH), 129.4 (CH), 142.0 (CH), 155.8 (C), 158.4 (C); ¹⁹F-NMR (DMSO, 376.5 MHz): δ = −71.10, −69.21 (d); ³¹P-NMR (DMSO, 162 MHz): δ = −157.31–−130.96 (sept); IR (KBr) ν_max 3131 (C–H Ar), 1598–1471 (C=C), 1165 (C–N), 1079 (C–O) cm⁻¹; LCMS (M-PF₆) 271.4 found for C₁₇H₂₃N₂O⁺; (Found: C, 48.97%; H, 5.50%; N, 6.81%. Calc. for C₁₇H₂₃F₆N₂OP (416.34); C, 49.04%; H, 5.57%; N, 6.73%).

4-(Dimethylamino)-1-(4-phenoxybutyl)pyridinium trifluoroacetate (21). This compound was obtained as oil (0.30 g), ¹H-NMR (DMSO, 400 MHz,): δ = 1.69 (quintet, 2H), 1.94 (quintet, 2H), 3.18 (s, 6H), 3.98 (t, 2H), 4.24 (t, 2H), 6.90–6.94 (m, 5Ar-H), 7.27 (d, 2Ar-H), 8.30 (d, 2Ar-H); ¹³C-NMR (DMSO, 100 MHz,): δ = 24.1 (CH₂), 26.0 (CH₂), 39.6 (2CH₃), 53.7 (CH₂), 55.1 (CH₂), 106.5 (CH), 113.2 (CH), 119.3 (CH), 128.4 (CH), 140.8 (CH), 154.6 (C), 157.2 (C); ¹⁹F-NMR (DMSO, 376.5 MHz): δ = −73.58; IR (NaCl) ν_max 3130(C–H Ar), 1601–1473 (C=C), 1165 (C-N), 1080 (C-O) cm⁻¹; LCMS (M-CF₃CO₂) 271.4 found for C₁₇H₂₃N₂O⁺; (Found: C, 59.25%; H, 5.57%; N, 7.37%. Calc. for C₁₉H₂₃F₃N₂O₃ (384.39); C, 59.37%; H, 6.03%; N, 7.29%).

1-(3-Cyanopropyl)-4-(dimethylamino)pyridinium tetrafluoroborate (22). This compound was obtained as white solid (0.33 g); mp 120–121 °C, ¹H-NMR (DMSO, 400 MHz,): δ = 2.12 (quintet, 2H), 2.56 (t, 2H), 3.19 (s, 6H), 4.22 (t, 2H), 7.04 (d, 2Ar-H), 8.26 (d, 2Ar-H); ¹³C-NMR (DMSO, 100 MHz,): δ = 13.3 (CH₂), 25.8 (CH₂), 39.5 (2CH₃), 55.4 (CH₂), 107.7 (CH), 119.5 (C), 141.9 (CH), 155.9 (C); ¹⁹F-NMR (DMSO, 376.5 MHz): δ = −148.41; ¹¹B NMR (DMSO, 128 MHz): δ = −1.27; IR (KBr) ν_max 3131 (C-H Ar), 2251 (CN), 1598–1469 (C=C), 1170 (C–N) cm⁻¹LCMS (M-BF₄) 190.2 found for C₁₁H₁₆N₃⁺; (Found: C, 47.60%; H, 5.74%; N, 15.23%. Calc. for C₁₁H₁₆ F₄N₃ (277.07); C, 47.68%; H, 5.82%; N, 15.17%).

1-(3-Cyanopropyl)-4-(dimethylamino)pyridinium hexafluorophosphate (23). This compound was obtained as white solid (0.41 g); mp 121–122 °C, ¹H-NMR (DMSO, 400 MHz,): δ = 2.12 (quintet, 2H), 2.56 (t, 2H), 3.19 (s, 6H), 4.22 (t, 2H), 7.04 (d, 2Ar-H), 8.26 (d, 2Ar-H); ¹³C-NMR (DMSO, 100 MHz,): δ = 13.4 (CH₂), 25.8 (CH₂), 39.7 (2CH₃), 55.5 (CH₂), 107.7 (CH), 119.5 (C), 142.0 (CH), 156.0 (C); ¹⁹F-NMR (DMSO, 376.5 MHz): δ = −71.12, −69.23 (d); ³¹P-NMR (DMSO, 162 MHz): δ = −157.36–−131.02 (sept); IR (KBr) ν_max 3130 (C–H Ar), 2246 (CN), 1599–1471 (C=C), 1169 (C-N)cm⁻¹; LCMS (M-PF₆) 190.2 found for C₁₁H₁₆N₃⁺; (Found: C, 39.35%; H, 4.74%; N, 12.61%. Calc. for C₁₁H₁₆F₆N₃P (335.23); C, 39.41%; H, 4.81%; N, 12.53%).

1-(3-Cyanopropyl)-4-(dimethylamino)pyridinium trifluoroacetate (24). This compound was obtained as oil (0.37 g), NMR (DMSO, 400 MHz,): δ = 2.12 (quintet, 2H), 2.57 (t, 2H), 3.19 (s, 6H), 4.24 (t, 2H), 7.06 (d, 2Ar-H), 8.31 (d, 2Ar-H); ¹³C-NMR (DMSO, 100 MHz,): δ = 13.3 (CH₂), 25.9 (CH₂), 39.7 (2CH₃), 55.4 (CH₂), 107.7 (CH), 119.6 (C), 142.0 (CH), 156.0 (C); ¹⁹F-NMR (DMSO, 376.5 MHz): δ = −73.45; IR (NaCl) ν_max 3132 (C–H Ar), 2247 (CN), 1597–1476 (C=C), 1168 (C–N) cm⁻¹; LCMS (M-CF₃CO₂) 190.2 found for C₁₁H₁₆N₃⁺; (Found: C, 51.55%; H, 5.25%; N, 13.94%. Calc. for C₁₃H₁₆F₃N₃O₂ (303.28); C, 51.48%; H, 5.32%; N, 13.86%).

3.4. Determination of Minimum Inhibitory Concentrations

Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) were determined using the broth microdilution method based on recommended protocolemployed by the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute [27]. Tested compounds were dissolved in sterile, distilled water and diluted to a final concentration of 512 µg/mL in Mueller-Hinton broth (Becton Dickinson, USA) [28]. Two-fold, serially-diluted test compounds were dispensed into each of the 96 wells of a standard microdilution plates. The direct colony suspension method was used for inoculum preparation. Bacterial suspension was prepared by direct transfer of colonies from 24 h agar plates to Mueller Hinton broth. Bacterial suspensions were adjusted using bacterial counting chamber to contain approximately 1 × 10⁸ CFU/mL. A 50 µL volume of each bacterial suspension was mixed with 50 µL serially diluted tested compound in 96 microdilution plate according to the microdilution method [26]. Uninoculated wells were prepared as control samples. Plates were incubated at 35 °C for 24 h. The minimum (inhibitory) bactericidal concentration was defined as the lowest concentration of test compound producing no visible growth. Confirmation for MIC was achieved by transfer of aliquots from wells containing no growth on to nutrient agar plates and tested for colony formation upon subculturing. Given values of obtained MIC values are means of three independent experiments.

4. Conclusions

In summary, new functionalized 4-dimethylaminopyridinium-based ionic liquids (ILs) were synthesized using eco-friendly, ultrasound-assisted reactions which afforded many advantages, such as the reduction of reaction time and increase in yields. The MIC results show that the ILs studied display excellent antimicrobial activity, especially ILs 5 and 19. Their activities are greatly improved by the presence of the butylphenoxy group.

Supplementary Materials

Supplementary data (¹H-NMR, ¹³C-NMR, ¹¹B-NMR, ¹⁹F-NMR, and ³¹P-NMR) associated with this article are available at: https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/20/08/14936/s1.

Acknowledgement

We are grateful to M. M. Elaasser, Director of Regional Center for Mycology and Biotechnology (RCMB), Alazhar University, Cairo, Egypt, for carrying out the antibacterial and antifungal activities.

Conflicts of Interest

The author declares no conflict of interest.

References

Earle, M.J.; Esperanca, J.M.S.; Gilea, M.A.; Lopes, J.N.C.; Rebelo, L.P.N.; Magee, J.W.; Seddon, K.R.; Widegren, J.A. The distillation and volatility of ionic liquids. Nature 2006, 439, 831–834. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Yang, J.Z.; Gui, J.S.; Lv, X.M.; Zhang, G.Q.; Li, H.W. Study on properties of ionic liquid BMIBF₄. Acta Chim. Sin. 2005, 63, 577–580. [Google Scholar]
Ui, K.; Yamamoto, K.; Ishikawa, K.; Minami, T.; Takeuchi, K.; Itagaki, M.; Watanabe, K.; Koura, N. Development of non-flammeable lithium secondary battery with room-temperature ionic liquid electrolyte: Performance of electroplated Al film negative electrode. J. Power Sources 2008, 183, 347–350. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Kubota, K.; Nohira, T.; Goto, T.; Hagiwara, R. Novel inorganic ionic liquids possessing low melting temperatures and wide electro-chemical windows: Binary mixtures of alkali bis(fluorosulfonyl) amides. Electrochem. Commun. 2008, 10, 1886–1888. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Ahrens, S.; Peritz, A.; Strassner, T. Tunable arylalkyl ionic liquids (TAAILs): The next generation of ionic liquids. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 2009, 48, 7908–7910. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Marisa, C.B.; Russell, G.E.; Richard, G.C. Non-haloaluminate room-temperature ionic liquids in electrochemistry—A review. Chem. Phys. Chem. 2004, 5, 1106–1120. [Google Scholar]
Anderson, J.L.; Armstrong, D.W. High-stability ionic liquids, a new class of stationary phases for gas chromatography. Anal. Chem. 2003, 75, 4851–4858. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Docherty, K.M.; Kulpa, C.F., Jr. Toxicity and antimicrobial activity of imidazolium and pyridinium ionic liquids. Green Chem. 2005, 7, 185–189. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Procuranti, B.; Myles, L.; Gathergood, N.; Connon, S.J. Pyridinium ion catalysis of carbonyl protection reactions. Synthesis 2009, 23, 4082–4086. [Google Scholar]
Myles, L.; Gore, R.; Spulak, M.; Gathergood, N.; Connon, S.J. Highly recyclable, imidazolium derived ionic liquids of low antimicrobial and antifungal toxicity: A new strategy for acid catalysis. Green Chem. 2010, 12, 1157–1162. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Endres, F. Ionic liquids: Solvents for the electrodeposition of metals and semiconductors. Chem. Phys. Chem. 2002, 3, 144–154. [Google Scholar]
Zhang, Q.H.; Zhang, S.G.; Deng, Y.Q. Recent advances in ionic liquid catalysis. Green Chem. 2011, 13, 2619–2637. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Ferlin, N.; Courty, M.; Gatard, S.; Spulak, M.; Quilty, B.; Beadham, I.; Ghavre, M.; Haiß, A.; Kümmerer, K.; Gathergood, N.; et al. Biomass derived ionic liquids: Synthesis from natural organic acids, characterization, toxicity, biodegradation and use as solvents for catalytic hydrogenation processes. Tetrahedron 2013, 69, 6150–6161. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Moniruzzaman, M.; Nakashima, K.; Kamiya, N.; Goto, M. Recent advances of enzymatic reactions in ionic liquids. Biochem. Eng. J. 2010, 48, 295–314. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Messali, M. A green microwave-assisted synthesis, characterization and comparative study of new pyridazinium-based ionic liquids derivatives towards corrosion of mild steel in acidic environment. J. Mater. Environ. Sci. 2011, 2, 174–185. [Google Scholar]
Messali, M.; Bousskri, A.; Anejjar, A.; Salghi, R.; Hammouti, B. Electrochemical Studies of New Pyridazinium-Based Ionic Liquid, (1–4-Nitro Phenyl-1-ethanone) Pyridazinium bromide, On Carbon Steel Corrosion in Hydrochloric Acid Medium. Int. J. Electrochem. Sci. 2015, 10, 4532–4551. [Google Scholar]
Biswas, A.; Shogren, R.L.; Stevenson, D.G.; Willett, J.L.; Bhowmik, P.K. Ionic liquids as solvents for biopolymers: Acylation of starch and zein protein. Carbohydr. Polym. 2006, 66, 546–550. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Pernak, J.; Sobaszkiewicz, K.; Mirska, I. Anti-microbial activities of ionic liquids. Green Chem 2003, 5, 52–56. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Carson, L.; Chau, P.K.W.; Earle, M.J.; Gilea, M.A.; Gilmore, B.F.; Gorman, S.P.; McCann, M.T.; Seddon, K.R. Antibiofilm activities of 1-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride ionic liquids. Green Chem. 2009, 11, 492–497. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Messali, M. An efficient and green sonochemical synthesis of some new eco-friendly functionalized ionic liquids. Arab. J. Chem. 2014, 7, 63–70. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Messali, M.; Ahmed, S.A. A green microwave-assisted synthesis of new pyridazinium-based ionic liquids as an environmentally friendly alternative. Green Sustain. Chem. 2011, 1, 70–75. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Messali, M.; Aouad, M.R.; El-Sayed, W.S.; Ali, A.A.; Ben Hadda, T.; Hammouti, B. New eco-friendly 1-alkyl-3-(4-phenoxybutyl) imidazolium-based ionic liquids derivatives: A green ultrasound-assisted Synthesis, characterization, antimicrobial activity and POM analyses. Molecules 2014, 19, 11741–11759. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Messali, M.; Aouad, M.R.; Ali, A.A.; Ben Hadda, T.; Hammouti, B. Synthesis, characterization, and POM analyses of novel bioactive imidazolium-based ionic liquids. Med. Chem. Res. 2015, 24, 1387–1395. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Katritzky, A.R.; Mokrosz, M.J. The preparation of some 1-vinylpyridinium salts. Heterocycles 1984, 22, 505–512. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
European Committee for Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (EUCAST) of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases (ESCMID). Determination of minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of antibacterial agents by agar dilution. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. 2000, 6, 509–515. [Google Scholar]
National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards. Methods for Dilution Antimicrobial Susceptibility Tests for Bacteria That Grow Aerobically Approved StandardM7-A5, 5th ed.; NCCLS: Wayne, PA, USA, 2000. [Google Scholar]
Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI). Document M26-A. In Methods of Determining Bactericidal Activity of Antimicrobial Agents for Dilution Antimicrobial Susceptibility Tests for Bacteria that Grow Aerobically; Approved Guideline; CLSI: Wayne, PA, USA, 1999. [Google Scholar]
Nomura, H.; Isshiki, Y.; Sakuda, K.; Sakuma, K.; Kondo, S. The Antibacterial Activity of Compounds Isolated from Oakmoss against Legionella pneumophila and Other Legionella spp. Biol. Pharm. Bull. 2012, 35, 1560–1567. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]

Sample Availability: Samples of the compounds 1–24 are available from the authors.

© 2015 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution license ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Messali, M. Eco-Friendly Synthesis of a New Class of Pyridinium-Based Ionic Liquids with Attractive Antimicrobial Activity. Molecules 2015, 20, 14936-14949. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules200814936

AMA Style

Messali M. Eco-Friendly Synthesis of a New Class of Pyridinium-Based Ionic Liquids with Attractive Antimicrobial Activity. Molecules. 2015; 20(8):14936-14949. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules200814936

Chicago/Turabian Style

Messali, Mouslim. 2015. "Eco-Friendly Synthesis of a New Class of Pyridinium-Based Ionic Liquids with Attractive Antimicrobial Activity" Molecules 20, no. 8: 14936-14949. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules200814936

Article Menu

Eco-Friendly Synthesis of a New Class of Pyridinium-Based Ionic Liquids with Attractive Antimicrobial Activity

Abstract

1. Introduction

2. Results and Discussion

2.1. Chemistry

2.2. Antimicrobial Activity

Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC)

3. Experimental Section

3.1. Apparatus

3.2. Synthesis

3.3. Characterization

3.4. Determination of Minimum Inhibitory Concentrations

4. Conclusions

Supplementary Materials

Acknowledgement

Conflicts of Interest

References

Share and Cite

Article Metrics

Article Access Statistics

Further Information

Guidelines

MDPI Initiatives

Follow MDPI