molecules Molecules Molecules Molecules 1420-3049 MDPI 10.3390/molecules171213864 molecules-17-13864 Article Efficient Preparation of α-Ketoacetals Ayala-Mata Francisco Barrera-Mendoza Citlalli Jiménez-Vázquez Hugo A. Vargas-Díaz Elena Zepeda L. Gerardo * Departamento de Química Orgánica, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas del IPN, Prol. de Carpio y Plan de Ayala S/N, Col. Santo Tomás, Deleg. Gustavo A. Madero, México, DF 11340, Mexico Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; Email: lzepeda@woodward.encb.ipn.mx; Tel.: +52-55-5729-6300 (ext. 62412); Fax: +52-55-5396-3503. 22 11 2012 12 2012 17 12 13864 13878 22 10 2012 31 10 2012 19 11 2012 © 2012 by the authors; licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. 2012

This article is an open-access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/).

The Weinreb amides 2a,b were prepared from the α,α-dimethoxyacetic acids 1c,d. A number of representative nucleophilic additions (RMgX and RLi) on 2 afforded α-ketoacetals 3a–j in 70–99% yield. These compounds represent a versatile arrangement of functional groups of significant synthetic value, as demonstrated in the synthesis of (±)-salbutamol.

 α,α-dimethoxyacids Weinreb amide Grignard reagents α-ketoacetals salbutamol 1. Introduction

The α-ketoacetals constitute a strategic array of functional groups of great value in synthetic organic chemistry. They offer the possibility of performing the selective functionalization of a keto group over the more reactive aldehyde, as the latter is protected as an acetal. For instance, α-ketoacetals are key intermediates in the preparation of chiral cyanohydrins [1], nicotine derivatives [2], chiral sulfoxides [3], α-hydroxy acetals [4,5,6], chiral 1,2-diols [7] and, of particular importance for our research group, of several myrtenal-derived chiral auxiliaries [8,9,10]. A number of methods have been described for the preparation of α-ketoacetals, including the classic acetalization of monoalkyl-substituted glyoxals with trialkylorthoformate [1], treatment of α,α-dichloroketones with MeONa [11], selenium-catalyzed conversion of terminal alkynes [12] and methyl aryl ketones [13] in the presence of MeOH, transformation of methoxystyrenes with Ce(IV) ammonium nitrate [14], treatment of methylketones with alkylnitrite [15], rearrangement of 1,3-dimethoxy-2-alkanones [16], oxidation of arylketones by thallium(III) and halogens [17], nucleophilic addition to α,α-dialkoxyacetyl chlorides [18] as well as addition of RMgX and RLi to ethyl α,α-diethoxyacetate [19]. From our own experience, direct treatment of either α,α-dialkoxyacetates 1a or 1b with Grignard reagents [19] gave the desired α-ketoacetals invariably accompanied by the corresponding tertiary alcohols. Hence, a protocol for the separation of the latter must be implemented in order to obtain pure α-ketoacetals. While some methods lack generality because they need specific substrates, others involve elaborate protocols or the formation of byproducts which are hard to separate from the reaction mixture. In addition, there is a scarcity of commercially available α-ketoacetals, which is essentially limited to the existence of 2,2-diethoxyacetophenone and 1,1-dialkoxyacetone [20]. These facts prompted us to develop a general, easy, and efficient procedure to prepare a wide variety of α-keto-acetals. Therefore, we describe herein the preparation of Weinreb amides [21] (WAs) 2a,b (Scheme 1) as key reagents for the synthesis of a wide range of α-ketoacetals through the addition of nucleophiles such as Grignard reagents or alkyllithiums. The synthetic versatility of α-ketoacetals is demonstrated in the synthesis of rac-salbutamol.

molecules-17-13864-scheme1_Scheme 1

Commercial α,α-dialkoxyacetates 1a,b, available starting materials for the synthesis of Weinreb amides 2a,b.

 2. Results and Discussion

The preparation of WAs 2a and 2b was conceived starting from either commercially available methyl α,α-dimethoxyacetate (1a) or ethyl α,α-diethoxyacetate (1b) (Scheme 2). Thus, transesterification of 1a or 1b with the N-magnesium chloride salt of methoxymethyl amine [22,23,24] [formed by treatment of N,O-dimethylhydroxylamine (DMHA) with iPrMgCl] in anh. THF at −78 °C gave WA 2a in 30% yield (R = Me), while 2b (R = Et) was only obtained in trace amounts (i pathway, Scheme 2). In order to increase the yield of the WAs 2a and 2b, the Ki-Jong [25] protocol was followed, which made use of the also commercially available [26] α,α-diethoxyacetic acids 1c or 1d as starting materials.

Thus, using triphosgene in CH2Cl2 at 0 °C, followed by the treatment of the carboxylic acid chloride intermediate with MeO(Me)NH-HCl and TEA [25], these compounds were readily converted to their respective WAs 2a and 2b in 88 and 75% yield, respectively (ii pathway, Scheme 2). The WAs 2a and 2b are stable enough to be freely handled without any decomposition under the experimental procedure. Their purification was achieved by distillation using a Kugelrohr apparatus at 40 °C and 0.5 mmHg, or by column chromatography on silica gel.

molecules-17-13864-scheme2_Scheme 2

Two explored synthetic routes for preparing Weinreb amides 2a,b.

A representative series of nucleophilic additions performed on WA 2a yielded only the corresponding α-ketoacetals 3a–j, with yields ranging from good to excellent (Table 1). Both Grignard reagents and alkyllithiums led to essentially the same results, as revealed through trials 1 and 6, and 4 and 8, where these different pairs of nucleophiles gave the same product in very similar yields. The α-ketoacetals were obtained in excellent yields and no further purification was required. In the same sense, no substantial differences in the reactivity of WAs 2a and 2b were observed, as the latter gave essentially the same result as the former under nucleophilic addition conditions (see entries 1 and 2, 3 and 4, as well as 6 and 7) giving compounds 4a and 4b. Although some WAs suffer demethoxylation under the action of LDA or some alkyllithiums (via an E2 reaction) [27], with the concomitant loss of formaldehyde and formation of the corresponding N-alkylamide, no such behaviour was observed in this case.

In order to illustrate the synthetic utility of α-ketoacetals they were used for the synthesis of 1,2-aminoalcohols in a protocol similar to that previously described (Scheme 3) [28], a method which represents a synthetic alternative to that described by using addition of amines to epoxides [29].

For instance, α-ketoacetal 3c was reduced in quantitative yield to the corresponding secondary carbinol, which was hydrolyzed to the cyclic dimer of the corresponding α-hydroxyaldehyde 6. The latter was directly treated, without isolation, with primary amines followed by reduction of the imine intermediate 6 with NaBH4 to afford the corresponding 1,2-aminoalcohols 7a–d in 82–93% yield. This protocol was then successfully implemented for the total synthesis of (±)-salbutamol, a β2-adrenergic receptor agonist used for the treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Thus, starting from 6-bromosalicylic acid (8), bromobenzodioxane 9 was obtained after reduction of the carboxyl group of 8 and after the successive formation of the dioxane functionality (Scheme 4). Treatment of 9 with Li in dry THF gave the corresponding organolithium which was subsequently added to Weinreb amide 2a affording the new α-ketoacetal 10 in 55% global yield from salicylic acid 8. Then, 10 was converted to carbinol 11 with NaBH4 in MeOH. Finally, after hydrolysis of 11 and successive treatment of the α-hydroxyaldehyde intermediate with tBuNH2 and reduction of the corresponding ketoimine with NaBH4, (±)-salbutamol was obtained in 81% yield.

molecules-17-13864-t001_Table 1

Results of the addition of a representative number of nucleophiles to Weinreb amides 2a,b.

Entry R1M R1 Product (% yield)
1 MeLi -CH3 3a (95)
2 MeLi -CH3 4a (90) *
3 EtLi -CH2CH3 3b (99)
4 EtLi -CH2CH3 4b (89) *
5 PhLi -C6H5 3c (92)
6 MeMgBr -CH3 3a (97)
7 MeMgBr -CH3 4a (93)*
8 EtMgBr -CH2CH3 4b (91)*
9 nPrMgBr -(CH2)2CH3 3d (97)
10 CH3CCMgBr -C≡C-CH3 3e (78)
11 PhCCMgBr -C≡C-C6 H5 3f (83)
12 4-MeC6H5MgBr - pC6H4-CH3 3g (79)
13 4-FC6H5MgBr - pC6H4-F 3h (92)
14 3-MeOC6H5MgBr - mC6H4-OCH3 3i (77)
15 BnMgBr -CH2C6H5 3j (81)

* Compounds obtained from 2b (R = Et).

 molecules-17-13864-scheme3_Scheme 3

Synthesis of 1,2-aminoalcohols 11a–d from α-ketoacetal 3c.

 molecules-17-13864-scheme4_Scheme 4

α-Ketoacetal 10 as key intermediate for the synthesis of rac-salbutamol.

 3. Experimental 3.1. General Procedures

1H and 13C-NMR spectra were recorded on Varian spectrometers at 500/125 and 300/75 MHz using CDCl3 as solvent and TMS as internal standard. Chemical shift values (δ) are reported in ppm (tetramethylsilane δ = 0 ppm for 1H; chloroform-d δ = 77.0 ppm for 13C). Proton spectra are reported as follows: δ (multiplicity, number of protons, coupling constant J). Multiplicities are indicated by s (singlet), d (doublet), dd (doublet of doublets), t (triplet), q (quartet), st (sextet), m (multiplet), bs (broad signal). Infrared spectra were recorded on a Perkin-Elmer Spectrum 2000 spectrophotometer. High Resolution Mass Spectra (HRMS) were determined with a JEOL GCmate spectrometer by Electronic Impact (EI) ionization. Thin-layer chromatograms (TLC) were done on precoated TLC sheets of silica gel Merck 60F-254. Spots on TLC were revealed by using UV lamp, ceric sulfate, iodine chamber or 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine. Purification of compounds was performed by column chromatography on silica gel (Merck 230–400 mesh). A Kugelrohr SEV 200 apparatus was also used for liquid samples. THF was freshly distilled from a purple solution of sodium and benzophenone under nitrogen atmosphere. Some reagents were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich Chemical Co. and used without further purification.

N-Trimethoxy-N-methyl-acetamide (<bold>2a</bold>): Method A

N,O-Dimethylhydroxylamine hydrochloride (6.70 g, 68.6 mmol) in THF (60 mL) was cooled for 10 min. at −78 °C in a bath of acetone-dry ice. A freshly prepared solution of isopropylmagnesium chloride (14.12g, 137.28 mmol) was slowly added to the above solution, maintaining a vigorous stirring for 30 min under nitrogen atmosphere. To the resulting reaction mixture, methyl dimethoxyacetate (1a, 6 mL, 6.58 g, 49.03 mmol) was added dropwise and the reaction mixture was stirred for 1h at −78 °C, then quenched with 20 wt % NH4Cl. The reaction was extracted with dichloromethane (3 × 30 mL) and the organic layer was dried over anhydrous Na2SO4 and evaporated to dryness. The product was purified using a Kugelrohr apparatus at 40 °C (0.5 mmHg), obtaining amide 2a (2.39 g, 30%) as a pale yellow oil. The same procedure was followed to prepare amide 2b, starting from ethyl diethoxyacetate (1b).

 Method B

To a stirred solution of the carboxylic acid 1c (58 mg; 0.48 mmol) in CH2Cl2 (10 mL) at 0 °C; triphosgene (71.1 mg; 0.24 mmol) and triethylamine (0.334 mL; 2.398 mmol) were added. Then N,O-dimethylhydroxylamine hydrochloride (51 mg; 0.52 mmol) was added to the solution and the ice bath removed. The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 1h. The reaction was extracted with EtOAc (3 × 10 mL). Then; the organic phase was dried with anhydrous Na2SO4 and concentrated in vacuum. The product was purified by column chromatography on silica gel using EtOAc-n-hexane (1:1) as eluent to give 2a (69 mg; 88%). Rf = 0.13 n-hexane:EtOAc (4:1). νmax (film): 2940; 1679; 1456; 1196; 1066; 977 cm−1. 1H-NMR (500 MHz; CDCl3): δ 5.22 (bs; 1H) C-1; 3.75 (s; 3H) MeON; 3.45 (s; 6H) (OCH3)2; 3.20 (bs; 3H) N-CH3. 13C-NMR (125 MHz; CDCl3): δ 167.5 (C-1); 96.3 (C-2); 61.5 (N-OCH3); 53.4 ((CH3O)2); 32.1 (N-CH3). EI-HRMS: calculated for C6H13NO4 163.0845; observed 163.0852.

2,2-Diethoxy-N-methoxy-N-methyl-acetamide (2b). To a stirred solution of carboxylic acid 1d (1.27 g, 8.60 mmol) in CH2Cl2 (35 ml) at 0 °C, triphosgene (1.28 g, 4.3 mmol) and triethylamine (6 mL, 43.0 mmol) were added. Then N,O-dimethylhydroxylamine hydrochloride (923 mg, 9.46 mmol) was added to the solution and the ice bath removed. The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 2h, and then filtered, dried with anh. Na2SO4 and concentrated in vacuo. The product was purified by column chromatography on silica gel using EtOAc-n-hexane (1:1) to give 2b (1.24 g, 75%). Rf = 0.33 n-hexane-EtOAc (6:4). νmax (film): 2977, 2934, 1683, 1444, 1146, 1062, 987 cm−1. 1H-NMR (500 MHz; CDCl3): δ 5.21 (bs, 1H) H-1, 3.61 (s, 3H) NOCH3, 3.59 (q, 4H, J = 7.0 Hz) 2 OCH2, 3.18 (br, 3H) NCH3, 1.22 (t, 6H, J = 7.0 Hz) (CH3)2, 13C-NMR (125 MHz; CDCl3): δ 168.0 (C-1), 94.6 (C-2), 63.1 (OCH2), 62.2 (NOCH3), 33.3 (NCH3), 14.8 (CH3). EI-HRMS: peak for molecular ion (C6H12NO4) not observed. Calculated for [M−OMe]+ 160.0974 (C7H14NO3); observed 160.0974.

 3.2. General Procedure for the Preparation of α-Ketoacetals

To a solution of amide 2a (100 mg, 0.61 mmol) in THF (6 mL), cooled at −78 °C, the organometallic reagents (1.5–2.0 eq.) were slowly added, maintaining vigorous stirring under nitrogen atmosphere for 1 h. Then, the reaction was quenched with a saturated solution of NH4Cl. The reaction was extracted with dichloromethane (3 × 4 mL). The organic layer was dried over anh. Na2SO4 and evaporated to dryness. The crude reaction was flash chromatographed (silica gel) using a mixture of n-hexane-EtOAc (8:2) as eluent.

1,1-Dimethoxypropan-2-one (3a). (A) Following the General Procedure described above, N-methoxy-N-methylacetamide (2a, 100 mg, 0.61 mmol) was treated with MeMgBr (0.92 mmol), affording α-ketoacetal 3a (70 mg, 97%) as a pale yellow liquid. (B) N-methoxy-N-methylacetamide (2a, 100 mg, 0.61 mmol) was treated with MeLi (0.92 mmol), affording α-ketoacetal 3a (68.7 mg, 95%) as a pale yellow liquid. Rf = 0.66 n-hexane-EtOAc (8:2). 1H-NMR (300 MHz; CDCl3): δ 4.47 (s, 1H) H-1, 3.42 (s, 6H) (OCH3)2, 2.22 (s, 3H) H-3 [11,30,31,32,33].

1,1-Dimethoxybutan-2-one (3b). Following the General Procedure described above, N-methoxy-N-methylacetamide (2a, 100 mg, 0.61 mmol) was treated with EtLi (0.92 mmol), affording α-ketoacetal 3b (80 mg, 99%) as a pale yellow liquid. Rf = 0.63 n-hexane-EtOAc (4:1). 1H-NMR (300 MHz; CDCl3): δ 4.49 (s, 1H) H-1, 3.40 (s, 6H) (OCH3)2, 2.58 (q, 2H, J = 7.5 Hz) H-3, 1.05 (t, 3H, J = 7.5 Hz) H-4 [11,30,31,32,33].

1,1-Diethoxypropan-2-one (4a). (A) Following the General Procedure described above, N-methoxy-N-methylacetamide (2b, 100 mg, 0.52 mmol) was treated with MeMgBr (0.78 mmol), affording α-ketoacetal 4a (71 mg, 93%). (B) N-methoxy-N-methylacetamide (2b, 100 mg, 0.52 mmol) was treated with MeLi (0.78 mmol), affording α-ketoacetal 4a (69 mg, 90%). Rf = 0.33 n-hexane-EtOAc (85:15). 1H-NMR (500 MHz; CDCl3): δ 4.25 (s, 1H) H-1, 3.7–3.5 (q, 4H, J = 7.0 Hz) (OCH2)2, 2.18 (s, 3H) H-3, 1.22 (t, 6H, J = 7.0 Hz) 2CH3 [17,34,35,36].

1,1-Diethoxybutan-2-one (4b). (A) Following the General Procedure described above, N-methoxy-N-methylacetamide (2b, 100 mg, 0.52 mmol) was treated with EtMgBr (0.78 mmol), affording α-ketoacetal 4b (75 mg, 90%). (B) N-methoxy-N-methylacetamide (2b, 100 mg, 0.52 mmol) was treated with EtLi (0.78 mmol), affording α-ketoacetal 4b (74 mg, 89%). Rf = 0.30 n-hexane-EtOAc (85:15). 1H-NMR (500 MHz; CDCl3): δ 4.53 (s, 1H) H-1, 3.45–3.75 (m, 4H) (OCH2)2, 2.59 (q, 2H, J = 7.5 Hz) H-3, 1.20 (t, 6H, J = 7.0 Hz) 2CH3, 1.01 (t, 3H, J = 7.5 Hz) H-4 [11,19,36].

1,1-Dimethoxy-2-phenylethan-2-one (3c). Following the General Procedure described above, N-methoxy-N-methylacetamide (2a, 100 mg, 0.61 mmol) was treated with PhLi (0.92 mmol), affording α-ketoacetal 3c (101 mg, 92%) as a colorless liquid. Rf = 0.51 n-hexane-EtOAc (4:1). 1H-NMR (500 MHz; CDCl3): δ 8.11 (dd, 2H, J = 7.8, 1.4 Hz) H-o, 7.57 (td, 1H, J = 7.8, 1.4 Hz) H-p, 7.44 (dd, 2H, J = 7.8, 1.4 Hz) H-m, 5.22 (s, 1H) H-1, 3.47 (s, 6H) (OCH3)2. 13C-NMR (125 MHz; CDCl3): δ 193.4 (C-2), 133.8 (C-i), 133.6 (C-p), 129.5 (C-o), 128.4 (C-m), 103.3 (C-1), 54.5 (OCH3)2 [1,11,12].

1,1-Dimethoxypentan-2-one (3d). Following the General Procedure described above, N-methoxy-N-methylacetamide (2a, 100 mg, 0.61 mmol) was treated with n-PrMgBr (0.92 mmol), affording α-ketoacetal 3d (86 mg, 97%) as a pale yellow liquid. Rf = 0.66 n-hexane-EtOAc (4:1). 1H-NMR (300 MHz; CDCl3): δ 4.47 (s, 1H) H-1, 3.41 (s, 6H) (OCH3)2, 2.54 (t, 2H, J = 7.5 Hz) H-3, 1.61 (qui, 2H, J = 7.5 Hz) H-4, 0.93 (t, 3H, J = 7.5 Hz) H-5. 13C-NMR (75 MHz; CDCl3): δ 205.7 (C-2), 103.9 (C-1), 54.6 (OCH3), 39.2 (C-3), 16.3 (C-4), 13.7 (C-5) [11].

1,1-Dimethoxypent-3-yn-2-one (3e). Following the General Procedure described above, N-methoxy-N-methylacetamide (2a, 100 mg, 0.61 mmol) was treated with CH3CCMgBr (0.92 mmol), affording α-ketoacetal 3e (67.6 mg, 78%) as a pale yellow liquid. Rf = 0.40 n-hexane-EtOAc (4:1). νmax (film): 2931, 2216, 1683, 1455, 1260, 1187, 1118, 1074, 847 cm−1. 1H-NMR (500 MHz; CDCl3): δ 4.60 (s, 1H) H-1, 3.35 (s, 6H) (OCH3)2, 2.09 (s, 3H) H-5. 13C-NMR (125 MHz; CDCl3): δ 182.1 (C-2), 103.2 (C-1), 94.7 (C-3), 78.3 (C-4), 54.5 (OCH3), 4.5 (C-5). EI-HRMS: calculated for C7H10O3 142.0630; observed 142.0621.

1,1-Dimethoxy-4-phenylbut-3-yn-2-one (3f). Following the General Procedure described above, N-methoxy-N-methylacetamide (2a, 100 mg, 0.61 mmol) was treated with PhCCMgBr (0.92 mmol), affording α-ketoacetal 3f (103.3 mg, 83%) as a pale yellow solid. Rf = 0.40 n-hexane-EtOAc (4:1). νmax (film): 2918, 2204, 1679, 1489, 1444, 1070, 758, 689 cm−1. 1H-NMR (500 MHz; CDCl3): δ 7.27–7.43 (m, 5H) Ar, 4.76 (s, 1H) H-1, 3.50 (s, 6H) (OCH3)2. 13C-NMR (125 MHz; CDCl3): δ 182.3 (C-2), 133.4 (C-o), 131.1 (C-p), 128.6 (C-m), 119.6 (C-i), 103.00 (C-1), 94.9 (C-4), 86.4 (C-3), 54.4 (OCH3)2. EI-HRMS: calculated for [M-OMe]+· (C11H9O3) 173.0603; observed 173.0607.

1,1-Dimethoxy-2-(4-methylphenyl)-ethan-2-one (3g). Following the General Procedure described above, N-methoxy-N-methylacetamide (2a, 100 mg, 0.61 mmol) was treated with 4-Me-C6H4MgBr (0.92 mmol), affording α-ketoacetal 3g (94 mg, 79%) as a pale yellow liquid. Rf = 0.46 n-hexane-EtOAc (4:1). 1H-NMR (500 MHz; CDCl3): δ 8.12 (d, 2H, J = 8.1 Hz) H-o, 7.36 (d, 2H, J = 8.1 Hz) H-m, 5.23 (s, 1H) H-1, 3.48 (s, 6H) (OCH3)2, 2.43 (s, 3H) CH3. 13C-NMR (125 MHz; CDCl3): δ 193.0 (C-2), 144.6 (C-p), 131.3 (C-i), 129.6 (C-o), 129.2 (C-m), 103.1 (C-1), 54.4 (OCH3)2, 21.7 (CH3) [37,38,39].

1,1-Dimethoxy-2-(4-fluorophenyl)-ethan-2-one (3h). Following the General Procedure described above, N-methoxy-N-methylacetamide (2a, 100 mg, 0.61 mmol) was treated with 4-F-C6H4MgCl (0.92 mmol), affording α-ketoacetal 3h (112 mg, 92%) as a pale yellow liquid. Rf = 0.44 n-hexane-EtOAc (4:1). 1H-NMR (500 MHz; CDCl3): 8.17 (m, 2H) H-o, 7.13 (m, 2H) H-m, 5.12 (s, 1H) H-1, 3.48 (s, 6H) (OCH3)2. 13C-NMR (125 MHz; CDCl3): δ 191.9, (C-2), 167.0 (1J (C-F) = 254.3 Hz, C-p), 132.4 (3J (C-F) = 9.3 Hz, C-o), 130.1 (4J (C-F) = 3 Hz, C-i), 115.5 (2J (C-F) = 21.6 Hz, C-p), 104.1 (C-1), 54.1 (OCH3)2 [37,38,39].

1,1-Dimethoxy-2-(3-methoxyphenyl)ethan-2-one (3i). Following the General Procedure described above, N-methoxy-N-methylacetamide (2a, 100 mg, 0.61 mmol) was treated with 3-MeO-C6H4MgBr (0.92 mmol), affording α-ketoacetal 3i (99 mg, 77%) as a pale yellow liquid. Rf = 0.37 n-hexane-EtOAc (4:1). 1H-NMR (500 MHz; CDCl3): δ 7.72 (dd, 1H, J = 8.0, 1.5 Hz) H-6', 7.61 (dd, 1H, J = 2.7, 1.5 Hz) H-2', 7.37 (t, 1H, J = 8.0 Hz) H-5', 7.13 (dd, 1H, J = 8.0, 2.7 Hz) H-4', 5.23 (s, 1H) H-1, 3.86 (s, 3H) ArOCH3, 3.47 (s, 6H) (OCH3)2. 13C-NMR (125 MHz; CDCl3): δ 193.2 (C-2), 159.6 (C-3'), 135.0 (C-1'), 129.4 (C-5'), 122.2 (C-6'), 120.3 (C-4’), 113.5 (C-2'), 103.0 (C-1), 55.3 (-C6H4-OCH3), 54.4 (OCH3)2 [40,41].

1,1-Dimethoxy-3-phenilpropan-2-one (3j). Following the General Procedure described above, N-methoxy-N-methylacetamide (2a, 100 mg, 0.61 mmol) was treated with BnMgCl (0.92 mmol), affording α-ketoacetal 3j (96 mg, 81%) as a pale yellow liquid. Rf = 0.44 n-hexane-EtOAc (4:1). 1H-NMR (500 MHz; CDCl3): δ 7.15–7.35 (m, 5H) Ar, 4.53 (s, 1H) H-1, 3.86 (s, 2H) H-3, 3.41 (s, 6H) (OCH3)2. 13C-NMR (125 MHz; CDCl3): δ 202.6 (C-2), 133.4 (C-i), 129.7 (C-m), 128.5 (C-o), 126.9 (C-p), 103.6 (C-1), 54.7 (OCH3)2, 44.1 (C-3) [12,17,42].

 3.3. General Procedure for the Synthesis of β-Aminoalcohols

To a cooled (0 °C) solution of α,α-dimethoxyacetophenone (3c, 2 g, 11.09 mmol) in EtOH (100 mL) 839.3 mg (22.18 mmol) of NaBH4 were added and the resulting mixture was stirred for 30 min. The reaction was quenched with acetone, the solvent was evaporated and 100 mL of hot water was added to the crude reaction. The latter was extracted with dichloromethane (3 × 5 mL), the organic layer was dried over anh. Na2SO4 and evaporated to dryness giving the corresponding carbinol (1.98 g, >96%). This compound (500 mg, 2.74 mmol) was treated with 0.2 mL of HCl 37% diluted in 2 mL of THF and stirred for 15 min. The reaction mixture was washed with a sat. solution of NaHCO3 (3 × 10 mL), extracted with dichloromethane (3 × 15 mL) and the organic layer was dried over anh. Na2SO4 and evaporated to dryness, giving 285.9 mg (74%) of 5 as a white solid.

The amine (7.34 mmol) was added to a solution of α-hydroxyaldehyde 5 (200 mg, 1.49 mmol) in THF and the resulting mixture was stirred for 30 min. The crude reaction was dissolved in 3 mL of ethanol and treated with NaBH4 (2.94 mmol) under vigorous stirring for 30 min. After this time, the reaction was quenched with acetone and the solvent was evaporated. The crude syrup was treated with 5 mL of hot water, extracted with dichloromethane and (3 × 5 mL), the organic layer was dried over anh. Na2SO4 and evaporated to dryness giving the corresponding β-aminoalcohol.

2-(tert-Butylamino)-1-pheny-1-phenylethanol (7a). Following the General Procedure as described above, intermediate 5 (200 mg, 1.49 mmol) was treated with t-BuNH2 (7.3 mmol). The product was purified by column chromatography on silica gel using ethanol-dichloromethane (3:7) to give 7a (254 mg, 90%) as a white solid. 1H-NMR (300 MHz; CDCl3): δ 7.38 (m, 5H) Ar-H, 4.62 (dd, 1H, J = 8.8, 3.7 Hz) H-1, 2.90 (dd, 1H, J = 12.0, 3.7 Hz) H-2a, 2.89 (s, 1H) OH, 2.60 (dd, 1H, J =12.0, 8.8 Hz) H-2b, 1.10 (s, 9H) t-Bu [18,43,44,45].

2-(2-Hydroxyethyl)-1-phenylethanol (7b). Following the General Procedure described above, α-hydroxyaldehyde 5 (200 mg, 1.49 mmol) was treated with ethanolamine (7.3 mmol). The product was recrystallized using n-hexane, giving 7b (218 mg, 82%). 1H-NMR (300 MHz; CDCl3): δ 7.35 (m, 5H) Ar-H, 4.76 (dd, 1H, J = 8.8, 3.7 Hz) H-1, 3.69 (t, 2H, J = 5.1 Hz) H-3, 2.90 (m, 4H) H-2 and H-4, 2.30 (bs, 3H) NH, 2OH [46,47].

2-(Benzylamino)-1-phenylethanol (7c). Following the General Procedure described above, α-hydroxyaldehyde 5 (200 mg, 1.49 mmol) was treated with benzylamine (7.3 mmol). The product was recrystallized using n-hexane and a small amount of dichloromethane, giving 7c (311 mg, 93%) as a white solid. 1H-NMR (300 MHz; CDCl3): δ 7.5–7.10 (m, 10H) Ar-H, 4.73 (dd, 1H, J = 8.9, 3.6 Hz) H-1, 3.85 (m, 2H) H-3, 2.94 (dd, 2H, J = 12.2, 3.6 Hz) H-2a, (dd, 2H, J = 12.2, 8.9 Hz) H-2b, 2.24 (bs, 2H) OH, NH [48,49,50,51].

1-Phenyl-2-((tetrahydrofuran-2-yl)methylamino) ethanol (7d). Following the General Procedure described above, α-hydroxyaldehyde 5 (200 mg, 1.49 mmol) was treated with 2-tetrahydrofurfurylamine (7.3 mmol). The product was recrystallized using n-hexane, giving 7d (283 mg, 87%) as a white solid. 1H-NMR (300 MHz; CDCl3): δ 7.35 (m, 5H) Ar-H, 4.70 (dd, 1H) H-1, 4.01 (m, 1H) H-4, 3.79 (m, 2H) H-7a,b, 2.92 (m, 1H) H-2a, 2.71 (m, 3H) H-3a,b and H-2b, 2.40 (br, 2H) NH and OH, 2.00–1.42 (m, 4H) H-5a,b and H-6a,b [52].

Bromo-2-(hydroxymethyl)phenol (8a). A solution of LiAlH4 (3.5 g, 90 mmol) in 50 mL of ether was cooled for 30 min. at −78 °C in a bath of acetone-dry ice. After that, a solution of 5-bromosalicylic acid (8, 16 g, 0.078 mmol) in ether (20 mL) was added dropwise and the reaction mixture was stirred for 2.5 h under nitrogen atmosphere and was quenched with EtOAc and water (ice). Then, to the reaction mixture a solution of hydrochloric acid 50% v/v (200 mL) was added. The reaction was extracted with dichloromethane (3 × 20 mL) and washed with sat. NaHCO3 (3 × 30 mL) and the organic layer was dried over anh. Na2SO4 and evaporated to dryness. The crude was dissolved in EtOAc and n-hexane was added to obtain a precipitate, obtaining 8a (8.6 g, 57%) as a white solid. 1H-NMR (500 MHz; CDCl3): δ 9.80 (br, 1H) OH, 7.31 (d, 1H, J = 2.5 Hz) H-3, 7.20 (dd, 1H, J = 8.6, 2.5 Hz) H-5, 6.82 (d, 1H, J = 8.6 Hz) H-6, 5.08 (br, 1H) OH, 4.42 (s, 2H) CH2 [53,54,55].

6-Bromo-2,2-dimethyl-4H-benzo[d][1,3]dioxane (9). To a stirred solution of 8a (5 g, 24.62 mmol), p-TsOH (450 mg, 0.24 mmol) and sodium sulfate (9.6 g) in acetone (95 mL) 2,2-dimethoxypropane (121 mmol) were added. The reaction was maintained with a vigorous stirring for 72 h at 40 °C. After that, the reaction was extracted with CH2Cl2 (120 mL) and washed with sat. NaHCO3 (3 × 30 mL). The organic layer was dried over anh. Na2SO4 and evaporated to dryness giving 9 (5.65 g, quantitative yield) as an amber liquid. 1H-NMR (500 MHz; CDCl3): δ 7.21 (dd, 1H, J = 8.5, 2.5 Hz) Hb, 7.03 (d, 1H, J = 2.5 Hz) Hc, 6.70 (d, 1H, J = 8.6 Hz) Ha, 4.78 (s, 2H) CH2, 1.51 (s, 6H) 2CH3 [56].

1-(2,2-Dimethyl-4H-benzo[d][1,3]dioxin-6-yl)-2,2-methoxyethanone (10). To a solution of 9 (163 mg, 67 mmol) in THF (7 mL) at −78 °C, 1.6 M nBuLi (0.92 mL 1.47 mmol) was slowly added maintaining a vigorous stirring under nitrogen atmosphere for 45 min. This solution was added dropwise to a solution of 2a (109 mg, 0.67 mmol) in 10 mL of THF cooled at −78 °C. The reaction was stirred under nitrogen atmosphere for 1 h. Then the reaction was quenched with a saturated solution of NH4Cl. The reaction was extracted with dichloromethane (3 × 5 mL), the organic layer was dried over anh. Na2SO4 and evaporated to dryness giving 10 (176 mg, quantitative yield) as a yellow syrup. νmax (film): 1693, 1497, 1375, 1272, 1204, 1110, 1067, 955, 433 cm−1. 1H-NMR (300 MHz; CDCl3): δ 7.98 (dd, 1H, J = 7.5, 2.3 Hz) H-2', 7.83 (d, 1H, J = 2.3 Hz) H-6', 6.85 (d, 1H, J = 7.5 Hz) H-3', 5.15 (s, 1H) H-1, 4.88 (s, 2H) H-7, 3.46 (s, 6H) (OCH3)2, 1.56 (s, 6H) 2CH3. 13C-NMR (75 MHz; CDCl3): δ 191.9 (C-2), 156 (C-1'), 130.2 (C-5'), 127.1 (C-6'), 126.1 (C-4'), 118.9 (C-2'), 117.0 (C-3'), 103.6 (C-1), 100.5 (C-8'), 60.6 (C-7'), 54.5 ((OCH3)2), 24.7 (2 CH3). EI-HRMS: calculated for C14H18O5 266.1154; observed 266.1154.

1-(2,2-Dimethyl-4H-benzo[d][1,3]dioxin-6-yl)-2,2-dimethoxyethanol (11). To a cooled solution (0 °C) of 10 (161 mg, 0.6 mmol) in ethanol (10 mL) NaBH4 (46 mg, 1.22 mmol) was added. The reaction mixture was stirred for 30 min. Then it was quenched with acetone, the solvent was evaporated and 5 mL of hot water was added to the reaction crude. The reaction was extracted with dichloromethane (3 × 5 mL), the organic layer was dried over anh. Na2SO4 and evaporated to dryness giving 11 (160 mg, quantitative yield) as a yellow and viscous liquid. 1H-NMR (300 MHz; CDCl3): δ 7.18 (dd, 1H, J = 8.4, 1.6 Hz) H-2', 7.02 (d, 1H, J = 1.6 Hz) H-6', 6.78 (d, 1H, J = 8.4 Hz) H-3', 4.83 (s, 2H) H-7', 4.50 (d, 1H, J = 6.5 Hz) H-2, 4.24 (d, 1H, J = 6.5 Hz) H-1, 3.45 (s, 3H) OCH3, 3.25 (s, 3H) OCH3, 2.90 (br, 1H) OH, 1.52 (s, 6H) 2CH3. 13C-NMR (75 MHz; CDCl3): δ 150.7 (C-4'), 131.2 (C-1'), 126.9 (C-2'), 123.2 (C-6'), 118.9 (C-5'), 116.6 (C-3'), 107.5 (C-1), 99.3 (C-8'), 73.3 (C-2), 60.7 (C-7'), 55.7 (OCH3), 54.7 ((OCH3)2), 24.7 (2CH3), 24.4 (CH3). EI-HRMS: calculated for C14H18O5 268.1311; observed 268.1311.

(±)-Salbutamol. To a solution of hydroxyacetal 11 (160 mg, 0.59 mmol) 37% HCl (0.16 mL) diluted in THF (1 mL) was added. After 15 min the reaction finished and the reaction mixture was washed with a solution of NaHCO3 sat (3 × 2 mL). The reaction was extracted with dichloromethane and (3 × 3 mL) the organic layer was dried over anh. Na2SO4 and evaporated to dryness, giving the corresponding α-hydroxyaldehyde (80 mg as crude). To this crude t-BuNH2 (0.76 mL, 7.3 mmol) was added and the reaction mixture was stirred for 30 min. The reaction crude was dissolved in ethanol (3 mL) and treated with NaBH4 (109.7 mg, 2.9 mmol) under vigorous stirring for 30 min. The reaction was then quenched with acetone and the solvent was evaporated. After this, hot water (5 mL) was added to the crude. The reaction was extracted with dichloromethane and (3 × 5 mL). The organic layer was dried over anh. Na2SO4 and evaporated to dryness giving (rac)-salbutamol (85.3 mg, 81% yield). 1H-NMR (300 MHz; CDCl3): δ 7.11 (dd, 1H, J = 8.1, 1.8 Hz) H-2', 7.03 (d, 1H, J = 1.8 Hz) H-6', 6.8 (dd, 1H, J = 8.1Hz) H-3', 4.53 (dd, 1H, J = 8.8, 3.7 Hz) CHOH, 3.90 (s, 2H) CH2OH, 2.90 (dd, 1H, J = 12.0, 3.7 Hz) NHCH2, 2.60 (dd, 1H, J = 12.0, 8.8 Hz) NHCH2, 2.2 (br, 4H) NH and 3(OH), 1.10 (s, 9H) t-Bu [57].

 4. Conclusions

In conclusion, it has been shown that WAs 2a,b represent an efficient and practical alternative for obtaining a wide variety of α-ketoacetals, which in turn represent an array of functional groups in high demand in synthetic organic chemistry. A practical synthetic application of α-ketoacetals was developed for the synthesis of some 1,2-aminoalcohols, including the total synthesis of (±)-salbutamol.

 Supplementary Materials

Supplementary materials can be accessed at: http://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/17/12/13864/s1.

 Acknowledgments

This work was supported by CONACyT (grant 105601) and CGPI-IPN (grants 20110372 and 20120857). FAM and CCBM thank CONACyT (202120 and 202175, respectively) and CGPI/IPN (PIFI) for graduate fellowships. LGZ and HAJV are fellows of the COFAA and EDI programs of the IPN.

Sample Availability: Samples of the compounds 2a, 2b, 3a–j, 4a, 4b, 7a–d, 9, 10, 11 and rac-salbutamol are available from the authors.

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These α-ketoacetals can be purchased from Sigma-Aldrich, Co., St. Louis, MO, USA.

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