Molecules 2012, 17(10), 12341-12356; doi:10.3390/molecules171012341
Article

Comparison of the Phenolic Compounds, Carotenoids and Tocochromanols Content in Wheat Grain under Organic and Mineral Fertilization Regimes

Iwona Konopka 1,* email, Małgorzata Tańska 1 email, Alicja Faron 1 email, Arkadiusz Stępień 2 email and Katarzyna Wojtkowiak 3 email
1 Department of Food Plant Chemistry and Processing, Faculty of Food Science, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Olsztyn 10-726, Poland 2 Department of Agriculture Systems, Faculty of Environmental Management & Agriculture, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Olsztyn 10-727, Poland 3 Department of Fundamentals of Safety, Faculty of Technical Sciences, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Olsztyn 10-266, Poland
* Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Received: 21 July 2012; in revised form: 26 September 2012 / Accepted: 9 October 2012 / Published: 19 October 2012
(This article belongs to the Section Natural Products)
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Abstract: A field study was performed to evaluate the effect of mineral (NPK) and organic-based fertilizers such as compost (C), manure (FYM) and meat and bone meal (MBM) on the appearance (dimensions and color) of spring wheat kernels and on the total content in grain of main its phytochemicals (polyphenols, carotenoids and tocochromanols) and phenolic acids composition. Total phenolic compounds were determined using the Folin-Ciocalteu assay after alkaline hydrolysis of grain and carotenoids were analyzed spectrophotometrically. Composition of tocochromanols and phenolic acids was determined using RP-HPLC techniques. Only insignificant differences in the appearance of kernels and small changes in the content and composition of grain phytochemicals were noted between the studied fertilization systems. Among the analyzed phytochemicals the greatest variation was observed in the group of polyphenol compounds, with a stated increase of their total content of 6.7 and 11.2% in grain fertilized with MBM and compost, respectively. Simultaneously the grain from organic fertilization contained significantly less phenolic acids, and the decrease in their content ranged from 10.0% for FYM to 24.8% for MBM+EM-1. Organically and conventionally fertilized grain had similar amounts of tocochromanols and carotenoids. Comparison of MBM and MBM+EM-1 variants showed that application of effective microorganisms decreased carotenoids and tocochromanols content by 8.5 and 9.7%, respectively.
Keywords: wheat grain; meat bone meal; organic fertilization; phytochemicals

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MDPI and ACS Style

Konopka, I.; Tańska, M.; Faron, A.; Stępień, A.; Wojtkowiak, K. Comparison of the Phenolic Compounds, Carotenoids and Tocochromanols Content in Wheat Grain under Organic and Mineral Fertilization Regimes. Molecules 2012, 17, 12341-12356.

AMA Style

Konopka I, Tańska M, Faron A, Stępień A, Wojtkowiak K. Comparison of the Phenolic Compounds, Carotenoids and Tocochromanols Content in Wheat Grain under Organic and Mineral Fertilization Regimes. Molecules. 2012; 17(10):12341-12356.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Konopka, Iwona; Tańska, Małgorzata; Faron, Alicja; Stępień, Arkadiusz; Wojtkowiak, Katarzyna. 2012. "Comparison of the Phenolic Compounds, Carotenoids and Tocochromanols Content in Wheat Grain under Organic and Mineral Fertilization Regimes." Molecules 17, no. 10: 12341-12356.

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