Enhancement of Leaf Gas Exchange and Primary Metabolites under Carbon Dioxide Enrichment Up-Regulates the Production of Secondary Metabolites in Labisia pumila Seedlings
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results and Discussion
2.1. Total Flavonoids and Phenolics Contents, and Their Profiling
CO2 levels | Plant parts | Total flavonoid | Total phenolics |
---|---|---|---|
(µmol mol−1) | (mg g−1 rutin dry weight) | (mg g-1 Gallic acid dry weight) | |
400 | Leaf | 0.126 ± 0.018a | 0.815 ± 0.017a |
Stem | 0.081 ± 0.022b | 0.511 ± 0.022b | |
Root | 0.062 ± 0.032c | 0.321 ± 0.018c | |
800 | Leaf | 0.227 ± 0.017a | 1.067 ± 0.023a |
Stem | 0.133 ± 0.023b | 0.778 ± 0.021b | |
Root | 0.087 ± 0.024c | 0.443 ± 0.011c | |
1,200 | Leaf | 0.246 ± 0.021a | 1.289 ± 0.032a |
Stem | 0.145 ± 0.032b | 0.872 ± 0.027b | |
Root | 0.095 ± 0.031c | 0.554 ± 0.041c |
Parameters | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1. Flavonoid | 1.00 | |||||||||||||||
2. Phenolics | 0.97* | 1.00 | ||||||||||||||
3. TSS | 0.98* | 0.98* | 1.00 | |||||||||||||
4. Starch | 0.87* | 0.82* | 0.80* | 1.00 | ||||||||||||
5. TNC | 0.77* | 0.76* | 0.76* | 0.77* | 1.00 | |||||||||||
6. Photosynthesis | 0.87* | 0.87* | 0.86* | 0.78* | 0.77* | 1.00 | ||||||||||
7. fv/fm | 0.77* | 0.67 | 0.04 | 0.56 | 0.08 | 0.77* | 1.00 | |||||||||
8. Nitrogen | −0.87* | −0.92* | 0.43 | 0.06 | 0.05 | 0.87* | 0.13 | 1.00 | ||||||||
9. Carbon | 0.56 | 0.46 | 0.54 | 0.45 | 0.56 | 0.77* | 0.01 | −0.12 | 1.00 | |||||||
10. C/N | 0.78* | 0.77* | 0.53 | 0.57 | 0.44 | 0.67 | 0.21 | 0.21 | 0.76* | 1.00 | ||||||
11. Chlorophyll a | −0.76* | −0.77* | 0.44 | 0.33 | 0.34 | −0.33 | 0.03 | 0.01 | 0.32 | 0.07 | 1.00 | |||||
12. Chlorophyll b | −0.75* | −0.88* | 0.43 | 0.23 | 0.32 | −0.32 | 0.09 | 0.07 | 0.21 | 0.08 | 0.88* | 1.00 | ||||
13.T. Chlorophyll | −0.78* | −0.76* | 0.54 | 0.21 | 0.36 | −0.21 | 0.12 | 0.12 | 0.18 | 0.16 | 0.89* | 0.88* | 1.00 | |||
14. T. biomass | 0.88* | 0.76* | 0.65 | 0.57* | 0.67* | 0.87* | 0.32 | 0.78 | 0.75* | 0.23 | −0.78* | −0.66* | −0.89* | 1.00 | ||
15. SLA | 0.87* | 0.78* | 0.05 | 0.41 | 0.12 | 0.86* | 0.07 | 0.65 | 0.55 | 0.44 | 0.33 | 0.32 | 0.91* | 0.87* | 1.00 | |
16. Protein | −0.87* | −0.76* | 0.07 | 0.09 | 0.03 | −0.76* | 0.21 | −0.65* | −0.76* | −0.78* | 0.78* | 0.56* | −0.87* | −0.89* | −0.54 | 1.00 |
2.2. Total Soluble Sugar, Starch and Total Non Structurable Carbohydrate (TNC) and Their Profiling
CO2 levels | Plant parts | TSS (mg g−1 sucrose dry weight) | Starch (mg g−1 glucose dry weight) | TNC (mg g−1 dry weight) |
---|---|---|---|---|
(µmol mol−1) | ||||
400 | Leaf | 15.10 ± 0.65a | 40.34 ± 0.98a | 56.14 ± 2.31a |
Stem | 12.32 ± 0.77b | 30.24 ± 0.87b | 42.57 ± 1.16b | |
Root | 10.34 ± 0.87c | 24.34 ± 0.66c | 34.68 ± 1.09c | |
800 | Leaf | 25.10 ± 0.56a | 56.67 ± 0.67a | 81.65 ± 0.99a |
Stem | 18.76 ± 0.44b | 45.67 ± 0.44b | 65.78 ± 0.78b | |
Root | 15.32 ± 0.76c | 32.16 ± 0.57c | 47.67 ± 1.45c | |
1,200 | Leaf | 26.97 ± 0.76a | 70.24 ± 0.55a | 97.21 ± 3.21a |
Stem | 19.45 ± 0.56b | 60.54 ± 0.45b | 79.89 ± 4.32b | |
Root | 15.43 ± 0.43c | 45.67 ± 0.32c | 62.10 ± 4.12c |
2.3. Photosynthesis and Maximum Quantum Efficiency of Photosystem II (Fv/Fm)
Parameters | 400 µmol mol−1 | 800 µmol mol−1 | 1,200 µmol mol−1 |
---|---|---|---|
Net photosynthesis | 5.73 ± 0.56c | 11.10 ± 0.44b | 13.01 ± 0.67a |
fv/fm | 0.76 ± 0.02c | 0.89 ± 0.12b | 0.93 ± 0.07a |
Leaf nitrogen | 2.96 ± 0.17a | 1.63 ± 0.06b | 0.97 ± 0.01c |
Leaf carbon | 27.64 ± 1.23c | 32.14 ± 1.09b | 34.12 ± 1.78a |
C/N | 9.33 ± 0.77c | 19.07 ± 0.98b | 34.55 ± 2.34a |
Chlorophyll a | 6.16 ± 0.76a | 3.12 ± 0.11b | 2.97 ± 0.56c |
Chlorophyll b | 17.36 ± 0.12a | 12.76 ± 0.32b | 11.76 ± 0.21c |
Chlorophyll a+b | 24.22 ± 1.23a | 16.13 ± 0.97b | 12.89 ± 0.88c |
Total biomass | 10.78 ± 1.23c | 16.04 ± 0.76b | 17.48 ± 0.22a |
Specific leaf area | 48.90 ± 2.23a | 42.32 ± 1.23b | 39.87 ± 1.23c |
Protein content | 7.17 ± 1.23a | 6.06 ± 0.98b | 4.17 ± 2.31c |
2.4. Leaf Nitrogen and Carbon to Nitrogen Ratio (C:N)
2.5. Chlorophyll Content
2.6. Plant Biomass and Specific Leaf Area
2.7. Protein Content
3. Experimental Section
3.1. Experimental Location, Plant Materials and Treatments
3.2. Growth House Microclimate and CO2 Enrichment Treatment
3.3. Total Phenolics and Total Flavonoids Quantification
3.4. Soluble Carbohydrates
3.5. Starch Determination
3.6. Total Non Structural Carbohydrate (TNC)
3.7. Photosynthesis Rate
3.8. Maximum Quantum Efficiency of Photosystem II (fv/fm)
3.9. Total Carbon, Nitrogen and C:N Ratio
3.10. Chlorophyll Content
3.11. Plant Biomass and Specific Leaf Area Measurements
3.12. Protein Determination
3.13. Statistical Analysis
4. Conclusions
Acknowledgements
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Ibrahim, M.H.; Jaafar, H.Z.E. Enhancement of Leaf Gas Exchange and Primary Metabolites under Carbon Dioxide Enrichment Up-Regulates the Production of Secondary Metabolites in Labisia pumila Seedlings. Molecules 2011, 16, 3761-3777. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules16053761
Ibrahim MH, Jaafar HZE. Enhancement of Leaf Gas Exchange and Primary Metabolites under Carbon Dioxide Enrichment Up-Regulates the Production of Secondary Metabolites in Labisia pumila Seedlings. Molecules. 2011; 16(5):3761-3777. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules16053761
Chicago/Turabian StyleIbrahim, Mohd Hafiz, and Hawa Z.E. Jaafar. 2011. "Enhancement of Leaf Gas Exchange and Primary Metabolites under Carbon Dioxide Enrichment Up-Regulates the Production of Secondary Metabolites in Labisia pumila Seedlings" Molecules 16, no. 5: 3761-3777. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules16053761