Synthesis of Dihydrouracils Spiro-Fused to Pyrrolidines: Druglike Molecules Based on the 2-Arylethyl Amine Scaffold

Blanco-Ania, Daniel; Valderas-Cortina, Carolina; Hermkens, Pedro H.H.; Sliedregt, Leo A.J.M.; Scheeren, Hans W.; Rutjes, Floris P.J.T.

doi:10.3390/molecules15042269

Open AccessArticle

Synthesis of Dihydrouracils Spiro-Fused to Pyrrolidines: Druglike Molecules Based on the 2-Arylethyl Amine Scaffold

¹

Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University Nijmegen, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands

²

MSD Research Laboratories, P.O. Box 20, 5340 BH Oss, The Netherlands

³

Solvay Pharmaceuticals, Sector Discovery Weesp, P.O. Box 900, 1380 DA Weesp, The Netherlands

^*

Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.

Molecules 2010, 15(4), 2269-2301; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules15042269

Submission received: 5 February 2010 / Revised: 26 March 2010 / Accepted: 30 March 2010 / Published: 30 March 2010

Download

Browse Figures

Versions Notes

Abstract

:

The synthesis of a small library of dihydrouracils spiro-fused to pyrrolidines is described. These compounds are synthesized from β-aryl pyrrolidines, providing products with the 2-arylethyl amine moiety, a structural feature often encountered in compounds active in the central nervous system. The β-aryl pyrrolidines are synthesized through a three-step methodology that includes a Knoevenagel condensation reaction, a 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reaction, and a nitrile reduction.

Keywords:

Knoevenagel condensation; 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition; azomethine ylide; parallel synthesis; spiro dihydrouracils

Graphical Abstract

1. Introduction

The 2-arylethyl amine moiety 1 (Figure 1) is an important privileged structure, which is encountered in numerous compounds active in the central nervous system (CNS). This privileged structure is present in neurotransmitters such as dopamine, epinephrine, norepinephrine, and serotonin [1]. Salmeterol [2,3] and venlafaxine [4,5,6], two of the ten best-selling prescription drugs in 2006 [7], also contain this moiety. In addition, the 2-arylethyl amine unit occurs in many hallucinogenic drugs, such as LSD, MDMA (ecstasy), mescaline, and psilocybin (magic mushrooms) [8,9].

Figure 1. 2-Arylethyl amine (1), uracil (2), thymine (3), and zidovudine (AZT, 4).

On the other hand, pyrimidine-2,4-diones are a class of bioactive heterocyclic molecules, the most famous examples being uracil (2) and thymine (3, Figure 1), which form part of the nucleotides of RNA and DNA, respectively [10]. Pyrimidine-2,4-diones have attracted considerable attention in the pharmaceutical industry as anti-inflammatory agents [11], dopamine receptor agonists [12], serotonin uptake inhibitors [13], and antiepileptic agents [14]. A good example of a pyrimidine-2,4-dione derivative with a medicinal application is zidovudine (AZT, 4, Figure 1), used as an anti-AIDS agent [15]. This moiety is also the core structural element of some fungicides [16] and herbicides [17].

It is known that the difference in activity and receptor selectivity of drugs might be explained by the conformation of the contained privileged structure. Generation of semi-rigid drugs facilitates the study of their interactions with the receptors, may lead to more selective interactions with fewer side effects, and permits the rational design of more potent and selective drugs in the future [18,19]. Herein we present the parallel synthesis of a library comprised of compounds combining all the above features (Scheme 1). First, these compounds possess a β-aryl pyrrolidine with a conformationally constrained 2-arylethyl amine. Second, they are semirigid structures because of the spiro fusion to a dihydrouracil. It is known that the combination of privileged structures can lead to new chemical entities that may have pharmacological relevance [20,21] and increase the structural diversity.

Scheme 1. Combination of two privileged structures to generate a product with increased rigidity.

2. Results and Discussion

We envisioned that a suitable strategy to synthesize these compounds may proceed as shown retrosynthetically in Scheme 2. The spiro dihydrouracils 5 could be synthesized by an annulation reaction of α-aminomethyl esters 6 and an isocyanate. The aminomethyl group of compounds 6 could be derived from a masked amino function, such as a cyano group, by reduction. Compounds 7 possess two electron-withdrawing groups at the carbon in the 3-position of the pyrrolidine, rendering it a perfect pattern for preparation by a 1,3-cycloaddition reaction of an azomethine ylide and an electron-deficient alkene. This would leave the 3-aryl-2-cyanoacrylates 8 as starting materials, which could be obtained by the Knoevenagel condensation reaction of methyl 2-cyanoacetate (9) and an aromatic aldehyde.

Scheme 2. Retrosynthetic analysis for the synthesis of spiro dihydrouracils 5.

2.1. Knoevenagel condensation reaction

The synthesis of compound class 5 commenced with the condensation reaction of methyl 2-cyanoacetate (9) and aromatic aldehydes 10. Twelve aldehydes 10{1–12} (electron-rich aromatic, electron-rich heteroaromatic, and electron-poor heteroaromatic aldehydes; Figure 2) were selected for the formation of the scaffolds.

Figure 2. Aromatic aldehydes 10{1–12} used for the Knoevenagel reaction.

The reaction conditions for the Knoevenagel condensation reaction are critically dependent on the electron-withdrawing groups bound to the activated methylene [22] and need to be optimized in every case. Initially, these reactions were performed using EtOH as solvent, but transesterification (up to 3%) was observed and the resulting mixture of methyl and ethyl esters was impossible to separate. These reactions also took place in THF (see entry 8, Table 1), but required a longer reaction time. Finally, treatment of 9 with a catalytic amount of piperidine in MeOH (except for entry 8 because of the low solubility of 10{8} in MeOH) at room temperature produced the desired acrylates 8{1–12} in excellent yields (Table 1). All these compounds are only sparingly soluble in MeOH, allowing the pure crystalline products to be easily collected by filtration. These products can also be recrystallized from MeOH yielding crystals of >99.5% purity. The reaction was completely stereoselective in all cases [23], only the E alkenes were observed as could be inferred from the ¹³C-NMR coupling constants between the olefinic proton and the carbon atoms of the ester and the nitrile [24,25]. These values are ³J = 6.6–6.9 Hz for the carbonyl group and ³J = 13.6–13.9 Hz for the cyano group. The Knoevenagel adducts are stable at room temperature and unreactive towards the regular atmosphere, therefore remain unchanged for months.

Table 1. Knoevenagel condensation reaction to form the 2-cyanoacrylates 8{1–12}.

**Table 1.** Knoevenagel condensation reaction to form the 2-cyanoacrylates 8{1–12}.

Entry	ArCHO	Product	Time (min)	Yield (%)
1	10{1}	8{1}	30	99
2	10{2}	8{2}	30	94
3	10{3}	8{3}	40	99
4	10{4}	8{4}	60	99
5	10{5}	8{5}	120	95
6	10{6}	8{6}	120	96
7	10{7}	8{7}	30	99
8	10{8}	8{8}	480^a	99
9	10{9}	8{9}	30	94
10	10{10}	8{10}	30	99
11	10{11}	8{11}	90	93
12	10{12}	8{12}	25	99

^a THF was used as solvent.

2.2. 1,3-Dipolar cycloaddition reaction

The next step in the synthesis was the formation of the pyrrolidine-core structures by a 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reaction using an azomethine ylide. This reaction is an important method for the formation of pyrrolidines [26] and has been used in the synthesis of natural products [27,28]. Among the vast number of procedures for making azomethine ylides [29,30,31,32,33,34,35,36,37,38,39,40,41], the decarboxylative condensation of α-amino acids with aldehydes, typically heated in toluene or DMF, was chosen [42]. Thus, the reaction of paraformaldehyde and sarcosine (N-methylglycine) in refluxing toluene in the presence of the 2-cyanoacrylates 8 cleanly provided the desired pyrrolidines 7, containing the 2-arylethyl amine motif (Table 2). The reaction was clean to such an extent that in some cases an extraction (H₂O/Et₂O) was all the purification needed (or just a short column chromatography). The reaction was totally stereospecific in most cases (entries 1–6 and 8), highly stereospecific for 8{9} (entry 9), and partially stereospecific for the electron-poor heteroaryls 8{10-12} (entries 10–12) [43]. The mixtures of diastereoisomers that arose could not be separated by column chromatography. The reaction did not take place with compound 8{7} (entry 7); after 4 h only some minor unidentified compounds were formed and most of the substrate was recovered, but there was no trace of compound 7{7}. The reaction of substrate 8{5} did form the product 7{5}, but with a lower yield compared to all the others. The reaction of substrate 8{8} formed the expected cycloadduct, but the indolic nitrogen was (dimethylamino)methylated during the reaction.

Table 2. 1,3-Dipolar cycloaddition reaction to form the pyrrolidine-core structures 7.

**Table 2.** 1,3-Dipolar cycloaddition reaction to form the pyrrolidine-core structures 7.

Entry	Acrylate	Product(s)^a	Time (min)	Yield (%)
1	8{1}	7{1}	20	94
2	8{2}	7{2}	75	99
3	8{3}	7{3}	80	95
4	8{4}	7{4}	80	99
5	8{5}	7{5}	120	52
6	8{6}	7{6}	80	95
7	8{7}	7{7}	240	-
8	8{8}		150	85
9	8{9}	7{9} +	80	87^b
10	8{10}	7{10} +	45	90^c
11	8{11}	7{11} +	25	72^d
12	8{12}	7{12} +	45	85^e

^a Ratio calculated by integration of the ¹H-NMR signals of the crude reaction mixture; ^b 7{9}/11{9} = 70:1; ^c 7{10}/11{10} = 6.5:1; ^d 7{11}/11{11} = 6.6:1; ^e 7{12}/11{12} = 5:1

After analysis of the results obtained so far, it was decided to continue the research only with the diastereomerically pure compounds 7{1–6} for the construction of the library scaffolds.

2.3. Reduction

The chemoselective reduction of the nitrile was best achieved by a heterogeneous catalytic hydrogenation using Raney nickel under a hydrogen atmosphere at room temperature (Table 3) [44]. We found that the addition of NH₃ or Et₃N was crucial for the reaction to go to completion [45]. Eventually, Et₃N was used since with NH₃ amide 12 (Figure 3) was formed alongside the product.

Figure 3. Amide 12 formed.

Thus, compounds 7{1–6} were reacted under these conditions to complete the synthesis of the library scaffolds. After elimination of Raney nickel by filtration through diatomaceous earth and evaporation of MeOH and Et₃N, the reaction cleanly gave the α-aminomethyl esters 6{1–6}.

Table 3. Reduction of the cyano group from the α-cyano esters 7.

**Table 3.** Reduction of the cyano group from the α-cyano esters 7.

Entry	Substrate	Product	Yield (%)
1	7{1}	6{1}	95
2	7{2}	6{2}	95
3	7{3}	6{3}	89
4	7{4}	6{4}	85
5	7{5}	6{5}	73
6	7{6}	6{6}	95

2.4. Parallel synthesis of spiro dihydrouracils

The procedure followed for the formation of the spiro dihydrouracils was formation of a urea by addition of an isocyanate and subsequent cyclization by reaction with a base. The conversion of chemset 6 into chemset 5 was accomplished using reagent chemset 13. Eight isocyanates 13{1–8} (alkyl, electron-rich aryl, electron-poor aryl, and heteroaryl isocyanates; Figure 4) were selected for the generation of a 48-compound library.

Figure 4. Isocyanates 13{1–8} used for the reaction of scaffolds 6{1–6}.

The reactions for the formation of the α-ureidomethyl esters were run in either CH₂Cl₂ or DMF depending on reagent solubility and reactivity. Thus, the reactions of 6{1–6} and 13{1,3–5} in CH₂Cl₂ for 15 h at room temperature afforded the corresponding α-ureidomethyl esters. In order to reach full conversion to the α-ureidomethyl esters using isocyanates 13{2,6–8}, DMF at 80 °C for 15 h had to be used. After evaporation of the solvent, the crude mixture was dissolved in THF and 1 M KOBu^t in THF (1 equiv) was added [46,47]. The reactions were stirred at room temperature for 15 h and the solvent was evaporated. Liquid–liquid extraction afforded two different types of compounds, depending on the isocyanate used: (1) the alkyl isocyanates 13{1–3} gave the expected 4-aryl-spiro[dihydrouracil-5,3′-pyrrolidines] 5{1–6,1–3} with yields ranging from 49 to 80% (61% average) and with purities ranging from 60 to 99% (83% average; Scheme 3 and Table 4) according to LC-MS analysis (also confirmed by ¹H-NMR spectroscopy) and (2) the aryl isocyanates 13{4–8} gave mostly the unexpected α-ureidomethyl acids 14{1–6,4–8} with yields ranging from 45 to 79% (64% average) and with purities ranging from 0 to >99% (82% average; Scheme 4 and Table 5) according to LC-MS analysis (also confirmed by ¹H-NMR spectroscopy).

Scheme 3. Spiro dihydrouracil formation from scaffolds 6{1–6}.

Scheme 4. α-Ureidomethyl acid formation from scaffolds 6{1–6}.

The reactions carried out with reagent 13{1} resulted in high purities (89% average) for the formation of the spiro dihydrouracils, due to lack of competing reactions. The purities of the products from the reactions run in DMF (reagent 13{2}) were in the range 60 to 92% (70% average). These lower purities could be due to partial decomposition of the isocyanates at the temperature used for the reactions in DMF. The reactions carried out with reagent 13{3} gave a mixture of the expected ethyl esters 5{1–6,3}, the methyl esters 5{1–6,9} (from transesterification of the ethyl ester on the R group by methoxide, formed in the cyclization), the acids 5{1–6,10} (from hydrolysis of the esters), and the deorganylated compounds 5{1–6,11} (Figure 5 and Table 4). The overall cyclization reaction worked well, since products 5{1–6,9}, 5{1–6,10}, and 5{1–6,11} were formed from 5{1–6,3}. Shorter reaction times should thus be used to avoid these side reactions.

Figure 5. Products formed from the reaction with reagent 13{3}.

The above-mentioned deorganylation side reaction could have taken place through an E1cB mechanism (Scheme 5). The substrate 5{1–6,3} (or 5{1–6,9}) is deprotonated to form the enolate 5{1–6,12}, which undergoes an elimination reaction to afford 5{1–6,11} after work-up.

Scheme 5. Formation of compounds 5{1–6,11}.

The aryl-substituted dihydrouracils underwent hydrolysis (and not the alkyl-substituted dihydrouracils) because the electrophilicity of the ureide carbonyls is enhanced (with respect to the alkyl group) due to the conjugation of the imide-type nitrogen with the aryl group. Thus, residual H₂O from KOBu^t could have hydrolyzed the ureide to the ureido acid [48].

Table 4. Parallel synthesis of spiro dihydrouracil library 5{1–6,1–3}^a,b.

**Table 4.** Parallel synthesis of spiro dihydrouracil library 5{1–6,1–3}^a,b.

^a % = Crude yield based on mass recovery; ^b (%) = Purity determined by LC-MS at 215 nm; ^c Mixture of compounds, R = CH₂CH₂CO₂Et, CH₂CH₂CO₂Me, CH₂CH₂CO₂H, and H.

Table 5. Parallel synthesis of α-ureidomethyl acid library 14{1–6,4–8}^a,b.

**Table 5.** Parallel synthesis of α-ureidomethyl acid library 14{1–6,4–8}^a,b.

^a % = Crude yield based on mass recovery; ^b (%) = Purity determined by LC-MS at 215 nm; ^c Plus 5{4,6} (21%). ^d Plus 5{5,4} (77%); ^e Plus 5{5,5} (18%). ^f Plus 5{5,6} (81%); ^g Plus 5{5,8} (54%); ^h Plus 5{6,4} (2%); ⁱ Plus 5{6,6} (5%).

In order to find conditions for the exclusive formation of the spiro dihydrouracils using aryl isocyanates, the α-ureidomethyl ester 15{1,4} was synthesized, isolated, and reacted with several bases under different conditions for the formation of spiro dihydrouracil 5{1,4} (Table 6).

Firstly, the reaction was attempted with an easy-to-handle base because, if successful, it would make the work-up of the reactions easy—an important factor in parallel synthesis. All the amines used were found to have insufficient basicity for this transformation to take place (entries 1–5) [49,50,51]. The amidine DBU gave promising results, but the separation of the product 5{1,4} from DBU (and especially from the coreagent Bu₄NBr, entry 8) was difficult and tedious, making these reaction conditions unsuitable for parallel synthesis [52,53]. Potassium tert-butoxide was the only base that caused >99% of the starting material to react [54], but it was the base that gave the largest amount of hydrolyzed product 14{1,4} (entries 9–12). Heating only (entry 15) resulted in decomposition of the starting material. To the best of our knowledge, there is no example in the literature of a dihydrouracil ring with such a tendency toward hydrolysis under basic conditions. This cyclization can also take place using acid catalysis [55,56,57,58], but this has not yet been attempted.

Table 6. Optimization of the formation of spiro dihydrouracil 5{1,4}.

**Table 6.** Optimization of the formation of spiro dihydrouracil 5{1,4}.

Entry	Conditions	Products^a 15{1,4}/5{1,4}/14{1,4}
1	Et₃N (1.1 equiv), THF, Ar, reflux, 22 h	1:0:0
2	Proton sponge (0.2 equiv), THF, 21 °C, 5 h	1:0:0
3	Proton sponge (1 equiv), THF, 21 °C, 17 h	1:0:0
4	Proton sponge (1 equiv), THF, reflux, 7 h	1:0:0
5	DIPEA (1 equiv), DMF, 90 °C, 6 h	1:0:0
6	DBU (1 equiv), THF, Ar, 26 °C, 5 h	1:0:0
7	DBU (1 equiv), THF, Ar, reflux, 17 h	5:1:0
8	DBU (1 equiv), Bu₄NBr, 4 Å MS, PhMe, Ar, reflux, 27 h	1:9:0
9	KOBu^t (1 equiv), THF, 29 °C, 30 min	1:3:1
10	KOBu^t (1 equiv), THF, 31 °C, 55 min	0:2:1
11	KOBu^t (1 equiv), THF, Ar, 21 °C, 2 h	0:1:2
12	KOBu^t (0.1 equiv), THF, Ar, 21 °C, 17 h	3:6:1
13	Phosphazene P₂-t-Bu (0.1 equiv), THF, Ar, 21 °C, 5 h	1:3:0
14	Phosphazene P₂-t-Bu (1 equiv), THF, Ar, 21 °C, 18 h	1:0:4
15	DMSO, 165 °C, 15 h	decomposition

^a Ratio calculated by integration of the ¹H-NMR signals of the crude reaction mixture.

The compounds 5{1–6,1–3}, 5{1,4}, 6{1–6}, 14{1–6,4–8}, and 15{1,4} were tested on different CNS targets, but the results cannot be published because of the patent policy of the companies involved in the project.

3. Experimental

3.1. General

Reagents were obtained from commercial suppliers and were used without purification. Solvents were distilled from appropriate drying agents prior to use and were stored under nitrogen. Reactions were followed, and R_F values were obtained, using thin-layer chromatography (TLC) on silica gel-coated plates (Merck 60 F254) with the indicated solvent mixture. Detection was performed with UV light and/or by charring at ca. 150 °C after dipping into a solution of KMnO₄ or ninhydrin. Column or flash chromatography was carried out using ACROS silica gel (0.035–0.070 mm, pore diameter ca. 6 nm). IR spectra were recorded on an ATI Mattson Genesis Series FTIR spectrometer. High-resolution mass spectra were recorded on a JEOL AccuTOF (ESI) or a MAT900 (EI, CI, and ESI). Low-resolution ESI mass spectra were recorded on a Thermo Finnigan LCQ Advantage Max Ion Trap mass spectrometer. Elemental analyses were carried out using a Carlo Erba Instruments CHNS-O EA 1108 element analyzer. Melting points were analyzed with a Büchi melting point B-545 and are not corrected. Gas chromatography (GC) was performed on a Hewlett Packard 5890, containing a HP1 column (25 m x 0.32 mm x 0.17 μm), FID detection, and equipped with a HP3393A integrator. NMR spectra were recorded at 298 K on a Bruker DMX 300 (300 MHz) or a Varian 400 (400 MHz) spectrometer in the solvent indicated. Chemical shifts are given in parts per million (ppm) with respect to tetramethylsilane (0.00 ppm) or CD₃SOCHD₂ (2.50 ppm) as internal standard for ¹H-NMR; and CDCl₃ (77.16 ppm) or CD₃SOCD₃ (39.52 ppm) as internal standard for ¹³C-NMR [59]. Coupling constants are reported as J values in hertz (Hz). Multiplicity data are denoted by s (singlet), d (doublet), t (triplet), q (quartet), m (multiplet), b (broad), and app (apparent). Peak assignment in ¹³C spectra are based on 2D gHSQC and gHMBC spectra, and DEPT 135 when needed. Chain numbering corresponds to IUPAC nomenclature, so unprimed atoms belong to the principal chain, primed atoms belong to the first named substituent, doubled-primed atoms to the second named substituent, etc. LC-MS measurements were run on a Shimadzu LC-10A VP series liquid chromatography system, equipped with an SPD-10A VP UV-vis detector and a LCMS-2010A mass spectrometer. The column used for the LC analysis was an Agilent Zorbax Extend C18 (3.5 μm, 4.6 × 150 mm), and it was eluted at 1 mL/min with a gradient made up of two solvent mixtures. Solvent A consisted of 0.1% trifluoroacetic acid in water and solvent B consisted of 0.1% trifluoroacetic acid in acetonitrile. The gradient was run as follows: t ) 0 min, 50% A; t ) 5 min, 5% A; t ) 10 min, 5% A; t ) 12.5 min, 50% A; t ) 20 min, 50% A. A wavelength of 215 nm was selected for the analysis of purity.

3.2. General procedure for Knoevenagel condensation reaction

Piperidine (5 drops) was added to a solution of methyl 2-cyanoacetate (9) and the aldehyde 10 (1.0 equiv) in MeOH. The resulting reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for the time indicated in each case. The reaction mixture was filtered and the precipitate was recrystalized from MeOH. The filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure and purified by recrystalization from MeOH.

Methyl (E)-2-cyano-3-phenylacrylate (8{1}): According to the general procedure, the reaction of methyl 2-cyanoacetate (9, 7.940 g, 80.13 mmol) with benzaldehyde 10{1} (8.504 g, 80.13 mmol) over 30 min afforded 8{1} (14.910 g, 99%) as a white solid. ¹H-NMR [400 MHz, δ (ppm), CDCl3]: 8.21 (s, 1 ¹H, 3-CH), 7.97–7.92 (m, 2 ¹H, 2′-CH + 6′-CH), 7.56–7.43 (m, 3 ¹H, 3′-CH + 4′-CH + 5′-CH), 3.90 (s, 3 ¹H, OCH₃). ¹³C-NMR [75 MHz, δ (ppm), CDCl3]: 162.5 (CO₂), 154.9 (3-C), 133.1 (4′-C), 131.1 (1′-C), 130.8 (2′-C + 6′-C), 129.0 (3′-C + 5′-C), 115.2 (CN), 102.4 (2-C), 53.4 (OCH₃). FTIR [ Molecules 15 02269 i099

(cm^–1), neat]: 3036, 2954, 2224, 1727, 1606, 1200, 767, 685. Elem. anal. calcd. for C₁₁H₉NO₂: C 70.58%, H 4.85%, N 7.48%; found C 70.39%, H 4.54%, N 7.43%. R_F: 0.63 (heptane/AcOEt, 1:1). Mp: 87.9 °C (from MeOH, colorless flake-like crystals). Purity: >99.5% (GC).

Methyl (E)-2-cyano-3-(4-methoxyphenyl)acrylate (8{2}): According to the general procedure, the reaction of methyl 2-cyanoacetate (9, 6.804 g, 68.66 mmol) with 4-methoxybenzaldehyde 10{2} (9.349 g, 68.66 mmol) over 30 min afforded 8{2} (14.020 g, 94%) as a white solid. ¹H-NMR [400 MHz, δ (ppm), CDCl3]: 8.14 (s, 1 ¹H, 3-CH), 8.00–7.95 (m, 2 ¹H, 2′-CH + 6′-CH), 7.01–6.95 (m, 2 ¹H, 3′-CH + 5′-CH), 3.91 (s, 3 ¹H, CO₂CH₃), 3.88 (s, 3 ¹H, OCH₃). ¹³C-NMR [75 MHz, δ (ppm), CDCl3]: 163.8 (4′-C), 163.5 (CO₂), 154.5 (3-C), 133.6 (2′-C + 6′-C), 124.2 (1′-C), 116.1 (CN), 114.7 (3′-C + 5′-C), 98.8 (2-C), 55.6 (OCH₃), 53.1 (CO₂CH₃). FTIR [ Molecules 15 02269 i099

(cm^–1), neat]: 3084, 2954, 2846, 2215, 1714, 1580, 1264, 1174, 841. Elem. anal. calcd. for C₁₂H₁₁NO₃: C 66.35%, H 5.10%, N 6.45%; found C 66.24%, H 4.98%, N 6.33%. R_F: 0.58 (heptane/AcOEt, 1:1). Mp: 104.1 °C (from MeOH, off-white small crystals). Purity: >99.5% (GC).

Methyl (E)-2-cyano-3-(3,5-dimethoxyphenyl)acrylate (8{3}): According to the general procedure, the reaction of methyl 2-cyanoacetate (9, 5.835 g, 58.89 mmol) with 3,5-dimethoxybenzaldehyde 10{3} (9.785 g, 58.89 mmol) over 40 min afforded 8{3} (12.399 g, 99%) as a yellow solid. ¹H-NMR [400 MHz, δ (ppm), CDCl3]: 8.17 (s, 1 ¹H, 3-CH), 7.15 (d, J = 2.4 Hz, 2 ¹H, 2′-CH + 6′-CH), 6.65 (t, J = 2.4 Hz, 1 ¹H, 4′-CH), 3.94 (s, 3 ¹H, CO₂CH₃), 3.84 (s, 6 ¹H, 2 × OCH₃). ¹³C-NMR [75 MHz, δ (ppm), CDCl3]: 163.1 (CO₂), 161.2 (3′-C + 5′-C), 155.6 (3-C), 133.1 (1′-C), 115.6 (CN), 108.7 (2′-C + 6′-C), 106.4 (4′-C), 103.0 (2-C), 55.8 (2 × OCH₃), 53.6 (CO₂CH₃). FTIR [ Molecules 15 02269 i099

(cm^–1), neat]: 3086, 2940, 2841, 2217, 1723, 1604, 1247, 1167, 840. Elem. anal. calcd for C₁₃H₁₃NO₄: C 63.15%, H 5.30%, N 5.66%; found C 63.22%, H 5.14%, N 5.53%. R_F: 0.56 (heptane/AcOEt, 1:1). Mp: 121.5 °C (from MeOH, long light yellow needles). Purity: >99.5% (GC).

Methyl (E)-3-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-2-cyanoacrylate (8{4}): According to the general procedure, the reaction of methyl 2-cyanoacetate (9, 6.002 g, 60.57 mmol) with piperonal 10{4} (9.094 g, 60.57 mmol) over 60 min afforded 8{4} (13.836 g, 99%) as a light greenish solid. ¹H-NMR [400 MHz, δ (ppm), CDCl3]: 8.12 (s, 1 ¹H, 3-CH), 7.71 (d, J = 1.9 Hz, 1 ¹H, 4′-CH), 7.41 (ddd; J = 8.2, 1.9, 0.6 Hz; 1 ¹H, 6′-CH), 6.91 (d, J = 8.2 Hz, 1 ¹H, 7′-CH), 6.09 (s, 2 ¹H, 2′-CH₂), 3.92 (s, 3 ¹H, OCH₃). ¹³C-NMR [75 MHz, δ (ppm), CDCl3]: 163.6 (CO₂), 154.7 (3-C), 152.5 (7′a-C), 148.8 (3′a-C), 130.0 (6′-C), 126.1 (5′-C), 116.1 (CN), 109.1 (4′-C), 109.0 (7′-C), 102.5 (2′-C), 99.5 (2-C), 53.4 (OCH₃). FTIR [ Molecules 15 02269 i099

(cm^–1), neat]: 3029, 2957, 2218, 1723, 1579, 1244, 1205, 1041, 922, 819. HRMS [EI (m/z)] calcd for C₁₂H₉NO₄ = 231.0532, found for [M^+•] = 231.0532 (|Δ| = 0.0 ppm), peaks at (relative intensity): 231 (100), 200 (21), 170 (32), 142 (12), 114 (21). Elem. anal. calcd for C₁₂H₉NO₄: C 62.34%, H 3.92%, N 6.06%; found C 62.24%, H 3.86%, N 6.00%. R_F: 0.60 (heptane/AcOEt, 1:1). Mp: 169.6 °C (from MeOH, light green cotton-like solid). Purity: >99.5% (GC).

Methyl (E)-2-cyano-3-(1-methyl-1H-pyrrol-2-yl)acrylate (8{5}): According to the general procedure, the reaction of methyl 2-cyanoacetate (9, 7.107 g, 71.72 mmol) with 1-methyl-1H-pyrrole-2-carbaldehyde 10{5} (7.827 g, 71.72 mmol) over 120 min afforded 8{5} (12.932 g, 95%) as a yellow solid. ¹H-NMR [400 MHz, δ (ppm), CDCl3]: 8.08 (s, 1 ¹H, 3-CH). 7.72 (d, J = 4.4 Hz, 1 ¹H, 3′-CH), 7.01 (t, J = 1.8 Hz, 1 ¹H, 5′-CH), 6.39–6.36 (m, 1 ¹H, 4′-CH), 3.89 (s, 3 ¹H, OCH₃), 3.78 (s, 3 ¹H, NCH₃). ¹³C-NMR [75 MHz, δ (ppm), CDCl3]: 164.8 (CO₂), 139.6 (3-C), 131.7 (5′-C), 127.5 (2′-C), 120.0 (3′-C), 117.1(CN), 112.2 (4′-C), 92.8 (2-C), 53.0 (OCH₃), 34.4 (NCH₃). FTIR [ Molecules 15 02269 i099

(cm^–1), neat]: 3120, 2957, 2899, 2210, 1717, 1591, 1243, 748. Elem. anal. calcd for C₁₀H₁₀N₂O₂: C 63.15%, H 5.30%, N 14.73%; found C 63.19%, H 5.09%, N 14.70%. R_F: 0.29 (heptane/AcOEt, 1:1). Mp: 154.2 °C (from MeOH, yellow solid). Purity: >99.5% (GC).

Methyl (E)-2-cyano-3-(1-methyl-1H-indol-3-yl)acrylate (8{6}): According to the general procedure, the reaction of methyl 2-cyanoacetate (9, 6.011 g, 60.66 mmol) with 1-methyl-1H-indole-3-carbaldehyde 10{6} (9.656 mg, 60.66 mmol) over 120 min afforded 8{6} (13.977 g, 96%) as a yellow solid. ¹H- NMR [400 MHz, δ (ppm), CDCl3]: 8.56 (s, 1 ¹H, 3-CH), 8.49 (s, 1 ¹H, 2′-CH), 7.84–7.80 (m, 1 ¹H, 4′-CH), 7.42–7.31 (m, 3 ¹H, 5′-CH + 6′-CH + 7′-CH), 3.91 (s, 3 ¹H, CO₂CH₃), 3.90 (s, 3 ¹H, NCH₃). ¹³C- NMR [75 MHz, δ (ppm), CDCl3]: 164.6 (CO₂), 146.2 (3-C), 137.0 (7′a-C), 134.9 (2′-C), 128.5 (3′a-C), 124.1 (6′-C), 122.8 (5′-C), 118.6 (4′-C), 118.5 (CN), 110.6 (7′-C), 110.1 (3′-C), 93.3 (2-C), 52.9 (OCH₃), 34.2 (NCH₃). FTIR [ Molecules 15 02269 i099

(cm^–1), neat]: 3118, 3026, 2950, 2222, 1701, 1586, 1255, 751. HRMS [EI (m/z)] calcd for C₁₄H₁₂N₂O₂ = 240.0899, found for [M^+•] = 240.0895 (|Δ| = 1.6 ppm), peaks at (relative intensity): 240 (100), 209 (53), 140 (18), 49 (12). Elem. anal. calcd for C₁₄H₁₂N₂O₂: C 69.99%, H 5.03%, N 11.66%; found C 69.69%, H 4.85%, N 11.42%. R_F: 0.37 (heptane/AcOEt, 1:1). Mp: 165.9 °C (from MeOH, yellow solid). Purity: >99.5% (GC).

Methyl (E)-2-cyano-3-(1H-pyrrol-2-yl)acrylate (8{7}): According to the general procedure, the reaction of methyl 2-cyanoacetate (9, 991 mg, 10.00 mmol) with 1H-pyrrole-2-carbaldehyde 10{7} (951 mg, 10.00 mmol) over 30 min afforded 8{7} (1.744 g, 99%) as a yellow solid. ¹H-NMR [400 MHz, δ (ppm), CDCl3]: 9.92 (bs, 1 ¹H, NH), 8.02 (s, 1 ¹H, 3-CH), 7.26–7.23 (m, 1 ¹H, 5′-CH), 6.98–6.94 (m, 1 ¹H, 3′-CH), 6.44 (dt; J = 3.9, 2.3 Hz; 1 ¹H, 4′-CH), 3.89 (s, 3 ¹H, OCH₃). ¹³C-NMR [75 MHz, δ (ppm), CDCl3]: 164.2 (CO₂), 142.8 (3-C), 128.4 (5′-C), 127.0 (2′-C), 124.7 (3′-C), 118.6 (CN), 112.7 (4′-C), 91.8 (2-C), 53.0 (OCH₃). FTIR [ Molecules 15 02269 i099

(cm^–1), neat]: 3300, 3032, 2950, 2215, 1692, 1593, 1221, 750. Elem. anal. calcd for C₉H₈N₂O₂: C 61.36%, H 4.58%, N 15.90%; found C 61.45%, H 4.58%, N 15.79%. R_F: 0.37 (heptane/AcOEt, 1:1). Mp: 140.2 °C (from MeOH, small thin yellow needles). Purity: >99.5% (GC).

Methyl (E)-2-cyano-3-(1H-indol-3-yl)acrylate (8{8}): According to the general procedure, the reaction of methyl 2-cyanoacetate (9, 991 mg, 10.00 mmol) with 1H-indole-3-carbaldehyde 10{8} (1.452 g, 10.00 mmol) in THF (15 mL) over 480 min afforded 8{8} (2.239 g, 99%) as a yellow solid. ¹H-NMR [400 MHz, δ (ppm), CD3SOCD3]: 12.64 (bs, 1 ¹H, NH), 8.64 (s, 1 ¹H, 2′-CH), 8.63 (s, 1 ¹H, 3-CH), 8.05–7.99 (m, 1 ¹H, 4′-CH), 7.67–7.63 (m, 1 ¹H, 7′-CH), 7.41–7.30 (m, 2 ¹H, 5′-CH + 6′-CH), 3.92 (s, 3 ¹H, OCH₃). ¹³C-NMR [75 MHz, δ (ppm), CD3SOCD3]: 163.3 (CO₂), 146.3 (3-C), 135.9 (7′a-C), 132.4 (2′-C), 126.6 (3′a-C), 123.3 (6′-C), 121.9 (5′-C), 118.3 (4′-C), 117.8 (CN), 112.7 (7′-C), 109.7 (3′-C), 91.8 (2-C), 52.6 (OCH₃). FTIR [ Molecules 15 02269 i099

(cm^–1), neat]: 3266, 3132, 2989, 2943, 2212, 1695, 1589, 1241, 742. Elem. anal. calcd for C₁₃H₁₀N₂O₂: C 69.02%, H 4.46%, N 12.38%; found C 68.97%, H 4.38%, N 12.22%. R_F: 0.80 (AcOEt). Mp: 189.5 °C (from MeOH, yellow needles). Purity: >99.5% (GC).

Methyl (E)-2-cyano-3-(2-thienyl)acrylate (8{9}): According to the general procedure, the reaction of methyl 2-cyanoacetate (9, 991 mg, 10.00 mmol) with thiophene-2-carbaldehyde 10{9} (1.121 g, 10.00 mmol) over 30 min afforded 8{9} (1.816 g, 94%) as a light brown solid. ¹H-NMR [400 MHz, δ (ppm), CDCl3]: 8.36 (s, 1 ¹H, 3-CH), 7.84 (d, J = 3.9 Hz, 1 ¹H, 3′-CH), 7.80 (d, J = 4.9 Hz, 1 ¹H, 5′-CH), 7.24 (dd; J = 4.9, 3.9 Hz; 1 ¹H, 4′-CH), 3.92 (s, 3 ¹H, OCH₃). ¹³C-NMR [75 MHz, δ (ppm), CDCl3]: 162.9 (CO₂), 146.7 (3-C), 137.2 (3′-C), 135.8 (2′-C), 135.2 (5′-C), 128.6 (4′-C), 115.6 (CN), 98.8 (2-C), 53.4 (OCH₃). FTIR [ Molecules 15 02269 i099

(cm^–1), neat]: 3087, 3028, 2964, 2216, 1718, 1590, 1271, 1214, 729. Elem. anal. calcd for C₉H₇NO₂S: C 55.94%, H 3.65%, N 7.25%; found C 55.98%, H 3.63%, N 7.23%. R_F: 0.61 (heptane/AcOEt, 1:1). Mp: 106.9 °C (from MeOH, light brown needles). Purity: >99.5% (GC).

Methyl (E)-2-cyano-3-(2-pyridyl)acrylate (8{10}): According to the general procedure, the reaction of methyl 2-cyanoacetate (9, 991 mg, 10.00 mmol) with pyridine-2-carbaldehyde 10{10} (1.071 g, 10.00 mmol) over 30 min afforded 8{10} (1.863 g, 99%) as a brown solid. ¹H-NMR [400 MHz, δ (ppm), CDCl3]: 8.83 (ddd; J = 4.8, 1.6, 1.0 Hz; 1 ¹H, 6′-CH), 8.30 (s, 1 ¹H, 3-CH), 7.89 (app dt; J = 7.8, 1.2 Hz; 1 ¹H, 3′-CH), 7.85 (app dt; J = 1.6, 7.8 Hz; 1 ¹H, 4′-CH), 7.44 (ddd; J = 7.3, 4.9, 1.5 Hz; 1 ¹H, 5′-CH), 3.96 (s, 3 ¹H, OCH₃). ¹³C-NMR [75 MHz, δ (ppm), CDCl3]: 162.6 (CO₂), 153.7 (3-C), 150.7 (6′-C), 150.0 (2′-C), 137.1 (4′-C), 126.8 (5′-C), 126.4 (3′-C), 114.8 (CN), 106.4 (2-C), 53.7 (OCH₃). FTIR [ Molecules 15 02269 i099

(cm^–1), neat]: 3050, 2963, 2220, 1720, 1278, 1215, 781, 740. Elem. anal. calcd for C₁₀H₈N₂O₂: C 63.83%, H 4.28%, N 14.89%; found C 64.06%, H 4.26%, N 14.79%. R_F: 0.34 (heptane/AcOEt, 1:1). Mp: 131.7 °C (from MeOH, small brown needles). Purity: >99.5% (GC).

Methyl (E)-2-cyano-3-(3-pyridyl)acrylate (8{11}): According to the general procedure, the reaction of methyl 2-cyanoacetate (9, 991 mg, 10.00 mmol) with pyridine-3-carbaldehyde 10{11} (1.071 g, 10.00 mmol) over 90 min afforded 8{11} (1.750 g, 93%) as a light yellow dust. ¹H-NMR [300 MHz, δ (ppm), CDCl3]: 8.91 (d, J = 1.8 Hz, 1 ¹H, 2′-CH), 8.74 (dd; J = 4.8, 1.8 Hz; 1 ¹H, 6′-CH), 8.57–8.51 (m, 1 ¹H, 4′-CH), 8.26 (s, 1 ¹H, 3-CH), 7.46 (dd; J = 7.8, 4.8 Hz; 1 ¹H, 5′-CH), 3.95 (s, 3 ¹H, OCH₃). ¹³C-NMR [75 MHz, δ (ppm), CDCl3]: 161.9 (CO₂), 153.3 (3-C), 152.7 (6′-C), 151.3 (2′-C), 135.8 (4′-C), 127.3 (3′-C), 123.9 (5′-C), 114.7 (CN), 105.1 (2-C), 53.8 (OCH₃). FTIR [ Molecules 15 02269 i099

(cm^–1), neat]: 3031, 2959, 2223, 1722, 1280, 697. R_F: 0.13 (heptane/AcOEt, 1:1). Mp: 129.2 °C.

Methyl (E)-2-cyano-3-(4-pyridyl)acrylate (8{12}): According to the general procedure, the reaction of methyl 2-cyanoacetate (9, 991 mg, 10.00 mmol) with pyridine-4-carbaldehyde 10{12} (1.071 g, 10.00 mmol) over 25 min afforded 8{12} (1.863 g, 99%) as a pink solid. ¹H-NMR [400 MHz, δ (ppm), CDCl3]: 8.86–8.80 (m, 2 ¹H, 2′-CH + 6′-CH), 8.23 (s, 1 ¹H, 3-CH), 7.80–7.74 (m, 2 ¹H, 3′-CH + 5′-CH), 3.97 (s, 3 ¹H, OCH₃). ¹³C-NMR [75 MHz, δ (ppm), CDCl3]: 161.8 (CO₂), 152.4 (3-C), 151.2 (2′-C + 6′-C), 138.0 (4′-C), 123.3 (3′-C + 5′-C), 114.2 (CN), 107.8 (2-C), 53.8 (OCH₃). FTIR [ Molecules 15 02269 i099

(cm^–1), neat]: 3033, 2955, 2225, 1726, 1236, 1198, 818. Elem. anal. calcd for C₁₀H₈N₂O₂: C 63.83%, H 4.28%, N 14.89%; found C 63.94%, H 4.25%, N 14.75%. R_F: 0.12 (heptane/AcOEt, 1:1). Mp: 126.6 °C (from MeOH, small pink needles). Purity: >99.5% (GC).

3.3. General procedure for 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reactions of 8

A round-bottomed flask fitted with a Dean–Stark apparatus, a reflux condenser, and a drying tube containing calcium chloride was charged with 2-cyanoacrylate 8 and toluene (0.20–0.25 M). When the mixture was under reflux, sarcosine (N-methylglycine; 1.2 equiv) and paraformaldehyde (3.6 equiv) were added. This addition was repeated every 40 min until the substrate had completely reacted. Water (20 mL) was then added and the layers were separated. The aqueous layer was extracted with Et₂O (3 × 30 mL) and the combined organic layers were dried (MgSO₄), filtered, and concentrated in vacuo.

(±)-Methyl (3R,4R)-3-cyano-1-methyl-4-phenylpyrrolidine-3-carboxylate (7{1}): According to the general procedure, 2-cyanoacrylate 8{1} (5.342 g, 28.54 mmol) afforded 7{1} (6.524 g, 94%) as a white solid, after column chromatography (heptane/AcOEt, 3:1°2:1). ¹H-NMR [400 MHz, δ (ppm), CDCl3]: 7.33–7.19 (m, 5 ¹H, Ph), 4.00 (app t, J = 7.8 Hz, 1 ¹H, 4-CH), 3.70 (s, 3 ¹H, OCH₃), 3.25 (d, J = 9.9 Hz, 1 ¹H, 2-CHH), 3.18 (d, J = 9.9 Hz, 1 ¹H, 2-CHH), 3.04 (dd; J = 9.6, 7.8 Hz; 1 ¹H, 5-CHH), 3.00 (dd; J = 9.6, 8.1 Hz; 1 ¹H, 5-CHH), 2.38 (s, 3 ¹H, NCH₃). ¹³C-NMR [75 MHz, δ (ppm), CDCl3]: 167.6 (CO₂), 136.6 (1′-C), 128.0 (2′-C + 6′-C), 127.9 (3′-C + 5′-C), 127.5 (4′-C), 117.2 (CN), 64.9 (2-C), 60.2 (5-C), 54.4 (3-C), 53.5 (CO₂CH₃), 51.8 (4-C), 41.1 (NCH₃). FTIR [ Molecules 15 02269 i099

(cm^–1), neat]: 2950, 2846, 2790, 2241, 1740, 1247, 772, 699. MS [ESI (m/z)] calcd for (C₁₄H₁₆N₂O₂ + H)⁺ = 245, found 245. R_F: 0.24 (heptane/AcOEt, 1:1). Mp: 53.3 °C (from heptane, colorless crystals). Purity: >99.5% (GC).

(±)-Methyl (3R,4R)-3-cyano-4-(4-methoxyphenyl)-1-methylpyrrolidine-3-carboxylate (7{2}): According to the general procedure, 2-cyanoacrylate 8{2} (6.162 g, 28.37 mmol) afforded 7{2} (7.688 g, 99%) as a yellow oil. ¹H-NMR [400 MHz, δ (ppm), CDCl3]: 7.28–7.22 (m, 2 ¹H, 2′-CH + 6′-CH), 6.87–6.82 (m, 2 ¹H, 3′-CH + 5′-CH), 3.98 (app t, J = 8.0 Hz, 1 ¹H, 4-CH), 3.80 (s, 3 ¹H, CO₂CH₃), 3.76 (s, 3 ¹H, OCH₃), 3.31 (d, J = 9.9 Hz, 1 ¹H, 2-CHH), 3.20 (d, J = 9.9 Hz, 1 ¹H, 2-CHH), 3.07 (dd; J = 9.6, 7.8 Hz; 1 ¹H, 5-CHH), 3.02 (dd; J = 9.6, 8.1 Hz; 1 ¹H, 5-CHH), 2.44 (s, 3 ¹H, NCH₃). ¹³C-NMR [75 MHz, δ (ppm), CDCl3]: 168.1 (CO₂), 159.1 (4′-C), 129.4 (2′-C + 6′-C), 128.6 (1′-C), 117.8 (CN), 113.8 (3′-C + 5′-C), 65.2 (2-C), 60.8 (5-C), 55.2 (OCH₃), 54.9 (3-C), 53.9 (CO₂CH₃), 51.8 (4-C), 41.6 (NCH₃). FTIR [ Molecules 15 02269 i099

(cm^–1), neat]: 2951, 2836, 2788, 2243, 1740, 1247, 832. MS [ESI (m/z)] calcd for (C₁₅H₁₈N₂O₃ + H)⁺ = 275, found 275. R_F: 0.23 (heptane/AcOEt, 1:1). Purity: 98.9% (GC).

(±)-Methyl (3R,4R)-3-cyano-4-(3,5-dimethoxyphenyl)-1-methylpyrrolidine-3-carboxylate (7{3}): According to the general procedure, 2-cyanoacrylate 8{3} (9.745 g, 39.41 mmol) afforded 7{3} (11.398 g, 95%) as a white solid, after column chromatography (heptane/AcOEt, 3:1°2:1). ¹H-NMR [400 MHz, δ (ppm), CDCl3]: 6.51 (d, J = 2.2 Hz, 2 ¹H, 2′-CH + 6′-CH), 6.41 (t, J = 2.2 Hz, 1 ¹H, 4′-CH), 3.99 (app t, J = 7.9 Hz, 1 ¹H, 4-CH), 3.84 (s, 3 ¹H, CO₂CH₃), 3.78 (s, 6 ¹H, 2 × OCH₃), 3.30 (d, J = 9.9 Hz, 1 ¹H, 2-CHH), 3.24 (d, J = 9.9 Hz, 1 ¹H, 2-CHH), 3.09 (dd; J = 9.6, 7.8 Hz; 1 ¹H, 5-CHH), 3.06 (dd; J = 9.6, 8.0 Hz; 1 ¹H, 5-CHH), 2.47 (s, 3 ¹H, NCH₃). ¹³C-NMR [75 MHz, δ (ppm), CDCl3]: 168.8 (CO₂), 161.1 (3′-C + 5′-C), 139.4 (1′-C), 118.1 (CN), 107.0 (2′-C + 6′-C), 100.2 (4′-C), 65.7 (2-C), 60.7 (5-C), 55.6 (2 × OCH₃), 54.8 (3-C), 54.2 (CO₂CH₃), 52.6 (4-C), 41.8 (NCH₃). FTIR [ Molecules 15 02269 i099

(cm^–1), neat]: 2948, 2837, 2790, 2243, 1743, 1595, 1203, 1155. HRMS [EI (m/z)] calcd for C₁₆H₂₀N₂O₄ = 304.1423, found for [M^+•] = 304.1436 (|Δ| = 4.2 ppm), peaks at (relative intensity): 304 (16), 261 (18), 193 (11), 57 (100), 42 (20). Elem. anal. calcd for C₁₆H₂₀N₂O₄: C 63.14%, H 6.62%, N 9.20%; found C 63.33%, H 6.65%, N 9.19%. R_F: 0.19 (heptane/AcOEt, 1:1). Mp: 94.7 °C (from heptane, colorless crystals). Purity: >99.5% (GC).

(±)-Methyl (3R,4R)-4 -(1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-3-cyano-1-methylpyrrolidine-3-carboxylate (7{4}): According to the general procedure, 2-cyanoacrylate 8{4} (9.774 g, 42.27 mmol) afforded 7{4} (12.041 g, 99%) as a white solid. ¹H-NMR [400 MHz, δ (ppm), CDCl3]: 6.88 (d, J = 1.7 Hz, 1 ¹H, 4′-CH), 6.81 (dd; J = 8.0, 1.7 Hz; 1 ¹H, 6′-CH), 6.77 (d, J = 8.0 Hz, 1 ¹H, 7′-CH), 5.95 (d, J = 1.6 Hz, 1 ¹H, 2′-CHH), 5.94 (d, J = 1.6 Hz, 1 ¹H, 2′-CHH), 3.97 (t, J = 7.8 Hz, 1 ¹H, 4-CH), 3.84 (s, 3 ¹H, OCH₃), 3.28 (d, J = 9.9 Hz, 1 ¹H, 2-CHH), 3.23 (d, J = 9.9 Hz, 1 ¹H, 2-CHH), 3.06 (dd; J = 9.5, 7.8 Hz; 1 ¹H, 5-CHH), 3.01 (dd; J = 9.5, 7.8 Hz; 1 ¹H, 5-CHH), 2.45 (s, 3 ¹H, NCH₃). ¹³C-NMR [75 MHz, δ (ppm), CDCl3]: 168.5 (CO₂), 147.9 (3′a-C), 147.5 (7′a-C), 130.8 (5′-C), 122.0 (6′-C), 117.9 (CN), 108.8 (7′-C), 108.3 (4′-C), 101.2 (2′-C), 65.3 (2-C), 60.8 (5-C), 54.8 (3-C), 54.0 (OCH₃), 52.1 (4-C), 41.5 (NCH₃). FTIR [ Molecules 15 02269 i099

(cm^–1), neat]: 2965, 2900, 2788, 2242, 1740, 1249, 1036, 929. HRMS [EI (m/z)] calcd for C₁₅H₁₆N₂O₄ = 288.1110, found for [M^+•] = 288.1097 (|Δ| = 4.5 ppm), peaks at (relative intensity): 288 (13), 57 (100), 42 (11). Elem. anal. calcd for C₁₅H₁₆N₂O₄: C 62.49%, H 5.59%, N 9.72%; found C 62.56%, H 5.61%, N 9.69%. R_F: 0.22 (heptane/AcOEt, 1:1). Mp: 87.6 °C (from heptane, colorless crystals). Purity: >99.5% (GC).

(±)-Methyl (3R,4R)-3-cyano-1-methyl-4-(1-methyl-1H-pyrrol-2-yl)pyrrolidine-3-carboxylate (7{5}): According to the general procedure, 2-cyanoacrylate 8{5} (1.132 g, 5.95 mmol) afforded 7{5} (765 mg, 52%) as a yellow oil, after column chromatography (heptane/AcOEt, 3:1°2:1). ¹H-NMR [400 MHz, δ (ppm), CDCl3]: 6.62 (dd; J = 2.7, 1.7 Hz; 1 ¹H, 5′-CH), 6.28 (dd; J = 3.6, 1.7 Hz; 1 ¹H, 3′-CH), 6.14 (dd; J = 3.6, 2.7 Hz; 1 ¹H, 4′-CH), 4.25 (app t, J = 8.2 Hz, 1 ¹H, 4-CH), 3.87 (s, 3 ¹H, OCH₃), 3.57 (s, 3 ¹H, 1′-NCH₃), 3.45 (d, J = 9.9 Hz, 1 ¹H, 2-CHH), 3.26 (dd; J = 9.5, 7.6 Hz; 1 ¹H, 5-CHH), 3.04 (d, J = 9.9 Hz, 1 ¹H, 2-CHH), 2.84 (app t, J = 9.1 Hz, 1 ¹H, 5-CHH), 2.44 (s, 3 ¹H, 1-NCH₃). ¹³C-NMR [75 MHz, δ (ppm), CDCl3]: 168.9 (CO₂), 128.2 (2′-C), 123.5 (5′-C), 117.2 (CN), 108.7 (4′-C), 107.6 (3′-C), 65.2 (2-C), 61.3 (5-C), 54.2 (OCH₃), 53.8 (3-C), 43.7 (4-C), 41.5 (1-NCH₃), 34.0 (1′-NCH₃). FTIR [ Molecules 15 02269 i099

(cm^–1), neat]: 2951, 2888, 2791, 2242, 1741, 1241, 717. MS [ESI (m/z)] calcd for (C₁₃H₁₇N₃O₂ + H)⁺ = 248, found 248. R_F: 0.23 (heptane/AcOEt, 1:1). Purity: 98.2% (GC).

(±)-Methyl (3R,4R)-3-cyano-1-methyl-4-(1-methyl-1H-indol-3-yl)pyrrolidine-3-carboxylate (7{6}): According to the general procedure, 2-cyanoacrylate 8{6} (9.241 g, 38.46 mmol) afforded 7{6} (10.831 g, 95%) as a yellow solid, after column chromatography (heptane/AcOEt, 3:1°2:1). ¹H-NMR [400 MHz, δ (ppm), CDCl3]: 7.50 (dt; J = 8.1, 1.0 Hz; 1 ¹H, 4′-CH), 7.29 (dt; J = 8.3, 1.0 Hz; 1 ¹H, 7′-CH), 7.22 (ddd; J = 8.3, 7.1, 1.0 Hz; 1 ¹H, 6′-CH), 7.19 (s, 1 ¹H, 2′-CH), 7.10 (ddd; J = 8.1, 7.0, 1.0 Hz; 1 ¹H, 5′-CH), 4.43 (dd; J = 9.6, 7.5 Hz; 1 ¹H, 4-CH), 3.76 (s, 3 ¹H, OCH₃), 3.74 (s, 3 ¹H, 1′-NCH₃), 3.51 (d, J = 10.2 Hz, 1 ¹H, 2-CHH), 3.25 (d, J = 10.2 Hz, 1 ¹H, 2-CHH), 3.23 (dd; J = 9.6, 7.5 Hz; 1 ¹H, 5-CHH), 3.08 (t, J = 9.6 Hz, 1 ¹H, 5-CHH), 2.51 (s, 3 ¹H, 1-NCH₃). ¹³C-NMR [75 MHz, δ (ppm), CDCl3]: 169.0 (CO₂), 136.8 (7′a-C), 127.7 (3′a-C), 127.4 (2′-C), 122.1 (6′-C), 119.5 (5′-C), 118.7 (4′-C), 118.5 (CN), 109.63 (3′-C), 109.58 (7′-C), 65.3 (2-C), 60.9 (5-C), 55.1 (3-C), 53.9 (OCH₃), 45.2 (4-C), 42.0 (1-NCH₃), 33.0 (1′-NCH₃). FTIR [ Molecules 15 02269 i099

(cm^–1), neat]: 3045, 2948, 2842, 2786, 2243, 1741, 1474, 1243, 742. HRMS [EI (m/z)] calcd for C₁₇H₁₉N₃O₂ = 297.1477, found for [M^+•] = 297.1467 (|Δ| = 3.5 ppm), peaks at (relative intensity): 297 (17), 144 (16), 57 (100), 42 (21). R_F: 0.17 (heptane/AcOEt, 1:1). Mp: 92.6 °C. Purity: 98.8% (GC).

(±)-Methyl (3R,4R)-3-cyano-4- {1-[(dimethylamino)methyl]-1H-indol-3-yl }-1-methylpyrrolidine-3-carboxylate (7{13}): According to the general procedure, 2-cyanoacrylate 8{8} (1.512 g, 6.68 mmol) afforded 7{13} (1.929 g, 85%) as a yellow solid. ¹H-NMR [300 MHz, δ (ppm), CDCl3]: 7.45 (d, J = 7.8 Hz, 1 ¹H, 4′-CH), 7.36 (d, J = 8.1 Hz, 1 ¹H, 7′-CH), 7.24 (s, 1 ¹H, 2′-CH), 7.14 (ddd; J = 8.1, 6.9, 1.0 Hz; 1 ¹H, 6′-CH), 7.05 (ddd; J = 7.8, 6.9, 1.0 Hz; 1 ¹H, 5′-CH), 4.69 (d, J = 12.9 Hz, 1 ¹H, NCHHN), 4.58 (d, J = 12.9 Hz, 1 ¹H, NCHHN), 4.40 (dd; J = 9.3, 7.6 Hz; 1 ¹H, 4-CH), 3.67 (s, 3 ¹H, OCH₃), 3.43 (d, J = 10.0 Hz, 1 ¹H, 2-CHH), 3.17 (d, J = 10.0 Hz, 1 ¹H, 2-CHH), 3.16 (dd; J = 9.3, 7.6 Hz; 1 ¹H, 5-CHH), 3.04 (t, J = 9.3 Hz, 1 ¹H, 5-CHH), 2.42 (s, 3 ¹H, 1-NCH₃), 2.23 (s, 6 ¹H, N(CH₃)₂). ¹³C-NMR [75 MHz, δ (ppm), CDCl3]: 168.5 (CO₂), 136.7 (7′a-C), 127.5 (3′a-C), 126.9 (2′-C), 121.9 (6′-C), 119.4 (5′-C), 118.3 (4′-C), 118.0 (CN), 110.21 (3′-C), 110.17 (7′-C), 68.6 (NCH₂N), 65.3 (2-C), 60.7 (5-C), 55.1 (3-C), 53.8 (OCH₃), 44.8 (4-C), 42.7 (N(CH₃)₂), 41.8 (NCH₃). FTIR [ Molecules 15 02269 i099

(cm^–1), neat]: 3049, 2942, 2842, 2778, 2242, 1740, 1460, 1239, 729. Elem. anal. calcd for C₁₉H₂₄N₄O₂: C 67.04%, H 7.11%, N 16.46%; found C 66.98%, H 7.05%, N 16.18%. R_F: 0.19 (AcOEt). Mp: 105.8 °C.

(±)-Methyl (3R,4R)-3-cyano-1-methyl-4-(2-thienyl)pyrrolidine-3-carboxylate (7{9}): According to the general procedure, 2-cyanoacrylate 8{9} (720 mg, 3.73 mmol) afforded 7{9} (814 mg; 87%, combined yield including 11{9}) as a yellow oil, after column chromatography (heptane/AcOEt, 1:1). ¹H-NMR [300 MHz, δ (ppm), CDCl3]: 7.23 (dd; J = 5.1, 1.0 Hz; 1 ¹H, 5′-CH), 7.04 (dt; J = 3.6, 1.0 Hz; 1 ¹H, 3′-CH), 6.98 (dd; J = 5.1, 3.6 Hz; 1 ¹H, 4′-CH), 4.32 (app t, J = 7.8 Hz, 1 ¹H, 4-CH), 3.85 (s, 3 ¹H, OCH₃), 3.40 (d, J = 9.9 Hz, 1 ¹H, 2-CHH), 3.24 (dd; J = 9.6, 7.2 Hz; 1 ¹H, 5-CHH), 3.17 (d, J = 9.9 Hz, 1 ¹H, 2-CHH), 3.00 (dd; J = 9.6, 8.4 Hz; 1 ¹H, 5-CHH), 2.46 (s, 3 ¹H, NCH₃). MS [ESI (m/z)] calcd for (C₁₂H₁₄N₂O₂S + H)⁺ = 251, found 251. R_F: 0.31 (heptane/AcOEt, 1:1). Purity: 97.6% (GC).

(±)-Methyl (3R,4R)-3-cyano-1-methyl-4-(2-pyridyl)pyrrolidine-3-carboxylate (7{10}): According to the general procedure, 2-cyanoacrylate 8{10} (1.006 g, 5.35 mmol) afforded a 6.5:1 mixture of 7{10}/11{10} (1.182 g; 90%, combined yield) as a white solid, after column chromatography (CH₂Cl₂/MeOH, 24:1). (Measured from a 6.5:1 mixture of 7{10}/11{10}) ¹H-NMR [400 MHz, δ (ppm), CDCl3]: 8.61 (d, J = 4.8 Hz, 1 ¹H, 6′-CH), 7.68 (app dt; J = 1.8, 7.6 Hz; 1 ¹H, 4′-CH), 7.30 (d, J = 7.8 Hz, 1 ¹H, 3′-CH), 6.91 (ddd; J = 7.6, 4.8, 0.7 Hz; 1 ¹H, 5′-CH), 4.30 (t, J = 8.0 Hz, 1 ¹H, 4-CH), 3.88 (s, 3 ¹H, OCH₃), 3.38 (d, J = 9.6 Hz, 1 ¹H, 2-CHH), 3.28 (dd; J = 9.3, 8.0 Hz; 1 ¹H, 5-CHH), 3.26 (d, J = 9.6 Hz, 1 ¹H, 2-CHH), 3.22 (dd; J = 9.3, 8.0 Hz; 1 ¹H, 5-CHH), 2.49 (s, 3 ¹H, NCH₃). MS [ESI (m/z)] calcd for (C₁₃H₁₅N₃O₂ + H)⁺ = 246, found 246. R_F: 0.07 (heptane/AcOEt, 1:1).

(±)-Methyl (3R,4R)-3-cyano-1-methyl-4-(3-pyridyl)pyrrolidine-3-carboxylate (7{11}): According to the general procedure, 2-cyanoacrylate 8{11} (2.969 g, 15.78 mmol) afforded a 6.6:1 mixture of 7{11}/11{11} (2.782 g; 72%, combined yield) as a light yellow sticky solid, after column chromatography (CH₂Cl₂/MeOH, 29:1). (Measured from a 6.6:1 mixture of 7{11}/11{11}) ¹H-NMR [400 MHz, δ (ppm), CDCl3]: 8.56 (dd; J = 4.9, 1.7 Hz; 1 ¹H, 6′-CH), 8.56–8.54 (m, 1 ¹H, 2′-CH), 7.81 (app dt; J = 8.0, 2.0 Hz; 1 ¹H, 4′-CH), 7.33 (ddd; J = 8.0, 4.9, 0.5 Hz; 1 ¹H, 5′-CH), 4.06 (app t, J = 7.7 Hz, 1 ¹H, 4-CH), 3.84 (s, 3 ¹H, OCH₃), 3.32 (d, J = 10.0 Hz, 1 ¹H, 2-CHH), 3.28 (d, J = 10.0 Hz, 1 ¹H, 2-CHH), 3.09 (dd; J = 9.5, 7.8 Hz; 1 ¹H, 5-CHH), 3.06 (dd; J = 9.5, 7.6 Hz; 1 ¹H, 5-CHH), 2.47 (s, 3 ¹H, NCH₃). ¹³C-NMR [75 MHz, δ (ppm), CDCl3]: 168.0 (CO₂), 150.1 (2′-C), 149.65 (6′-C), 135.9 (4′-C), 133.2 (3′-C), 123.5 (5′-C), 117.6 (CN), 65.1 (2-C), 60.6 (5-C), 54.4 (3-C), 54.1 (CO₂CH₃), 49.4 (4-C), 41.3 (NCH₃). MS [ESI (m/z)] calcd for (C₁₃H₁₅N₃O₂ + H)⁺ = 246, found 246. R_F: 0.10 (heptane/AcOEt, 1:1).

(±)-Methyl (3R,4S)-3-cyano-1-methyl-4-(3-pyridyl)pyrrolidine-3-carboxylate (11{11}): According to the general procedure, 2-cyanoacrylate 8{11} (2.969 g, 15.78 mmol) afforded a 6.6:1 mixture of 7{11}/11{11} (2.782 g; 72%, combined yield) as a light yellow sticky solid, after column chromatography (CH₂Cl₂/MeOH, 29:1). (Measured from a 6.6:1 mixture of 7{11}/11{11}) ¹H-NMR [400 MHz, δ (ppm), CDCl3]: 8.56–8.54 (m, 1 ¹H, 2′-CH), 8.53 (dd; J = 4.9, 1.7 Hz; 1 ¹H, 6′-CH), 7.69 (app dt; J = 8.0, 2.0 Hz; 1 ¹H, 4′-CH), 7.25 (ddd; J = 8.0, 4.9, 0.5 Hz; 1 ¹H, 5′-CH), 4.07–4.04 (m, 1 ¹H, 4-CH), 3.40 (d, J = 10.2 Hz, 1 ¹H, 2-CHH), 3.35 (d, J = 10.2 Hz, 1 ¹H, 2-CHH), 3.27 (s, 3 ¹H, OCH₃), 3.09 (dd; J = 9.3, 6.6 Hz; 1 ¹H, 5-CHH), 2.97 (dd; J = 9.3, 8.6 Hz; 1 ¹H, 5-CHH), 2.51 (s, 3 ¹H, NCH₃). ¹³C-NMR [75 MHz, δ (ppm), CDCl3]: 166.6 (CO₂), 150.0 (2′-C), 149.60 (6′-C), 135.9 (4′-C), 131.9 (3′-C), 123.2 (5′-C), 120.2 (CN), 63.4 (2-C), 59.6 (5-C), 53.4 (4-C), 53.1 (CO₂CH₃), 52.4 (3-C), 41.2 (NCH₃). R_F: 0.10 (heptane/AcOEt, 1:1).

(±)-Methyl (3R,4R)-3-cyano-1-methyl-4-(4-pyridyl)pyrrolidine-3-carboxylate (7{12}): According to the general procedure, 2-cyanoacrylate 8{12} (1.037 g, 5.51 mmol) afforded a 5:1 mixture of 7{12}/11{12} (1.145 g; 85%, combined yield) as a light yellow oil, after column chromatography (CH₂Cl₂/MeOH, 24:1). (Measured from a 5:1 mixture of 7{12}/11{12}) ¹H-NMR [400 MHz, δ (ppm), CDCl3]: 8.62–8.58 (m, 2 ¹H, 2′-CH + 6′-CH), 7.32–7.28 (m, 2 ¹H, 3′-CH + 5′-CH), 4.03 (app t, J = 7.6 Hz, 1 ¹H, 4-CH), 3.86 (s, 3 ¹H, OCH₃), 3.32 (d, J = 10.0 Hz, 1 ¹H, 2-CHH), 3.26 (d, J = 10.0 Hz, 1 ¹H, 2-CHH), 3.09 (dd; J = 9.8, 7.2 Hz; 1 ¹H, 5-CHH), 3.06 (dd; J = 9.8, 7.8 Hz; 1 ¹H, 5-CHH), 2.47 (s, 3 ¹H, NCH₃). MS [ESI (m/z)] calcd for (C₁₃H₁₅N₃O₂ + H)⁺ = 246, found 246. R_F: 0.06 (heptane/AcOEt, 1:1).

3.4. General procedure for reduction

An excess (7–8 heaped teaspoons) of freshly washed (with MeOH) Raney nickel was added to a solution of α-cyano ester 7 with Et₃N (ca. 1 equiv) in MeOH (0.25–0.30 M). The mixture was stirred for 15 h at room temperature under a hydrogen atmosphere (1 atm). The catalyst was separated by filtration with suction through a glass filter with a 0.5 cm layer of diatomaceous earth. The catalyst was washed thoroughly with MeOH. The combined methanolic solutions were concentrated on a rotary evaporator.

(±)-Methyl (3R,4S)-3-(aminomethyl)-1-methyl-4-phenylpyrrolidine-3-carboxylate (6{1}): According to the general procedure, α-cyano ester 7{1} (5.040 g, 20.63 mmol) afforded 6{1} (4.858 g, 95%) as a colorless oil. ¹H-NMR [200 MHz, δ (ppm), CDCl3]: 7.36–7.21 (m, 5 ¹H, Ph), 3.93 (dd; J = 8.6, 7.3 Hz; 1 ¹H, 4-CH), 3.79 (s, 3 ¹H, OCH₃), 3.35 (d, J = 9.6 Hz, 1 ¹H, 2-CHH), 3.08 (dd; J = 9.2, 7.3 Hz; 1 ¹H, 5-CHH), 2.77 (app t, J = 9.0 Hz, 1 ¹H, 5-CHH), 2.62 (d, J = 13.0 Hz, 1 ¹H, CHHNH₂), 2.52 (d, J = 13.0 Hz, 1 ¹H, CHHNH₂), 2.48 (d, J = 9.6 Hz, 1 ¹H, 2-CHH), 2.41 (s, 3 ¹H, NCH₃), 1.78 (bs, 2 ¹H, NH₂). ¹³C-NMR [75 MHz, δ (ppm), CDCl3]: 175.9 (CO₂), 138.4 (1′-C), 128.7 (2′-C + 6′-C), 127.9 (3′-C + 5′-C), 126.6 (4′-C), 64.0 (2-C), 61.6 (5-C), 58.6 (3-C), 52.2 (CO₂CH₃), 49.9 (4-C), 46.7 (CH₂NH₂), 42.2 (NCH₃). FTIR [ Molecules 15 02269 i099

(cm^–1), neat]: 3386, 3028, 2946, 2781, 1727, 1601, 1455, 1174, 772, 703. HRMS [ESI (m/z)] calcd for (C₁₄H₂₀N₂O₂ + H)⁺ = 249.16030, found 249.15963 (|Δ| = 2.71 ppm). R_F: 0.30 (CH₂Cl₂/MeOH, 8:1). Purity: 99.1% (GC).

(±)-Methyl (3R,4S)-3-(aminomethyl)-4-(4-methoxyphenyl)-1-methylpyrrolidine-3-carboxylate (6{2}): According to the general procedure, α-cyano ester 7{2} (6.997 g, 25.51 mmol) afforded 6{2} (6.731 g, 95%) as a colorless oil. ¹H-NMR [400 MHz, δ (ppm), CDCl3]: 7.27–7.23 (m, 2 ¹H, 2′-CH + 6′-CH), 6.86–6.82 (m, 2 ¹H, 3′-CH + 5′-CH), 3.88 (app t, J = 8.0 Hz, 1 ¹H, 4-CH), 3.79 (s, 3 ¹H, CO₂CH₃), 3.78 (s, 3 ¹H, OCH₃), 3.33 (d, J = 9.9 Hz, 1 ¹H, 2-CHH), 3.06 (dd; J = 8.8, 7.8 Hz; 1 ¹H, 5-CHH), 2.71 (app t, J = 8.9 Hz, 1 ¹H, 5-CHH), 2.63 (d, J = 13.2 Hz, 1 ¹H, CHHNH₂), 2.52 (d, J = 13.2 Hz, 1 ¹H, CHHNH₂), 2.46 (d, J = 9.9 Hz, 1 ¹H, 2-CHH), 2.40 (s, 3 ¹H, NCH₃), 0.92 (bs, 2 ¹H, NH₂). ¹³C-NMR [75 MHz, δ (ppm), CDCl3]: 176.1 (CO₂), 158.2 (4′-C), 130.3 (1′-C), 129.7 (2′-C + 6′-C), 113.5 (3′-C + 5′-C), 64.1 (2-C), 61.8 (5-C), 58.6 (3-C), 55.2 (OCH₃), 52.3 (CO₂CH₃), 49.2 (4-C), 46.8 (CH₂NH₂), 42.3 (NCH₃). FTIR [ Molecules 15 02269 i099

(cm^–1), neat]: 3383, 3222, 2947, 2834, 2779, 1724, 1247, 834. HRMS [ESI (m/z)] calcd for (C₁₅H₂₂N₂O₃ + H)⁺ = 279.17087, found 279.17006 (|Δ| = 2.87 ppm). R_F: 0.27 (CH₂Cl₂/MeOH, 8:1). Purity: 98.1% (GC).

(±)-Methyl (3R,4S)-3-(aminomethyl)-4-(3,5-dimethoxyphenyl)-1-methylpyrrolidine-3-carboxylate (6{3}): According to the general procedure, α-cyano ester 7{3} (7.452 g, 25.06 mmol) afforded 6{3} (6.730 g, 89%) as a yellow oil, after column chromatography (CH₂Cl₂/MeOH, 9:1). ¹H-NMR [400 MHz, δ (ppm), CDCl3]: 6.51 (d, J = 2.2 Hz, 2 ¹H, 2′-CH + 6′-CH), 6.35 (t, J = 2.2 Hz, 1 ¹H, 4′-CH), 3.87 (app t, J = 7.9 Hz, 1 ¹H, 4-CH), 3.80 (s, 3 ¹H, CO₂CH₃), 3.78 (s, 6 ¹H, 2 × OCH₃), 3.31 (d, J = 9.8 Hz, 1 ¹H, 2-CHH), 3.06 (dd; J = 9.0, 7.8 Hz; 1 ¹H, 5-CHH), 2.72 (app t, J = 8.8 Hz, 1 ¹H, 5-CHH), 2.71 (d, J = 13.0 Hz, 1 ¹H, CHHNH₂), 2.58 (d, J = 13.0 Hz, 1 ¹H, CHHNH₂), 2.48 (d, J = 9.8 Hz, 1 ¹H, 2-CHH), 2.40 (s, 3 ¹H, NCH₃), 1.45 (bs, 2 ¹H, NH₂).¹³C-NMR [75 MHz, δ (ppm), CDCl3]: 176.5 (CO₂), 160.6 (3′-C + 5′-C), 141.2 (1′-C), 107.5 (2′-C + 6′-C), 98.6 (4′-C), 64.2 (2-C), 61.6 (5-C), 58.7 (3-C), 55.3 (2 × OCH₃), 52.4 (CO₂CH₃), 50.0 (4-C), 46.6 (CH₂NH₂), 42.3 (NCH₃). FTIR [ Molecules 15 02269 i099

(cm^–1), neat]: 3380, 3188, 2942, 2835, 2781, 1723, 1593, 1203, 1152. HRMS [ESI (m/z)] calcd for (C₁₆H₂₄N₂O₄ + H)⁺ = 309.18143, found 309.18062 (|Δ| = 2.62 ppm). R_F: 0.30 (CH₂Cl₂/MeOH, 8:1). Purity: 98.2% (GC).

(±)-Methyl (3R,4S)-3-(aminomethyl)-4-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-1-methylpyrrolidine-3-carboxylate (6{4}): According to the general procedure, α-cyano ester 7{4} (7.009 g, 24.31 mmol) afforded 6{4} (6.055 g, 85%) as a light yellow oil, after column chromatography (CH₂Cl₂/MeOH, 9:1). ¹H-NMR [400 MHz, δ (ppm), CDCl3]: 6.88 (d, J = 1.7 Hz, 1 ¹H, 4′-CH), 6.78 (dd; J = 8.1, 1.5 Hz; 1 ¹H, 6′-CH), 6.72 (d, J = 8.1 Hz, 1 ¹H, 7′-CH), 5.92 (s, 2 ¹H, 2′-CH₂), 3.83 (app t, J = 7.7 Hz, 1 ¹H, 4-CH), 3.78 (s, 3 ¹H, OCH₃), 3.27 (d, J = 9.9 Hz, 1 ¹H, 2-CHH), 3.01 (dd; J = 9.3, 7.6 Hz; 1 ¹H, 5-CHH), 2.67 (app t, J = 8.7 Hz, 1 ¹H, 5-CHH), 2.66 (d, J = 12.9 Hz, 1 ¹H, CHHNH₂), 2.53 (d, J = 12.9 Hz, 1 ¹H, CHHNH₂), 2.48 (d, J = 9.9 Hz, 1 ¹H, 2-CHH), 2.38 (s, 3 ¹H, NCH₃), 1.01 (bs, 2 ¹H, NH₂). ¹³C-NMR [75 MHz, δ (ppm), CDCl3]: 176.3 (CO₂), 147.4 (3′a-C), 146.3 (7′a-C), 132.5 (5′-C), 122.0 (6′-C), 109.3 (4′-C), 107.8 (7′-C), 100.8 (2′-C), 63.8 (2-C), 61.8 (5-C), 58.6 (3-C), 52.1 (OCH₃), 49.5 (4-C), 46.6 (CH₂NH₂), 42.0 (NCH₃). FTIR [ Molecules 15 02269 i099

(cm^–1), neat]: 3320, 3317, 2946, 2841, 2776, 1721, 1248, 1232, 1034, 929. HRMS [ESI (m/z)] calcd for (C₁₅H₂₀N₂O₄ + H)⁺ = 293.15013, found 293.14936 (|Δ| = 2.63 ppm). R_F: 0.25 (CH₂Cl₂/MeOH, 8:1). Purity: 97.4% (GC).

(±)-Methyl (3R,4S)-3-(aminomethyl)-1-methyl-4-(1-methyl-1H-pyrrol-2-yl)pyrrolidine-3-carboxylate (6{5}): According to the general procedure, α-cyano ester 7{5} (752 mg, 3.04 mmol) afforded 6{5} (559 mg, 73%) as a light yellow oil, after column chromatography (CH₂Cl₂/MeOH, 9:1). ¹H-NMR [400 MHz, δ (ppm), CDCl3]: 6.54 (dd; J = 2.4, 1.8 Hz; 1 ¹H, 5′-CH), 6.07 (dd; J = 3.6, 2.7 Hz; 1 ¹H, 4′-CH), 6.04 (dd; J = 3.8, 1.7 Hz; 1 ¹H, 3′-CH), 4.10 (dd; J = 10.5, 7.2 Hz; 1 ¹H, 4-CH), 3.78 (s, 3 ¹H, OCH₃), 3.60 (s, 3 ¹H, 1′-NCH₃), 3.39 (d, J = 9.9 Hz, 1 ¹H, 2-CHH), 3.19 (app t, J = 8.2 Hz, 1 ¹H, 5-CHH), 2.72 (d, J = 13.2 Hz, 1 ¹H, CHHNH₂), 2.62 (d, J = 13.2 Hz, 1 ¹H, CHHNH₂), 2.47 (app t, J = 9.8 Hz, 1 ¹H, 5-CHH), 2.35 (s, 3 ¹H, 1-NCH₃), 2.21 (d, J = 9.9 Hz, 1 ¹H, 2-CHH), 1.35 (bs, 2 ¹H, NH₂). ¹³C-NMR [75 MHz, δ (ppm), CDCl3]: 177.1 (CO₂), 129.8 (2′-C), 122.3 (5′-C), 107.8 (3′-C), 107.3 (4′-C), 65.3 (2-C), 62.5 (5-C), 58.4 (3-C), 52.5 (OCH₃), 46.7 (CH₂NH₂), 42.2 (1-NCH₃), 40.9 (4-C), 34.2 (1′-NCH₃). FTIR [ Molecules 15 02269 i099

(cm^–1), neat]: 3390, 3099, 2946, 2839, 2780, 1729, 1242, 712. HRMS [ESI (m/z)] calcd for (C₁₃H₂₁N₃O₂ + H)⁺ = 252.17120, found 252.17083 (|Δ| = 1.49 ppm). R_F: 0.24 (CH₂Cl₂/MeOH, 8:1). Purity: 97.7% (GC).

(±)-Methyl (3R,4S)-3-(aminomethyl)-1-methyl-4-(1-methyl-1H-indol-3-yl)pyrrolidine-3-carboxylate (6{6}): According to the general procedure, α-cyano ester 7{6} (7.628 g, 25.65 mmol) afforded 6{6} (7.337 g, 95%) as a yellow oil, after column chromatography (CH₂Cl₂/MeOH, 9:1). ¹H-NMR [400 MHz, δ (ppm), CDCl3]: 7.72 (dt; J = 8.0, 1.0 Hz; 1 ¹H, 4′-CH), 7.28 (dt; J = 8.0, 1.0 Hz; 1 ¹H, 7′-CH), 7.21 (ddd; J = 8.0, 6.8, 1.0 Hz; 1 ¹H, 6′-CH), 7.11 (ddd; J = 8.0, 6.8, 1.0 Hz; 1 ¹H, 5′-CH), 6.98 (s, 1 ¹H, 2′-CH), 4.32 (dd; J = 9.3, 7.3 Hz; 1 ¹H, 4-CH), 3.83 (s, 3 ¹H, OCH₃), 3.76 (s, 3 ¹H, 1′-NCH₃), 3.43 (d, J = 10.0 Hz, 1 ¹H, 2-CHH), 3.17 (dd; J = 9.3, 7.3 Hz; 1 ¹H, 5-CHH), 2.75 (d, J = 13.2 Hz, 1 ¹H, CHHNH₂), 2.68 (t, J = 9.3 Hz, 1 ¹H, 5-CHH), 2.60 (d, J = 13.2 Hz, 1 ¹H, CHHNH₂), 2.45 (d, J = 10.0 Hz, 1 ¹H, 2-CHH), 2.42 (s, 3 ¹H, 1-NCH₃), 1.04 (bs, 2 ¹H, NH₂). ¹³C-NMR [75 MHz, δ (ppm), CDCl3]: 177.1 (CO₂), 136.9 (7′a-C), 128.3 (3′a-C), 127.3 (2′-C), 122.0 (6′-C), 119.9 (5′-C), 119.3 (4′-C), 112.0 (3′-C), 109.3 (7′-C), 64.8 (2-C), 62.5 (5-C), 58.4 (3-C), 52.4 (OCH₃), 47.1 (CH₂NH₂), 42.5 (4-C), 41.6 (1-NCH₃), 32.9 (1′-NCH₃). FTIR [ Molecules 15 02269 i099

(cm^–1), neat]: 3386, 3047, 2946, 2834, 2779, 1720, 1472, 1172, 741. HRMS [EI (m/z)] calcd for C₁₇H₂₃N₃O₂ = 301.1790, found for [M^+•] = 301.1776 (|Δ| = 4.7 ppm), peaks at (relative intensity): 301 (7), 284 (93), 228 (18), 157 (100), 144 (22), 57 (27). R_F: 0.22 (CH₂Cl₂/MeOH, 8:1). Purity: 98.0% (GC).

(±)-(3R,4R)-3-Cyano-1-methyl-4-phenylpyrrolidine-3-carboxamide (12{1}): ¹H-NMR [300 MHz, δ (ppm), CDCl3]: 7.41–7.26 (m, 5 ¹H, Ph), 6.58 (s, 1 ¹H, NHH), 6.40 (s, 1 ¹H, NHH), 3.99 (app t, J = 8.1 Hz, 1 ¹H, 4-CH), 3.34 (d, J = 9.8 Hz, 1 ¹H, 2-CHH), 3.16 (app t, J = 8.7 Hz, 1 ¹H, 5-CHH), 3.12 (d, J = 9.8 Hz, 1 ¹H, 2-CHH), 3.03 (app t, J = 8.9 Hz, 1 ¹H, 5-CHH), 2.47 (s, 3 ¹H, NCH₃). ¹³C-NMR [75 MHz, δ (ppm), CDCl3]: 169.4 (CON), 137.1 (1′-C), 128.6 (2′-C + 6′-C), 128.4 (3′-C + 5′-C), 128.2 (4′-C), 119.0 (CN), 65.2 (2-C), 60.9 (5-C), 55.9 (3-C), 53.1 (4-C), 41.6 (NCH₃). FTIR [ Molecules 15 02269 i099

(cm^–1), neat]: 3334, 3192, 2950, 2846, 2794, 2241, 1684, 772, 698. Elem. anal. calcd for C₁₃H₁₅N₃O: C 68.11%, H 6.59%, N 18.33%; found C 68.10%, H 6.48%, N 18.13%. R_F: 0.40 (AcOEt). Mp: 121.7 °C (from propan-2-ol, small white needles). Purity: >99.5% (GC).

3.5. Parallel synthesis

3.5.1. General procedure 1 for spiro dihydrouracil/α-ureidomethyl acid formation using parallel synthesis

A solution of isocyanate 13 (0.12 mmol for 1, 0.10 mmol for 3–5) from a 0.3 M stock solution in CH₂Cl₂ was added to a solution of α-aminomethyl ester (0.10 mmol) in CH₂Cl₂ (1.5 mL). The resulting reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 15 h. After that time, the solvent was evaporated and THF (1.5 mL) and 1 M KOBu^t in THF (0.10 mmol) were added. The reaction mixture was then stirred at room temperature for 15 h. A saturated solution of NH₄Cl (1.0 mL) was added and the layers were separated (centrifugation was needed for the separation when aryl isocyanate was used). The aqueous layer was extracted with CH₂Cl₂ (2 × 1.5 mL) and the combined organic layers were evaporated to dryness under vacuum.

3.5.2. General procedure 2 for spiro dihydrouracil/α-ureidomethyl acid formation using parallel synthesis

A solution of isocyanate 13{2,6–8} (0.10 mmol) from a 0.3 M stock solution in DMF was added to a solution of α-aminomethyl ester (0.10 mmol) in DMF (1.5 mL). The resulting reaction mixture was stirred at 80 °C for 15 h. After that time, the solvent was evaporated and THF (1.5 mL) and 1 M KOBu^t in THF (0.10 mmol) were added. The reaction mixture was then stirred at room temperature for 15 h. A saturated solution of NH₄Cl (1.0 mL) was added and the layers were separated (centrifugation was needed for the separation when aryl isocyanate was used). The aqueous layer was extracted with CH₂Cl₂ (2 × 1.5 mL) and the combined organic layers were evaporated to dryness under vacuum.

(±)-(4R,5S)-7-Ethyl-2-methyl-4-phenyl-2,7,9-triazaspiro[4,5]decane-6,8-dione (5{1,1}): (From 6{1}) ¹H-NMR [400 MHz, δ (ppm), CDCl3]: 7.30–7.19 (m, 5 ¹H, Ph), 5.60 (bd, J = 2.1 Hz, 1 ¹H, NH), 4.20 (dd; J = 8.1, 5.4 Hz; 1 ¹H, 4-CH), 3.85 (dq; J = 12.9, 7.2 Hz; 1 ¹H, CHHCH₃), 3.80 (dq; J = 12.9, 7.2 Hz; 1 ¹H, CHHCH₃), 3.06 (dd; J = 9.6, 5.4 Hz; 1 ¹H, 3-CHH), 2.99 (dd; J = 9.6, 8.1 Hz; 1 ¹H, 3-CHH), 2.95 (d, J = 9.3 Hz, 1 ¹H, 1-CHH), 2.94 (dd; J = 12.6, 4.2 Hz; 1 ¹H, 10-CHH), 2.68 (d, J = 9.3 Hz, 1 ¹H, 1-CHH), 2.66 (d, J = 12.6 Hz, 1 ¹H, 10-CHH), 2.41 (s, 3 ¹H, NCH₃), 1.16 (t, J = 7.2 Hz, 3 ¹H, CH₂CH₃). ¹³C-NMR [75 MHz, δ (ppm), CDCl3]: 173.1 (6-C), 154.1 (8-C), 139.4 (1′-C), 128.7 (2′-C + 6′-C), 128.6 (3′-C + 5′-C), 127.3 (4′-C), 64.0 (1-C), 62.0 (3-C), 52.0 (5-C), 48.3 (4-C), 43.4 (10-C), 42.0 (NCH₃), 36.4 (CH₂CH₃), 13.8 (CH₂CH₃). FTIR [ Molecules 15 02269 i099

(cm^–1), neat]: 3240, 2937, 2841, 2784, 1716, 1673, 763, 703. MS [APCI (m/z)] calcd for (C₁₆H₂₁N₃O₂ + H)⁺ = 288, found 288. Crude yield: 51%. Purity: 89% (LC).

(±)-(4R,5S)-2-Methyl-7-phenethyl-4-phenyl-2,7,9-triazaspiro[4,5] decane-6,8-dione (5{1,2}): (From 6{1}) ¹H-NMR [400 MHz, δ (ppm), CDCl3]: 7.33–7.15 (m, 10 ¹H, 2 × Ph), 5.66 (bd, J = 3.4 Hz, 1 ¹H, NH), 4.16 (dd; J = 8.0, 5.4 Hz; 1 ¹H, 4-CH), 4.04 (dt; J = 13.0, 7.6 Hz; 1 ¹H, NCHHCH₂), 3.98 (dt; J = 13.0, 7.6 Hz; 1 ¹H, NCHHCH₂), 3.05 (dd; J = 9.3, 5.4 Hz; 1 ¹H, 3-CHH), 2.98–2.83 (m, 5 ¹H, 1-CHH + 3-CHH + 10-CHH + NCH₂CH₂), 2.56 (d, J = 9.5 Hz, 1 ¹H, 1-CHH), 2.55 (d, J = 13.2 Hz, 1 ¹H, 10-CHH), 2.39 (s, 3 ¹H, NCH₃). ¹³C-NMR [75 MHz, δ (ppm), CDCl3]: 173.2 (6-C), 154.0 (8-C), 139.3 (1′′-C), 138.6 (1′-C), 129.2 (2′-C + 6′-C), 128.8 (2′′-C + 6′′-C), 128.6 (3′′-C + 5′′-C), 128.5 (3′-C + 5′-C), 127.3 (4′′-C), 126.5 (4′-C), 64.0 (1-C), 61.9 (3-C), 52.1 (5-C), 48.2 (4-C), 43.4 (10-C), 42.2 (NCH₂CH₂), 41.9 (NCH₃), 34.5 (NCH₂CH₂). FTIR [ Molecules 15 02269 i099

(cm^–1), neat]: 3254, 2938, 2841, 2784, 1717, 1673, 758, 701. MS [APCI (m/z)] calcd for (C₂₂H₂₅N₃O₂ + H)⁺ = 364, found 364. Crude yield: 63%. Purity: 70% (LC).

(±)-Ethyl 3-{(4R,5S)-2-methyl-6,8-dioxo-4-phenyl-2,7,9-triazaspiro[4,5] decan-7-yl}propanoate (5{1,3}): (From 6{1}) MS [APCI (m/z)] calcd for (C₁₉H₂₅N₃O₄ + H)⁺ = 360, found 360. Crude yield: 80% (combined yield of 5{1,3}, 5{1,9}, 5{1,10}, and 5{1,11}). Purity: 91% (LC; combined purity of 5{1,3}, 5{1,9}, 5{1,10}, and 5{1,11}).

(±)-(4R,5S)-7-Ethyl-4-(4-methoxyphenyl)-2-methyl-2,7,9-triazaspiro[4,5] decane-6,8-dione (5{2,1}): (From 6{2}) MS [APCI (m/z)] calcd for (C₁₇H₂₃N₃O₃ + H)⁺ = 318, found 318. Crude yield: 60%. Purity: 93% (LC).

(±)-(4R,5S)-4-(4-Methoxyphenyl)-2-methyl-7-phenethyl-2,7,9-triazaspiro[4,5] decane-6,8-dione (5{2,2}): (From 6{2}) MS [APCI (m/z)] calcd for (C₂₃H₂₇N₃O₃ + H)⁺ = 394, found 394. Crude yield: 64%. Purity: 60% (LC).

(±)-Ethyl 3-{(4R,5S)-4-(4-methoxyphenyl)-2-methyl-6,8-dioxo-2,7,9-triazaspiro[4,5] decan-7-yl}prop-anoate (5{2,3}): (From 6{2}) FTIR [ Molecules 15 02269 i099

(cm^–1), neat]: 3245, 2935, 2837, 2784, 1719, 1674, 1247, 835. MS [APCI (m/z)] calcd for (C₂₀H₂₇N₃O₅ + H)⁺ = 390, found 390. Crude yield: 49% (combined yield of 5{2,3}, 5{2,9}, 5{2,10}, and 5{2,11}). Purity: 88% (LC; combined purity of 5{2,3}, 5{2,9}, 5{2,10}, and 5{2,11}).

(±)-(4R,5S)-4-(3,5-Dimethoxyphenyl)-7-ethyl-2-methyl-2,7,9-triazaspiro[4,5] decane-6,8-dione 5{3,1}): (From 6{3}) MS [APCI (m/z)] calcd for (C₁₈H₂₅N₃O₄ + H)⁺ = 348, found 348. Crude yield: 66%. Purity: 90% (LC).

(±)-(4R,5S)-4-(3,5-Dimethoxyphenyl)-2-methyl-7-phenethyl-2,7,9-triazaspiro[4,5] decane-6,8-dione

5{3,2}): (From 6{3}) MS [APCI (m/z)] calcd for (C₂₄H₂₉N₃O₄ + H)⁺ = 424, found 424. Crude yield: 60%. Purity: 68% (LC).

(±)-Ethyl 3-{(4R,5S)-4-(3,5-dimethoxyphenyl)-2-methyl-6,8-dioxo-2,7,9-triazaspiro[4,5] decan-7-yl}-propanoate (5{3,3}): (From 6{3}) MS [APCI (m/z)] calcd for (C₂₁H₂₉N₃O₆ + H)⁺ = 420, found 420. Crude yield: 54% (combined yield of 5{3,3}, 5{3,9}, 5{3,10}, and 5{3,11}). Purity: 95% (LC; combined purity of 5{3,3}, 5{3,9}, 5{3,10}, and 5{3,11}).

(±)-(4R,5S)-4-(1,3-Benzodioxol-5-yl)-7-ethyl-2-methyl-2,7,9-triazaspiro[4,5] decane-6,8-dione

(5{4,1}): (From 6{4}) MS [APCI (m/z)] calcd for (C₁₇H₂₁N₃O₄ + H)⁺ = 332, found 332. Crude yield: 63%. Purity: 95% (LC).

(±)-(4R,5S)-4-(1,3-Benzodioxol-5-yl)-2-methyl-7-phenethyl-2,7,9-triazaspiro[4,5]decane-6,8-dione

5{4,2}): (From 6{4}) MS [APCI (m/z)] calcd for (C₂₃H₂₅N₃O₄ + H)⁺ = 408, found 408. Crude yield: 64%. Purity: 68% (LC).

(±)-Ethyl 3-{(4R,5S)-4-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-2-methyl-6,8-dioxo-2,7,9-triazaspiro[4,5]decan-7-yl}-propanoate (5{4,3}): (From 6{4}) MS [APCI (m/z)] calcd for (C₂₀H₂₅N₃O₆ + H)⁺ = 404, found 404. Crude yield: 61% (combined yield of 5{4,3}, 5{4,9}, 5{4,10}, and 5{4,11}). Purity: 98% (LC; combined purity of 5{4,3}, 5{4,9}, 5{4,10}, and 5{4,11}).

(±)-(4R,5S)-7-Ethyl-2-methyl-4-(1-methyl-1H-pyrrol-2-yl)-2,7,9-triazaspiro[4,5] decane-6,8-dione

(5{5,1}): (From 6{5}) ¹H-NMR [400 MHz, δ (ppm), CDCl3]: 6.52 (dd; J = 2.8, 1.6 Hz; 1 ¹H, 5′-CH), 6.05 (dd; J = 3.5, 2.8 Hz; 1 ¹H, 4′-CH), 6.03 (dd; J = 3.5, 1.6 Hz; 1 ¹H, 3′-CH), 5.84 (bd, J = 3.5 Hz, 1 ¹H, NH), 4.35 (app t, J = 8.0 Hz, 1 ¹H, 4-CH), 3.85 (dq; J = 13.1, 7.0 Hz; 1 ¹H, CHHCH₃), 3.79 (dq; J = 13.1, 7.0 Hz; 1 ¹H, CHHCH₃), 3.44 (s, 3 ¹H, 1′-NCH₃), 3.15 (app t, J = 8.6 Hz, 1 ¹H, 3-CHH), 2.96 (dd; J = 13.0, 4.6 Hz; 1 ¹H, 10-CHH), 2.92 (d, J = 9.8 Hz, 1 ¹H, 1-CHH), 2.78 (app t, J = 8.8 Hz, 1 ¹H, 3-CHH), 2.65 (d, J = 9.8 Hz, 1 ¹H, 1-CHH), 2.62 (d, J = 13.0 Hz, 1 ¹H, 10-CHH), 2.37 (s, 3 ¹H, 2-NCH₃), 1.15 (t, J = 7.0 Hz, 3 ¹H, CH₂CH₃). ¹³C-NMR [75 MHz, δ (ppm), CDCl3]: 173.5 (6-C), 154.2 (8-C), 129.9 (2′-C), 122.4 (5′-C), 107.5 (3′-C), 107.2 (4′-C), 66.0 (1-C), 62.0 (3-C), 51.0 (5-C), 43.9 (10-C), 41.9 (2-NCH₃), 39.5 (4-C), 36.4 (CH₂CH₃), 34.1 (1′-NCH₃), 13.7 (CH₂CH₃). FTIR [ Molecules 15 02269 i099

(cm^–1), neat]: 3329, 2937, 2842, 2784, 1716, 1671, 727. MS [APCI (m/z)] calcd for (C₁₅H₂₂N₄O₂ + H)⁺ = 291, found 291. Crude yield: 61%. Purity: 99% (LC).

(±)-(4R,5S)-2-Methyl-4-(1-methyl-1H-pyrrol-2-yl)-7-phenethyl-2,7,9-triazaspiro[4,5] decane-6,8-dione (5{5,2}): (From 6{5}) ¹H-NMR [400 MHz, δ (ppm), CDCl3]: 7.32–7.15 (m, 5 ¹H, Ph), 6.51 (dd; J = 2.8, 1.6 Hz; 1 ¹H, 5′-CH), 6.05 (dd; J = 3.5, 2.8 Hz; 1 ¹H, 4′-CH), 6.02 (dd; J = 3.5, 1.6 Hz; 1 ¹H, 3′-CH), 5.96 (bd, J = 4.0 Hz, 1 ¹H, NH), 4.31 (app t, J = 8.1 Hz, 1 ¹H, 4-CH), 4.08–3.95 (m, 2 ¹H, NCH₂CH₂), 3.34 (s, 3 ¹H, 1′-NCH₃), 3.13 (app t, J = 8.6 Hz, 1 ¹H, 3-CHH), 2.92 (dd; J = 12.9, 4.7 Hz; 1 ¹H, 10-CHH), 2.91–2.83 (m, 2 ¹H, NCH₂CH₂), 2.80 (d, J = 9.8 Hz, 1 ¹H, 1-CHH), 2.76 (app t, J = 8.8 Hz, 1 ¹H, 3-CHH), 2.62 (d, J = 9.8 Hz, 1 ¹H, 1-CHH), 2.55 (d, J = 12.9 Hz, 1 ¹H, 10-CHH), 2.35 (s, 3 ¹H, 2-NCH₃). ¹³C-NMR [75 MHz, δ (ppm), CDCl3]: 173.6 (6-C), 154.2 (8-C), 138.6 (1′′-C), 129.8 (2′-C), 129.2 (2′′-C + 6′′-C), 128.5 (3′′-C + 5′′-C), 126.5 (4′′-C), 122.4 (5′-C), 107.5 (3′-C), 107.2 (4′-C), 65.9 (1-C), 62.0 (3-C), 51.0 (5-C), 43.8 (10-C), 42.2 (NCH₂CH₂), 41.9 (2-NCH₃), 39.3 (4-C), 34.4 (NCH₂CH₂), 34.1 (1′-NCH₃). FTIR [ Molecules 15 02269 i099

(cm^–1), neat]: 3251, 2941, 2843, 2785, 1716, 1671, 761, 728, 699. MS [APCI (m/z)] calcd for (C₂₁H₂₆N₄O₂ + H)⁺ = 367, found 367. Crude yield: 54%. Purity: 92% (LC).

(±)-Ethyl 3-{(4R,5S)-2-methyl-4-(1-methyl-1H-pyrrol-2-yl)-6,8-dioxo-2,7,9-triazaspiro[4,5] decan-7-yl}propanoate (5{5,3}): (From 6{5}) MS [APCI (m/z)] calcd for (C₁₈H₂₆N₄O₄ + H)⁺ = 363, found 363. Crude yield: 66% (combined yield of 5{5,3}, 5{5,9}, 5{5,10}, and 5{5,11}). Purity: 79% (LC; combined purity of 5{5,3}, 5{5,9}, 5{5,10}, and 5{5,11}).

(±)-(4R,5S)-7-Ethyl-2-methyl-4-(1-methyl-1H-indol-3-yl)-2,7,9-triazaspiro[4,5] decane-6,8-dione

(5{6,1}): (From 6{6}) MS [APCI (m/z)] calcd for (C₁₉H₂₄N₄O₂ + H)⁺ = 341, found 341. Crude yield: 69%. Purity: 69% (LC).

(±)-(4R,5S)-2-Methyl-4-(1-methyl-1H-indol-3-yl)-7-phenethyl-2,7,9-triazaspiro[4,5] decane-6,8-dione

(5{6,2}): (From 6{6}) MS [APCI (m/z)] calcd for (C₂₅H₂₈N₄O₂ + H)+ = 417, found 417. Crude yield: 68%. Purity: 62% (LC).

(±)-Ethyl 3-{(4R,5S)-2-methyl-4-(1-methyl-1H-indol-3-yl)-6,8-dioxo-2,7,9-triazaspiro[4,5] decan-7-yl}-propanoate (5{6,3}): (From 6{6}) MS [APCI (m/z)] calcd for (C₂₂H₂₈N₄O₄ + H)⁺ = 413, found 413. Crude yield: 62% (combined yield of 5{6,3}, 5{6,9}, 5{6,10}, and 5{6,11}). Purity: 86% (LC; combined purity of 5{6,3}, 5{6,9}, 5{6,10}, and 5{6,11}).

(±)-(3R,4S)-1-Methyl-4-phenyl-3-[(3-phenylureido)methyl]pyrrolidine-3-carboxylic acid (14{1,4}): (From 6{1}) MS [APCI (m/z)] calcd for (C₂₀H₂₃N₃O₃ + H)⁺ = 354, found 354. Crude yield: 49%. Purity: >99% (LC).

(±)-(3R,4S)-1-Methyl-4-phenyl-3-({3-[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]ureido}methyl)pyrrolidine-3-carboxy-lic acid (14{1,5}): (From 6{1}) MS [APCI (m/z)] calcd for (C₂₁H₂₂F₃N₃O₃ + H)⁺ = 422, found 422. Crude yield: 75%. Purity: 97% (LC).

(±)-(3R,4S)-3-{[3-(4-Ethoxyphenyl)ureido]methyl}-1-methyl-4-phenylpyrrolidine-3-carboxylic acid (14{1,6}): (From 6{1}) MS [APCI (m/z)] calcd for (C₂₂H₂₇N₃O₄ + H)⁺ = 398, found 398. Crude yield: 48%. Purity: >99% (LC).

(±)-(3R,4S)-3-{[3-(3-Cyanophenyl)ureido]methyl}-1-methyl-4-phenylpyrrolidine-3-carboxylic acid (14{1,7}): (From 6{1}) MS [APCI (m/z)] calcd for (C₂₁H₂₂N₄O₃ + H)⁺ = 379, found 379. Crude yield: 54%. Purity: >99% (LC).

(±)-(3R,4S)-1-Methyl-4-phenyl-3-{[3-(3-pyridyl)ureido]methyl}pyrrolidine-3-carboxylic acid (14{1,8}): (From 6{1}) MS [APCI (m/z)] calcd for (C₁₉H₂₂N₄O₃ + H)⁺ = 355, found 355. Crude yield: 49%. Purity: 79% (LC).

(±)-(3R,4S)-4-(4-Methoxyphenyl)-1-methyl-3-[(3-phenylureido)methyl]pyrrolidine-3-carboxylic acid (14{2,4}): (From 6{2}) MS [APCI (m/z)] calcd for (C₂₁H₂₅N₃O₄ + H)⁺ = 384, found 384. Crude yield: 60%. Purity: 99% (LC).

(±)-(3R,4S)-4-(4-Methoxyphenyl)-1-methyl-3-({3-[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]ureido}methyl)-pyrroli-dine-3-carboxylic acid (14{2,5}): (From 6{2}) MS [APCI (m/z)] calcd for (C₂₂H₂₄F₃N₃O₄ + H)⁺ = 452, found 452. Crude yield: 65%. Purity: 98% (LC).

(±)-(3R,4S)-3-{[3-(4-Ethoxyphenyl)ureido]methyl}-4-(4-methoxyphenyl)-1-methylpyrrolidine-3-car-

boxylic acid (14{2,6}): (From 6{2}) MS [APCI (m/z)] calcd for (C₂₃H₂₉N₃O₅ + H)⁺ = 428, found 428. Crude yield: 70%. Purity: >99% (LC).

(±)-(3R,4S)-3-{[3-(3-Cyanophenyl)ureido]methyl}-4-(4-methoxyphenyl)-1-methylpyrrolidine-3-car-

boxylic acid (14{2,7}): (From 6{2}) MS [APCI (m/z)] calcd for (C₂₂H₂₄N₄O₄ + H)⁺ = 409, found 409. Crude yield: 60%. Purity: 96% (LC).

(±)-(3R,4S)-4-(4-Methoxyphenyl)-1-methyl-3-{[3-(3-pyridyl)ureido]methyl}pyrrolidine-3-carboxylic

acid (14{2,8}): (From 6{2}) MS [APCI (m/z)] calcd for (C₂₀H₂₄N₄O₄ + H)⁺ = 385, found 385. Crude yield: 45%. Purity: 76% (LC).

(±)-(3R,4S)-4-(3,5-Dimethoxyphenyl)-1-methyl-3-[(3-phenylureido)methyl]pyrrolidine-3-carboxylic acid (14{3,4}): (From 6{3}) MS [APCI (m/z)] calcd for (C₂₂H₂₇N₃O₅ + H)⁺ = 414, found 414. Crude yield: 76%. Purity: 97% (LC).

(±)-(3R,4S)-4-(3,5-Dimethoxyphenyl)-1-methyl-3-({3-[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]ureido}methyl)pyrro-lidine-3-carboxylic acid (14{3,5}): (From 6{3}) MS [APCI (m/z)] calcd for (C₂₃H₂₆F₃N₃O₅ + H)⁺ = 482, found 482. Crude yield: 63%. Purity: 99% (LC).

(±)-(3R,4S)-4-(3,5-Dimethoxyphenyl)-3-{[3-(4-Ethoxyphenyl)ureido]methyl}-1-methylpyrrolidine-3-

carboxylic acid (14{3,6}): (From 6{3}) ¹H-NMR [300 MHz, δ (ppm), CD3SOCD3]: 8.83 (bs, 1 ¹H, NHAr), 7.30–7.21 (m, 2 ¹H, 2′′-CH + 6′′-CH), 6.79–6.70 (m, 2 ¹H, 3′′-CH + 5′′-CH), 6.47 (d, J = 2.1 Hz, 2 ¹H, 2′-CH + 6′-CH), 6.41 (t, J = 2.1 Hz, 1 ¹H, 4′-CH), 6.12 (bs, 1 ¹H, CH₂NH), 3.92 (q, J = 6.9 Hz, 2 ¹H, CH₂CH₃), 3.72 (s, 6 ¹H, 2 × OCH₃), 3.74–3.68 (m, 1 ¹H, 4-CH), 3.45 (d, J = 10.2 Hz, 1 ¹H, 2-CHH), 3.39 (dd; J = 9.6, 7.5 Hz; 1 ¹H, 5-CHH), 3.24–3.18 (m, 1 ¹H, 5-CHH), 3.17 (dd; J = 12.9, 8.1 Hz; 1 ¹H, CHHNH), 2.86 (d, J = 10.2 Hz, 1 ¹H, 2-CHH), 2.64 (s, 3 ¹H, NCH₃), 2.59 (dd; J = 12.9, 2.1 Hz; 1 ¹H, CHHNH), 1.28 (t, J = 6.9 Hz, 1 ¹H, CH₂CH₃). ¹³C-NMR [75 MHz, δ (ppm), CDCl3]: 176.7 (CO₂), 160.2 (3′-C + 5′-C), 155.6 (NCON), 152.9 (4′′-C), 139.9 (1′-C), 133.9 (1′′-C), 119.0 (2′′-C + 6′′-C), 114.4 (3′′-C + 5′′-C), 107.1 (2′-C + 6′-C), 98.3 (4′-C), 63.0 (CH₂CH₃), 62.2 (2-C), 59.1 (5-C), 55.8 (3-C), 55.1 (2 × OCH₃), 49.8 (4-C), 42.6 (NCH₃), 40.8 (CH₂NH), 14.7 (CH₂CH₃). FTIR [ Molecules 15 02269 i099

(cm^–1), neat]: 3354, 3250, 2947, 2836, 1671, 1594, 1542, 1204, 1153, 824. MS [APCI (m/z)] calcd for (C₂₄H₃₁N₃O₆ + H)⁺ = 458, found 458. Crude yield: 52%. Purity: 99% (LC).

(±)-(3R,4S)-3-{[3-(3-Cyanophenyl)ureido]methyl}-4-(3,5-dimethoxyphenyl)-1-methylpyrrolidine-3-

carboxylic acid (14{3,7}): (From 6{3}) ¹H-NMR [300 MHz, δ (ppm), CD3SOCD3]: 9.88 (bs, 1 ¹H, NHAr), 7.99 (s, 1 ¹H, 2′-CH), 7.63 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 1 ¹H, 6′-CH), 7.38 (app t, J = 7.8 Hz, 1 ¹H, 5′-CH), 7.28 (d, J = 7.5 Hz, 1 ¹H, 4′-CH), 6.66 (bs, 1 ¹H, CH₂NH), 6.47 (d, J = 2.1 Hz, 2 ¹H, 2′′-CH + 6′′-CH), 6.40 (t, J = 2.1 Hz, 1 ¹H, 4′′-CH), 3.77 (app t, J = 8.7 Hz, 1 ¹H, 4-CH), 3.71 (s, 6 ¹H, 2 × OCH₃), 3.59 (d, J = 10.5 Hz, 1 ¹H, 2-CHH), 3.54 (dd; J = 9.9, 7.5 Hz; 1 ¹H, 5-CHH), 3.37 (app t, J = 9.0 Hz, 1 ¹H, 5-CHH), 3.23 (dd; J = 12.8, 8.4 Hz; 1 ¹H, CHHNH), 2.97 (d, J = 10.5 Hz, 1 ¹H, 2-CHH), 2.75 (s, 3 ¹H, NCH₃), 2.63 (dd; J = 12.8, 1.8 Hz; 1 ¹H, CHHNH). ¹³C-NMR [75 MHz, δ (ppm), CD3SOCD3]: 176.7 (CO₂), 160.2 (3′′-C + 5′′-C), 155.4 (NCON), 141.8 (1′-C), 139.3 (1′′-C), 129.9 (5′-C), 124.0 (4′-C), 122.0 (6′-C), 119.8 (2′-C), 119.1 (CN), 111.3 (3′-C), 107.0 (2′′-C + 6′′-C), 98.4 (4′′-C), 62.3 (2-C), 58.6 (5-C), 55.9 (3-C), 55.1 (2 × OCH₃), 49.8 (4-C), 42.4 (NCH₃), 40.7 (CH₂NH). FTIR [ Molecules 15 02269 i099

(cm^–1), neat]: 3377, 3184, 2942, 2838, 2790, 2234, 1679, 1594, 1543, 1203, 1150, 830. MS [APCI (m/z)] calcd for (C₂₃H₂₆N₄O₅ + H)⁺ = 439, found 439. Crude yield: 58%. Purity: >99% (LC).

(±)-(3R,4S)-4-(3,5-Dimethoxyphenyl)-1-methyl-3-{[3-(3-pyridyl)ureido]methyl}pyrrolidine-3-car-

boxylic acid (14{3,8}): (From 6{3}) MS [APCI (m/z)] calcd for (C₂₁H₂₆N₄O₅ + H)⁺ = 415, found 415. Crude yield: 48%. Purity: 43% (LC).

(±)-(3R,4S)-4-(1,3-Benzodioxol-5-yl)-1-methyl-3-[(3-phenylureido)methyl]pyrrolidine-3-carboxylic

acid (14{4,4}): (From 6{4}) ¹H-NMR [300 MHz, δ (ppm), CD3SOCD3]: 9.01 (bs, 1 ¹H, NHPh), 7.42–7.34 (m, 2 ¹H, 2′′-CH + 6′′-CH), 7.22–7.12 (m, 2 ¹H, 3′′-CH + 5′′-CH), 6.96 (d, J = 1.2 Hz, 1 ¹H, 4′-CH), 6.86 (d, J = 8.1 Hz, 1 ¹H, 7′-CH), 6.87–6.80 (m, 1 ¹H, 4′′-CH), 6.76 (dd; J = 8.1, 1.2 Hz; 1 ¹H, 6′-CH), 6.26 (bd, J = 6.0 Hz, 1 ¹H, CH₂NH), 6.01–5.97 (m, 2 ¹H, 2′-CH₂), 3.72 (app t, J = 8.2 Hz, 1 ¹H, 4-CH), 3.46 (d, J = 10.5 Hz, 1 ¹H, 2-CHH), 3.42 (dd; J = 9.9, 7.5 Hz; 1 ¹H, 5-CHH), 3.25–3.17 (m, 1 ¹H, 5-CHH), 3.16 (dd; J = 12.9, 8.4 Hz; 1 ¹H, CHHNH), 2.88 (d, J = 10.5 Hz, 1 ¹H, 2-CHH), 2.65 (s, 3 ¹H, NCH₃), 2.58 (dd; J = 12.9, 2.4 Hz; 1 ¹H, CHHNH). ¹³C-NMR [75 MHz, δ (ppm), CD3SOCD3]: 176.7 (CO₂), 155.4 (NCON), 147.1 (3′a-C), 146.1 (7′a-C), 140.8 (1′′-C), 131.3 (5′-C), 128.5 (3′′-C + 5′′-C), 121.9 (6′-C), 120.7 (4′′-C), 117.4 (2′′-C + 6′′-C), 108.9 (7′-C), 107.9 (4′-C), 100.9 (2′-C), 62.2 (2-C), 59.4 (5-C), 55.9 (3-C), 49.5 (4-C), 42.8 (NCH₃), 40.5 (CH₂NH). FTIR [ Molecules 15 02269 i099

(cm^–1), neat]: 3359, 3254, 2954, 2898, 2780, 1671, 1597, 1549, 1495, 1228, 1035, 931, 756, 694. MS [APCI (m/z)] calcd for (C₂₁H₂₃N₃O₅ + H)⁺ = 398, found 398. Crude yield: 74%. Purity: >99% (LC).

(±)-(3R,4S)-4-(1,3-Benzodioxol-5-yl)-1-methyl-3-({3-[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl] ureido}methyl)pyrrol-idine-3-carboxylic acid (14{4,5}): (From 6{4}) FTIR [ Molecules 15 02269 i099

(cm^–1), neat]: 3358, 3254, 2958, 2904, 1675, 1601, 1546, 1504, 1489, 1321, 1231, 1035, 931. MS [APCI (m/z)] calcd for (C₂₂H₂₂F₃N₃O₅ + H)⁺ = 466, found 466. Crude yield: 68%. Purity: >99% (LC).

(±)-(3R,4S)-4-(1,3-Benzodioxol-5-yl)-3-{[3-(4-Ethoxyphenyl)ureido]methyl}-1-methylpyrrolidine-3-

carboxylic acid (14{4,6}): (From 6{4}) MS [APCI (m/z)] calcd for (C₂₃H₂₇N₃O₆ + H)⁺ = 442, found 442. Crude yield: 61%. Purity: 77% (LC).

(±)-(3R,4S)-4-(1,3-Benzodioxol-5-yl)-3-{[3-(3-Cyanophenyl)ureido]methyl}-1-methylpyrrolidine-3-

carboxylic acid (14{4,7}): (From 6{4}) MS [APCI (m/z)] calcd for (C₂₂H₂₂N₄O₅ + H)⁺ = 423, found 423. Crude yield: 62%. Purity: 99% (LC).

(±)-(3R,4S)-4-(1,3-Benzodioxol-5-yl)-1-methyl-3-{[3-(3-pyridyl)ureido]methyl}pyrrolidine-3-car-

boxylic acid (14{4,8}): (From 6{4}) MS [APCI (m/z)] calcd for (C₂₀H₂₂N₄O₅ + H)⁺ = 399, found 399. Crude yield: 54%. Purity: 71% (LC).

(±)-(3R,4S)-1-Methyl-4-(1-methyl-1H-pyrrol-2-yl)-3-[(3-phenylureido)methyl]pyrrolidine-3-

carboxylic acid (14{5,4}): (From 6{5}) MS [APCI (m/z)] calcd for (C₁₉H₂₄N₄O₃ + H)⁺ = 357, found 357. Crude yield: 58%. Purity: 14% (LC).

(±)-(3R,4S)-1-Methyl-4-(1-methyl-1H-pyrrol-2-yl)-3-({3-[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]ureido}methyl)-

pyrrolidine-3-carboxylic acid (14{5,5}): (From 6{5}) MS [APCI (m/z)] calcd for (C₂₀H₂₃F₃N₄O₃ + H)⁺ = 425, found 425. Crude yield: 65%. Purity: 79% (LC).

(±)-(3R,4S)-3-{[3-(4-Ethoxyphenyl)ureido]methyl}-1-methyl-4-(1-methyl-1H-pyrrol-2-yl)pyrrolidine-

3-carboxylic acid (14{5,6}): (From 6{5}) MS [APCI (m/z)] calcd for (C₂₁H₂₈N₄O₄ + H)⁺ = 401, found 401. Crude yield: 62%. Purity: 16% (LC).

(±)-(3R,4S)-3-{[3-(3-Cyanophenyl)ureido]methyl}-1-methyl-4-(1-methyl-1H-pyrrol-2-yl)pyrrolidine-3-carboxylic acid (14{5,7}): (From 6{5}) MS [APCI (m/z)] calcd for (C₂₀H₂₃N₅O₃ + H)⁺ = 382, found 382. Crude yield: 61%. Purity: 99% (LC).

(±)-(3R,4S)-1-Methyl-4-(1-methyl-1H-indol-3-yl)-3-[(3-phenylureido)methyl]pyrrolidine-3-carboxylic acid (14{6,4}): (From 6{6}) MS [APCI (m/z)] calcd for (C₂₃H₂₆N₄O₃ + H)⁺ = 407, found 407. Crude yield: 79%. Purity: 97% (LC).

(±)-(3R,4S)-1-Methyl-4-(1-methyl-1H-indol-3-yl)-3-({3-[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]ureido}methyl)-pyrrolidine-3-carboxylic acid (14{6,5}): (From 6{6}) MS [APCI (m/z)] calcd for (C₂₄H₂₅F₃N₄O₃ + H)⁺ = 475, found 475. Crude yield: 76%. Purity: >99% (LC).

(±)-(3R,4S)-3-{[3-(4-Ethoxyphenyl)ureido]methyl}-1-methyl-4-(1-methyl-1H-indol-3-yl)pyrrolidine-3-carboxylic acid (14{6,6}): (From 6{6}) ¹H-NMR [400 MHz, δ (ppm), CD3SOCD3]: 8.92 (bs, 1 ¹H, NHAr), 7.62 (d, J = 7.8 Hz, 1 ¹H, 4′′-CH), 7.38 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 1 ¹H, 7′′-CH), 7.34 (s, 1 ¹H, 2′′-CH), 7.29–7.21 (m, 2 ¹H, 2′-CH + 6′-CH), 7.12 (app t, J = 7.5 Hz, 1 ¹H, 6′′-CH), 6.96 (app t, J = 7.5 Hz, 1 ¹H, 5′′-CH), 6.77–6.69 (m, 2 ¹H, 3′-CH + 5′-CH), 6.18 (bd, J = 6.9 Hz, 1 ¹H, CH₂NH), 4.11 (dd; J = 9.6, 7.5 Hz; 1 ¹H, 4-CH), 3.91 (q, J = 6.9 Hz, 2 ¹H, CH₂CH₃), 3.77 (s, 3 ¹H, 1′′-NCH₃), 3.54 (d, J = 10.2 Hz, 1 ¹H, 2-CHH), 3.53–3.49 (m, 1 ¹H, 5-CHH), 3.21 (dd; J = 13.2, 8.4 Hz; 1 ¹H, CHHNH), 3.22–3.16 (m, 1 ¹H, 5-CHH), 2.86 (d, J = 10.2 Hz, 1 ¹H, 2-CHH), 2.68 (s, 3 ¹H, 1-NCH₃), 2.66 (dd; J = 13.2, 2.1 Hz; 1 ¹H, CHHNH), 1.27 (t, J = 6.9 Hz, 3 ¹H, CH₂CH₃). FTIR [ Molecules 15 02269 i099

(cm^–1), neat]: 3330, 2938, 2880, 1664, 1595, 1540, 827, 733. MS [APCI (m/z)] calcd for (C₂₅H₃₀N₄O₄ + H)⁺ = 451, found 451. Crude yield: 70%. Purity: 94% (LC).

(±)-(3R,4S)-3-{[3-(3-Cyanophenyl)ureido]methyl}-1-methyl-4-(1-methyl-1H-indol-3-yl)pyrrolidine-3-carboxylic acid (14{6,7}): (From 6{6}) ¹H-NMR [400 MHz, δ (ppm), CD3SOCD3]: 10.07 (bs, 1 ¹H, NHAr), 8.02 (s, 1 ¹H, 2′-CH), 7.67 (d, J = 8.1 Hz, 1 ¹H, 6′-CH), 7.61 (d, J = 7.8 Hz, 1 ¹H, 4′′-CH), 7.39–7.36 (m, 1 ¹H, 7′′-CH), 7.37 (app t, J = 7.8 Hz, 1 ¹H, 5′-CH), 7.36 (s, 1 ¹H, 2′′-CH), 7.27 (d, J = 7.5 Hz, 1 ¹H, 4′-CH), 7.10 (app t, J = 7.5 Hz, 1 ¹H, 6′′-CH), 6.88 (app t, J = 7.5 Hz, 1 ¹H, 5′′-CH), 6.74 (bs, 1 ¹H, CH₂NH), 4.17 (dd; J = 9.9, 7.8 Hz; 1 ¹H, 4-CH), 3.77 (s, 3 ¹H, 1′′-NCH₃), 3.73–3.63 (m, 2 ¹H, 2-CHH + 5-CHH), 3.36 (app t, J = 9.9 Hz, 1 ¹H, 5-CHH), 3.29 (dd; J = 13.4, 9.0 Hz; 1 ¹H, CHHNH), 2.99 (d, J = 9.9 Hz, 1 ¹H, 2-CHH), 2.80 (s, 3 ¹H, 1-NCH₃), 2.68 (dd; J = 13.4, 2.1 Hz; 1 ¹H, CHHNH). ¹³C-NMR [75 MHz, δ (ppm), CD3SOCD3]: 177.3 (CO₂), 155.5 (NCON), 142.0 (1′-C), 136.6 (7′′a-C), 129.8 (5′-C), 127.7 (3′′a-C), 127.6 (2′′-C), 123.9 (4′-C), 122.0 (6′-C), 121.3 (6′′-C), 119.8 (2′-C), 119.4 (5′′-C), 119.1 (CN), 118.6 (4′′-C), 111.3 (3′-C), 109.6 (3′′-C), 109.3 (7′′-C), 62.6 (2-C), 59.1 (5-C), 55.4 (3-C), 42.4 (1-NCH₃), 41.9 (4-C), 41.0 (CH₂NH), 32.5 (1′′-NCH₃). FTIR [ Molecules 15 02269 i099

(cm^–1), neat]: 3361, 2940, 2226, 1685, 1583, 1564, 742. MS [APCI (m/z)] calcd for (C₂₄H₂₅N₅O₃ + H)⁺ = 432, found 432. Crude yield: 67%. Purity: 99% (LC).

(±)-(3R,4S)-1-Methyl-4-(1-methyl-1H-indol-3-yl)-3-{[3-(3-pyridyl)ureido]methyl}pyrrolidine-3-car-boxylic acid (14{6,8}): (From 6{6}) MS [APCI (m/z)] calcd for (C₂₂H₂₅N₅O₃ + H)⁺ = 408, found 408. Crude yield: 71%. Purity: 36% (LC).

(±)-Methyl (3R,4S)-1-methyl-4-phenyl-3-[(3-phenylureido)methyl]pyrrolidine-3-carboxylate (15{1,4}): Phenyl isocyanate (2.563 g, 21.52 mmol) was added to a solution of α-aminomethyl ester 6{1} (4.858 g, 19.56 mmol) in dry CH₂Cl₂ (40 mL). The resulting reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 2.5 h and the solvent was then evaporated to afford 15{1,4} (6.895 g, 96%) as a white foam, after column chromatography (CH₂Cl₂/MeOH, 14:1). ¹H-NMR [300 MHz, δ (ppm), CDCl3]: 7.47 (bs, 1 ¹H, NHPh), 7.28–7.15 (m, 9 ¹H, Ph′ + 2′′-CH + 3′′-CH + 5′′-CH + 6′′-CH), 7.03–6.96 (m, 1 ¹H, 4′′-CH), 5.35 (bdd; J = 7.8, 3.6 Hz; 1 ¹H, CH₂NH), 3.91 (app t, J = 8.2 Hz, 1 ¹H, 4-CH), 3.70 (s, 3 ¹H, OCH₃), 3.44 (dd; J = 14.1, 8.4 Hz; 1 ¹H, CHHNH), 3.20 (d, J = 9.6 Hz, 1 ¹H, 2-CHH), 3.05 (app t, J = 8.6 Hz, 1 ¹H, 5-CHH), 2.96 (app t, J = 9.0 Hz, 1 ¹H, 5-CHH), 2.80 (dd; J = 14.1, 3.9 Hz; 1 ¹H, CHHNH), 2.72 (d, J = 9.6 Hz, 1 ¹H, 2-CHH), 2.39 (s, 3 ¹H, NCH₃).¹³C-NMR [75 MHz, δ (ppm), CDCl3]: 176.0 (CO₂), 156.1 (NCON), 138.8 (1′′-C), 137.3 (1′-C), 129.0 (2′-C + 6′-C)*, 128.5 (3′-C + 5′-C)*, 128.4 (3′′-C + 5′′-C)*, 127.2 (4′-C), 123.2 (4′′-C), 120.5 (2′′-C + 6′′-C), 63.3 (2-C), 60.4 (5-C), 57.0 (3-C), 52.8 (OCH₃), 50.8 (4-C), 44.0 (CH₂NH), 42.3 (NCH₃). FTIR [ Molecules 15 02269 i099

(cm^–1), neat]: 3323, 2952, 2836, 2790, 1725, 1656, 1597, 1554, 751, 701. HRMS [ESI (m/z)] calcd for (C₂₁H₂₅N₃O₃ + H)⁺ = 368.19687, found 368.19803 (|Δ| = 1.7 ppm). R_F: 0.40 (CH₂Cl₂/MeOH, 8:1). Mp: 160.6 °C.

(±)-(4R,5S)-2-Methyl-4,7-diphenyl-2,7,9-triazaspiro[4,5]decane-6,8-dione (5{1,4}): A 1 M solution of KOBu^t in THF (120 μL, 120 μmol) was added to a solution of α-ureido ester 15{1,4} (44 mg, 120 μmol) in THF (4 mL). The resulting reaction mixture was stirred for 55 min at 31 °C. Brine (1 mL) was then added. The layers were separated and the aqueous phase was extracted with CH₂Cl₂ (2 × 1.5 mL). The combined organic layers were dried over Na₂SO₄ and concentrated in vacuo. The residue afforded 5{1,4} (23 mg, 57%) as a white solid, after column chromatography (CH₂Cl₂/MeOH, 19:1). ¹H-NMR [300 MHz, δ (ppm), CD3SOCD3]: 7.79 (bd, J = 3.0 Hz, 1 ¹H, NH), 7.43–7.20 (m, 8 ¹H, Ph′ + 3′′-CH + 4′′-CH + 5′′-CH), 7.16–7.11 (m, 2 ¹H, 2′′-CH + 6′′-CH), 4.05 (app t, J = 6.9 Hz, 1 ¹H, 4-CH), 2.98 (dd; J = 9.0, 6.6 Hz; 1 ¹H, 3-CHH), 2.95–2.84 (m, 4 ¹H, 1-CH₂ + 3-CHH + 10-CHH), 2.67 (dd; J = 12.6, 1.5 Hz; 1 ¹H, 10-CHH), 2.36 (s, 3 ¹H, NCH₃). ¹³C-NMR [75 MHz, δ (ppm), CDCl3]: 173.3 (6-C), 153.9 (8-C), 139.0 (1′-C), 135.4 (1′′-C), 129.1 (3′′-C + 5′′-C), 128.63 (3′-C + 5′-C)*, 128.58 (2′′-C + 6′′-C)*, 128.5 (2′-C + 6′-C)*, 128.4 (4′′-C), 127.2 (4′-C), 64.0 (1-C), 62.0 (3-C), 52.5 (5-C), 48.3 (4-C), 43.7 (10-C), 42.1 (NCH₃). FTIR [ Molecules 15 02269 i099

(cm^–1), neat]: 3254, 2945, 2835, 2792, 1725, 1684, 767, 753, 707, 693. Elem. anal. calcd for C₂₀H₂₁N₃O₂: C 71.62%, H 6.31%, N 12.53%; found C 71.70%, H 6.17%, N 12.48%. R_F: 0.44 (CH₂Cl₂/MeOH, 8:1). Mp: 231.5 °C (from MeOH, colorless crystals). Purity: >99.5% (GC).

5. Conclusions

In summary, we have developed a general high-yielding method for the synthesis of trans-4-aryl-substituted 3-(aminomethyl)pyrrolidine-3-carboxylates. We have shown that these aryl groups can be phenyl or electron-rich aryls (4-methoxyphenyl, 3,5-dimethoxyphenyl, and 1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl) and electron-rich heteroaryls (1-methylpyrrol-2-yl and 1-methylindol-3-yl). As a result, we anticipate that this methodology can be successfully applied for a wide range of aromatic groups, although with electron-poor heteroaryls (2-, 3-, and 4-pyridyl) mixtures of cis–trans isomers are formed after the cycloaddition step.

We have also developed a method for the synthesis of a small library of 7-alkyldihydrouracils spiro-fused to pyrrolidines to the 3-position. The corresponding 7-aryl derivatives hydrolyzed under the conditions utilized for the cyclization and yielded α-ureidomethyl acids. The optimization of this cyclization should be further developed.

Acknowledgements

We would like to thank Richard H. Blaauw and Chiralix B.V. (Nijmegen, The Netherlands) for the use of their parallel-synthesis facilities. This work was financially supported by the Council of Chemical Sciences of The Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO), MSD Research Laboratories (former N.V. Organon; Oss, The Netherlands), and Solvay Pharmaceuticals (Weesp, The Netherlands).

Samples Availability: Contact the authors.

References and Notes

Von Bohlen und Halbach, O.; Dermietzel, R. Neurotransmitters and Neuromodulators: Handbook of Receptors and Biological Effects, 2nd ed; Wiley-VCH: Weinheim, Germany, 2006. [Google Scholar]
Campbell, L.M. From Adrenaline to Formoterol: Advances in β-Agonist Therapy in the Treatment of Asthma. Int. J. Clin. Pract. 2002, 56, 783–790. [Google Scholar]
Skidmore, I.F.; Lunts, L.H.C.; Finch, H.; Naylor, A. Phenethanolamin-Verbindungen, Verfahren zu Ihrer Herstellung und Diese Verbindungen Enthaltende Arzneimittel. DE 3414752, 18 October 1984. [Chem. Abstr. 1985, 102, 95383]. [Google Scholar]
Johnson, D.S.; Li, J.J. The Art of Drug Synthesis; John Wiley & Sons: Hoboken, NJ, USA, 2007. [Google Scholar]
Yardley, J.P.; Husbands, G.E.M.; Stack, G.; Butch, J.; Bisckler, J.; Moyer, J.A.; Muth, E.A.; Andree, T.; Fletcher, H., III; James, M.N.G.; Sieleck, A.R. 2-Phenyl-2-(1-hydroxy-cycloalkyl)ethylamine Derivatives: Synthesis and Antidepressant Activity. J. Med. Chem. 1990, 33, 2899–2905. [Google Scholar]
Husbands, G.E.M.; Yardley, J.P.; Muth, E.A. 2-Phenyl-2-(1-hydroxycycloalkyl or 1-hydroxycycloalk-2-enyl)ethylamine Derivatives. US 4535186 13 August 1985. [Chem. Abstr. 1985, 102, 5895]. [Google Scholar]
Carlucci, D.R.; Aitken, M. IMS Health Home Page. IMS Intelligence 360. 2007. Available online: http://www.imshealth.com/ims/portal/front/articleC/0,2777,6266_41382706_81567488,00.html/ accessed Jun 20,2009.
Shulgin, A.; Shulgin, A. Pihkal: A Chemical Love Story; Transform Press: Berkeley, CA, USA, 1991. [Google Scholar]
Shulgin, A.; Shulgin, A. Tihkal: The Continuation; Transform Press: Berkeley, CA, USA, 1997. [Google Scholar]
Nelson, D.L.; Cox, M.M. Nucleotides and Nucleic Acids. In Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry, 4th ed; W. H. Freeman: New York, NY, USA, 2004; pp. 273–305. [Google Scholar]
Lowe, J.A., III; Archer, R.L.; Chapin, D.S.; Cheng, J.B.; Helweg, D.; Johnson, J.L.; Koe, B.K.; Lebel, L.A.; Moore, P.F.; Nielsen, J.A.; Russo, L.L.; Shirley, J.T. Structure-Activity Relationship of Quinazolinedione Inhibitors of Calcium-Independent Phosphodiesterase. J. Med. Chem. 1991, 34, 624–628. [Google Scholar]
Shimazaki, N.; Yamazaki, H.; Yatabe, T.; Tanaka, H. Quinazoline Derivatives and Their Preparation. EP 0481342, 22 April 1992. [Chem. Abstr. 1992, 117, 131217]. [Google Scholar]
Mignani, S.; Damour, D.; Doble, A.; Labaudinière, R.; Malleron, J.-L.; Plot, O.; Gueremy, C. New Indole Derivatives as Potent and Selective Serotonin Uptake Inhibitors. Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 1993, 3, 1913–1918. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Jones, K.A.; Weaver, D.F.; Tiedje, K.E. Dihydrouracil Compounds as Anti-Ictogenic or Anti-Epileptogenic Agents. WO 2004009559, 29 January 2004. [Chem. Abstr. 2004, 140, 146155]. [Google Scholar]
Mitsuya, H.; Yarchoan, R.; Broder, S. Molecular Targets for AIDS Therapy. Science 1990, 249, 1533–1544. [Google Scholar]
Ishii, T.; Motoyoshi, M.; Jiyatsukesu, B. Uracil Compound and Fungicide. JP 63290867, 28 November 1988. [Chem. Abstr. 1988, 111, 153828]. [Google Scholar]
Wright, T.R.; Fuerst, E.P.; Ogg, A.G., Jr.; Nandihalli, U.B.; Lee, H.J. Herbicidal Activity of UCC-C4243 and Acifluorfen is Due to Inhibition of Protophyrinogen Oxidase. Weed Sci. 1995, 43, 47–54. [Google Scholar]
Boger, D.L.; Labroli, M.A.; Marsilje, T.H.; Jin, Q.; Hedrick, M.P.; Baker, S.J.; Shim, J.H.; Benkovic, S.J. Conformationally Restricted Analogues Designed for Selective Inhibition of GAR Tfase versus Thymidylate Synthase or Dihydrofolate Reductase. Bioorg. Med. Chem. 2000, 8, 1075–1086. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Hruby, V.J. Conformational Restrictions of Biologically Active Peptides via Amino Acid Side Chain Groups. Life Sci. 1982, 31, 189–199. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Charton, J.; Gassiot, A.C.; Girault-Mizzi, S.; Debreu-Fontaine, M.A.; Melnyk, P.; Sergheraert, C. Synthesis and Pharmacological Evaluation of Tic-Hydantoin Derivatives as Selective σ1 Ligands. Part 1. Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 2005, 15, 4833–4837. [Google Scholar]
Hotha, S.; Yarrow, J.C.; Yang, J.G.; Garrett, S.; Renduchintala, K.V.; Mayer, T.U.; Kapoor, T.M. HR22C16: a Potent Small-Molecule Probe for the Dynamics of Cell Division. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2003, 42, 2379–2382. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Tietze, L.F.; Beifuss, U. The Knoevenagel Reaction. In Comprehensive Organic Synthesis; Trost B., M., Fleming, I., Eds.; Pergamon Press: Oxford, England, UK, 1991; Volume 2, pp. 341–394. [Google Scholar]
Maadi, A.E.; Matthiesen, C.L.; Ershadi, P.; Baker, J.; Herron, D.M.; Holt, E.M. Knoevenagel Condensation Catalyzed by K₂NiP₂O₇. Synthesis of (E)-Methyl a-Cyanocinnamates in High Yields. J. Chem. Cryst. 2003, 33, 757–763. [Google Scholar]
Kingsbury, C.A.; Draney, D.; Sopchik, A.; Rissler, W.; Durham, D. Survey of Carbon-13-Hydrogen Splittings in Alkenes. J. Org. Chem. 1976, 41, 3863–3868. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Hayashi, T. Studies on Geometric Isomerism by Nuclear Magnetic Resonance. III. Stereochemistry of a-Cyanocinnamic Esters1. J. Org. Chem. 1966, 31, 3253–3258. [Google Scholar]
Huisgen, R. In 1,3-Dipolar Cycloaddition Chemistry; Padwa, A., Ed.; Wiley-Interscience: New York, NY, USA, 1984; Volume 1, pp. 1–176. [Google Scholar]
Coldham, I.; Hufton, R. Intramolecular Dipolar Cycloaddition Reactions of Azomethine Ylides. Chem. Rev. 2005, 105, 2765–2809. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Snider, B.B.; Ahn, Y.; O’Hare, S.M. Total Synthesis of (±)-Martinellic Acid. Org. Lett. 2001, 3, 4217–4220. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Pandey, G.; Lakshmaiah, G. Ag(I)F as One Electron Oxidant for Promoting Sequential Double Desilylation: An Ideal Approach to Non-Stabilized Azomethine Ylides for the Rapid Construction of 1-Azabicyclo (m:3:0) Alkanes. Tetrahedron Lett. 1993, 34, 4861–4864. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Pandey, G.; Lakshmaiah, G.; Kumaraswamy, G. A New and Efficient Strategy for Non-Stabilized Azomethine Ylide via Photoinduced Electron Transfer (PET) Initiated Sequential Double Desilylation. J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun. 1992, 1313–1314. [Google Scholar]
Deprez, P.; Royer, J.; Husson, H.P. Synthesis of Highly Functionalized 3-(3-Pyridyl)pyrrolidine and 3-(3-Pyridyl)pyrroles. Synthesis 1991, 759–762. [Google Scholar]
Padwa, A.; Dent, W. Use of N-[(Trimethylsilyl)methyl]amino Ethers as Capped Azomethine Ylide Equivalents. J. Org. Chem. 1987, 52, 235–244. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Tsuge, O.; Kanemasa, S.; Takenaka, S. Stereoselective Synthesis of Hexa- and Tetrahydroindolizin-7-ones Through Cycloaddition Pyridinium Methylides. J. Org. Chem. 1986, 51, 1853–1855. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Confalone, P.N.; Earl, R.A. Intramolecular (3+2) Cycloadditions of Functionalized Azomethine Ylides. Tetrahedron Lett. 1986, 27, 2695–2698. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Grigg, R.; Gunaratne, H.Q.N.; Kemp, J. X=Y–ZH Systems as Potential 1,3-Dipoles. Part 1. Background and Scope. J. Chem. Soc. Perkin Trans. 1 1984, 41–46. [Google Scholar]
Padwa, A.; Chen, Y.-Y. Synthesis of Pyrrolidines Using an α-Cyanoaminosilane as an Azomethine Ylide Equivalent. Tetrahedron Lett. 1983, 24, 3447–3450. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Beugelmans, R.; Negron, G.; Roussi, G. Trimethylamine N-Oxide as a Precursor of Azomethine Ylides. J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun. 1983, 31–32. [Google Scholar]
Grigg, R.; Gunaratne, H.Q.N. Brönsted and Lewis Acid Catalysis of X=Y–ZH Cycloadditions. J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun. 1982, 384–386. [Google Scholar]
Vedejs, E.; Martinez, G.R. Methylides from Trimethylsilylmethylsulfonium, -Ammonium, -Immonium, and Phosphonium Salts. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1979, 101, 6452–6454. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Rizzi, G.P. Elimination of Methyl Mercaptan from N-Substituted N′-Cyano-S-Methylisothioureas. Evidence for N-Cyanocarbodiimides. J. Org. Chem. 1970, 35, 2069–2072. [Google Scholar]
Lown, J.W.; Smalley, R.K.; Dallas, G. The Addition of Azomethine Ylids to Diphenylcyclopropenone: Synthesis of Novel 4-Oxazolines. J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun. 1968, 1543–1545. [Google Scholar]
Blanco-Ania, D.; Hermkens, P.H.H.; Sliedregt, L.A.J.M.; Scheeren, H.W.; Rutjes, F.P.J.T. Synthesis of Cucurbitine Derivatives: Facile Straightforward Approach to Methyl 3-Amino-4-aryl-1-methylpyrrolydine-3-carboxylates. Tetrahedron 2009, 65, 5393–5401. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Huisgen, R.; Mloston, G.; Langhals, E. The First Two-Step 1,3-Dipolar Cycloadditions: Non-Stereospecificity. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1986, 108, 6401–6402. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Allan, G.; Carnell, A.J.; Escudero Hernandez, M.L.; Pettman, A. Chemoenzymatic Synthesis of a Tachykinin NK-2 Antagonist. Tetrahedron 2001, 57, 8193–8202. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Avenoza, A.; Cativiela, C.; París, M.; Peregrina, J.M. Synthesis of a New Type of Conformationally Constrained α,α-Disubstituted-β-amino Acids and β-Lactams in Enantiomerically Pure Form. Tetrahedron Asymmetry 1995, 6, 1409–1418. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Patiño-Molina, R.; Cubero-Lajo, I.; Pérez-de Vega, M.J.; García-López, M.T.; González-Muñiz, R. Chiral 1,3,6-Trisubstituted 2,4-Dioxohexahydropyrimidines: a Convenient Stereoselective Synthesis from Aspartic Acid Derivatives. Tetrahedron Lett. 2007, 48, 3613–3616. [Google Scholar]
Blanco-Ania, D.; Hermkens, P.H.H.; Sliedregt, L.A.J.M.; Scheeren, H.W.; Rutjes, F.P.J.T. Synthesis of Hydantoins and Thiohydantoins Spiro-Fused to Pyrrolidines: Druglike Molecules Based on the 2-Arylethyl Amine Scaffold. J. Comb. Chem. 2009, 11, 527–538. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Kantminienė, K.; Beresnevičius, Z.; Mikulskienė, G.; Kihlberg, J.; Broddefalk, J. Alkylation of 1-(3,4-Disubstituted Phenyl)-2-thioxo-1,2,5,6-tetrahydropyrimidin-4(3H)-ones. J. Chem. Res. (S) 1999, 16–17. [Google Scholar]
Gyónfalvi, S.; Szakonyi, Z.; Fülöp, F. Syntesis and Transformation of Novel Cyclic β-Amino Acid Derivatives from (+)-3-Carene. Tetrahedron Asymmetry 2003, 14, 3965–3972. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Szakonyi, Z.; Martinek, T.; Hetényi, A.; Fülöp, F. Regio- and Stereoselective Synthesis of the Enantiomers of Monoterpene-Based β-Amino Acid Derivatives. Tetrahedron Asymmetry 2000, 11, 4571–4579. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Gong, Y.-D.; Najdi, S.; Olmstead, M.M.; Kurth, M.J. Solid-Phase Synthesis: Intramolecular Azomethine Ylide Cycloaddition (→Proline) and Carbanilide Cyclization (→Hydantoin) Reactions. J. Org. Chem. 1998, 63, 3081–3086. [Google Scholar]
Herrero, S.; Salgado, A.; García-López, M.T.; Herranz, R. Versatile Synthesis of Chiral 2-Substituted-5-oxo-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-5H-1,4-benzodiazepines as Novel Scaffolds for Peptidomimetic Building. Tetrahedron Lett. 2002, 43, 4899–4902. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Tewari, N.; Mishra, R.C.; Tiwari, V.K.; Tripathi, R.P. DBU Catalyzed Cyclative Amidation Reaction: A Convenient Syntesis of C-Nucleoside Analogs. Synlett 2002, 1779–1782. [Google Scholar]
Murata, T.; Sugawara, T.; Ukawa, K. A New Synthesis of β-Aminopyrroles and Related Heterocycles. Chem. Pharm. Bull. 1978, 26, 3080–3100. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Peláez, W.J.; Szakonyi, Z.; Fülöp, F.; Yranzo, G.I. Flash Vacuum Pyrolysis (fvp) of Some Hexahydroquinazolin-4(1H)-ones. Tetrahedron 2008, 64, 1049–1057. [Google Scholar]
Vaickelioniene, R.; Mickevicius, V.; Mikulskiene, G. Synthesis and Cyclizations of N-(2,3-, 3,4- and 3,5-Dimethylphenyl)-β-alanines. Molecules 2005, 10, 407–416. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Kolodziej, S.A.; Hamper, B.C. Solid-Phase Synthesis of 5,6-Dihydropyrimidine-2,4-diones. Tetrahedron Lett. 1996, 37, 5277–5280. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Rachina, V.; Blagoeva, I.B.; Pojarlieff, I.G.; Yates, K. β-Ureido Acids and Dihydrouracils. The Kinetics and Mechanism of the Reversible Ring Closure of 3-(3′-Methy1ureido)-propanoic Acid and 3-(3¹-Phenylureido)-2-methylpropanoic Acid in Sulfuric Acid Solutions. Can. J. Chem. 1990, 68, 1676–1684. [Google Scholar]
Gottlieb, H.E.; Kotlyar, V.; Nudelman, A. NMR Chemical Shifts of Common Laboratory Solvents as Trace Impurities. J. Org. Chem. 1997, 62, 7512–7515. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]

© 2010 by the authors; licensee Molecular Diversity Preservation International, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open-access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/).

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Blanco-Ania, D.; Valderas-Cortina, C.; Hermkens, P.H.H.; Sliedregt, L.A.J.M.; Scheeren, H.W.; Rutjes, F.P.J.T. Synthesis of Dihydrouracils Spiro-Fused to Pyrrolidines: Druglike Molecules Based on the 2-Arylethyl Amine Scaffold. Molecules 2010, 15, 2269-2301. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules15042269

AMA Style

Blanco-Ania D, Valderas-Cortina C, Hermkens PHH, Sliedregt LAJM, Scheeren HW, Rutjes FPJT. Synthesis of Dihydrouracils Spiro-Fused to Pyrrolidines: Druglike Molecules Based on the 2-Arylethyl Amine Scaffold. Molecules. 2010; 15(4):2269-2301. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules15042269

Chicago/Turabian Style

Blanco-Ania, Daniel, Carolina Valderas-Cortina, Pedro H.H. Hermkens, Leo A.J.M. Sliedregt, Hans W. Scheeren, and Floris P.J.T. Rutjes. 2010. "Synthesis of Dihydrouracils Spiro-Fused to Pyrrolidines: Druglike Molecules Based on the 2-Arylethyl Amine Scaffold" Molecules 15, no. 4: 2269-2301. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules15042269

Article Menu

Synthesis of Dihydrouracils Spiro-Fused to Pyrrolidines: Druglike Molecules Based on the 2-Arylethyl Amine Scaffold

Abstract

1. Introduction

2. Results and Discussion

2.1. Knoevenagel condensation reaction

2.2. 1,3-Dipolar cycloaddition reaction

2.3. Reduction

2.4. Parallel synthesis of spiro dihydrouracils

3. Experimental

3.1. General

3.2. General procedure for Knoevenagel condensation reaction

3.3. General procedure for 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reactions of 8

3.4. General procedure for reduction

3.5. Parallel synthesis

3.5.1. General procedure 1 for spiro dihydrouracil/α-ureidomethyl acid formation using parallel synthesis

3.5.2. General procedure 2 for spiro dihydrouracil/α-ureidomethyl acid formation using parallel synthesis

5. Conclusions

Acknowledgements

References and Notes

Share and Cite

Article Metrics

Article Access Statistics

Further Information

Guidelines

MDPI Initiatives

Follow MDPI