Journal Description
Pharmaceuticals
Pharmaceuticals
is a peer-reviewed, open access journal of medicinal chemistry and related drug sciences, published monthly online by MDPI. The Academy of Pharmaceutical Sciences (APS) is partners of Pharmaceuticals and their members receive a discount on the article processing charge.
- Open Access free for readers, with article processing charges (APC) paid by authors or their institutions.
- High Visibility: indexed within Scopus, SCIE (Web of Science), PubMed, PMC, Embase, CAPlus / SciFinder, and other databases.
- Journal Rank: JCR - Q2 (Pharmacology & Pharmacy) / CiteScore - Q2 (Pharmaceutical Science)
- Rapid Publication: manuscripts are peer-reviewed and a first decision is provided to authors approximately 14.6 days after submission; acceptance to publication is undertaken in 3.6 days (median values for papers published in this journal in the second half of 2023).
- Recognition of Reviewers: reviewers who provide timely, thorough peer-review reports receive vouchers entitling them to a discount on the APC of their next publication in any MDPI journal, in appreciation of the work done.
- Testimonials: See what our editors and authors say about Pharmaceuticals.
- International Electronic Conference on Medicinal Chemistry (https://sciforum.net/series/ecmc/latest)
- Companion journals for Pharmaceuticals include: Pharmacoepidemiology, Psychoactives and Drugs and Drug Candidates.
Impact Factor:
4.6 (2022);
5-Year Impact Factor:
4.9 (2022)
Latest Articles
Box-Behnken Design-Based Optimization and Evaluation of Lipid-Based Nano Drug Delivery System for Brain Targeting of Bromocriptine
Pharmaceuticals 2024, 17(6), 720; https://doi.org/10.3390/ph17060720 (registering DOI) - 2 Jun 2024
Abstract
Abstract: Bromocriptine (BCR) presents poor bioavailability when administered orally because of its low solubility and prolonged first-pass metabolism. This poses a significant challenge in its utilization as an effective treatment for managing Parkinson’s disease (PD). The utilization of lipid nanoparticles can be a
[...] Read more.
Abstract: Bromocriptine (BCR) presents poor bioavailability when administered orally because of its low solubility and prolonged first-pass metabolism. This poses a significant challenge in its utilization as an effective treatment for managing Parkinson’s disease (PD). The utilization of lipid nanoparticles can be a promising approach to overcome the limitations of BCR bioavailability. The aim of the research work was to develop and evaluate bromocriptine-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles (BCR-SLN) and bromocriptine-loaded nanostructured lipid carriers (BCR-NLC) employing the Box-Behnken design (BBD). BCR-SLNs and BCR-NLCs were developed using the high-pressure homogenization method. The prepared nanoparticles were characterized for particle size (PS), polydispersity index (PDI), and entrapment efficiency (EE). In vitro drug release, cytotoxicity studies, in vivo plasma pharmacokinetic, and brain distribution studies evaluated the optimized lipid nanoparticles. The optimized BCR-SLN had a PS of 219.21 ± 1.3 nm, PDI of 0.22 ± 0.02, and EE of 72.2 ± 0.5. The PS, PDI, and EE of optimized BCR-NLC formulation were found to be 182.87 ± 2.2, 0.16 ± 0.004, and 83.57 ± 1.8, respectively. The in vitro release profile of BCR-SLN and BCR-NLC showed a biphasic pattern, immediate release, and then trailed due to the sustained release. Furthermore, a pharmacokinetic study indicated that both the optimized BCR-SLN and BCR-NLC formulations improve the plasma and brain bioavailability of the drug compared to the BCR solution. Based on the research findings, it can be concluded that the BCR-loaded lipid nanoparticles could be a promising carrier by enhancing the BBB penetration of the drug and helping in the improvement of the bioavailability and therapeutic efficacy of BCR in the management of PD.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Self-Assembled Nanoparticles: An Emerging Delivery Platform for Drugs)
Open AccessArticle
The Role of Ayahuasca in Colorectal Adenocarcinoma Cell Survival, Proliferation and Oxidative Stress
by
Joana Gonçalves, Mariana Feijó, Sílvia Socorro, Ângelo Luís, Eugenia Gallardo and Ana Paula Duarte
Pharmaceuticals 2024, 17(6), 719; https://doi.org/10.3390/ph17060719 (registering DOI) - 2 Jun 2024
Abstract
The psychedelic beverage ayahuasca is originally obtained by Banisteriopsis caapi (B. caapi) (BC) and Psychotria viridis (P. viridis) (PV). However, sometimes these plant species are replaced by others that mimic the original effects, such as Mimosa hostilis (M.
[...] Read more.
The psychedelic beverage ayahuasca is originally obtained by Banisteriopsis caapi (B. caapi) (BC) and Psychotria viridis (P. viridis) (PV). However, sometimes these plant species are replaced by others that mimic the original effects, such as Mimosa hostilis (M. hostilis) (MH) and Peganum harmala (P. harmala) (PH). Its worldwide consumption and the number of studies on its potential therapeutic effects has increased. This study aimed to evaluate the anticancer properties of ayahuasca in human colorectal adenocarcinoma cells. Thus, the maximum inhibitory concentration (IC50) of decoctions of MH, PH, and a mixture of these (MHPH) was determined. The activities of caspases 3 and 9 were evaluated, and the cell proliferation index was determined through immunocytochemical analysis (Ki-67). Two fluorescent probes were used to evaluate the production of oxidative stress and the activity of the antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) was also evaluated. It was demonstrated that exposure to the extracts significantly induced apoptosis in Caco-2 cells, while decreasing cell proliferation. MH and MHPH samples significantly reduced oxidative stress and significantly increased glutathione peroxidase activity. No significant differences were found in SOD activity. Overall, it was demonstrated that the decoctions have a potential anticancer activity in Caco-2 cells.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Anticancer Compounds in Medicinal Plants — In Honour of the 20th Anniversary of Pharmaceuticals)
►▼
Show Figures
Figure 1
Open AccessReview
Antibacterial Prodrugs to Overcome Bacterial Antimicrobial Resistance
by
Catarina Maria, Ana M. de Matos and Amélia P. Rauter
Pharmaceuticals 2024, 17(6), 718; https://doi.org/10.3390/ph17060718 (registering DOI) - 1 Jun 2024
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is an increasingly concerning phenomenon that requires urgent attention because it poses a threat to human and animal health. Bacteria undergo continuous evolution, acquiring novel resistance mechanisms in addition to their intrinsic ones. Multidrug-resistant and extensively drug-resistant bacterial strains are
[...] Read more.
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is an increasingly concerning phenomenon that requires urgent attention because it poses a threat to human and animal health. Bacteria undergo continuous evolution, acquiring novel resistance mechanisms in addition to their intrinsic ones. Multidrug-resistant and extensively drug-resistant bacterial strains are rapidly emerging, and it is expected that bacterial AMR will claim the lives of 10 million people annually by 2050. Consequently, the urgent need for the development of new therapeutic agents with new modes of action is evident. The antibacterial prodrug approach, a strategy that includes drug repurposing and derivatization, integration of nanotechnology, and exploration of natural products, is highlighted in this review. Thus, this publication aims at compiling the most pertinent research in the field, spanning from 2021 to 2023, offering the reader a comprehensive insight into the AMR phenomenon and new strategies to overcome it.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Medicinal Chemistry)
Open AccessArticle
Effects of Subchronic Buspirone Treatment on Depressive Profile in Socially Isolated Rats: Implication of Early Life Experience on 5-HT1A Receptor-Related Depression
by
Nian-Sheng Tzeng, Jing-Yi Chung, Chen-Cheng Lin, Pao-Yun Cheng and Yia-Ping Liu
Pharmaceuticals 2024, 17(6), 717; https://doi.org/10.3390/ph17060717 (registering DOI) - 1 Jun 2024
Abstract
The heterogeneity of etiology may serve as a crucial factor in the challenges of treatment, including the low response rate and the delay in establishing therapeutic effect. In the present study, we examined whether social experience since early life is one of the
[...] Read more.
The heterogeneity of etiology may serve as a crucial factor in the challenges of treatment, including the low response rate and the delay in establishing therapeutic effect. In the present study, we examined whether social experience since early life is one of the etiologies, with the involvement of the 5-HT1A receptors, and explored the potentially therapeutic action of the subchronic administration of buspirone, a partial 5-HT1A agonist. Rats were isolation reared (IR) since their weaning, and the depressive profile indexed by the forced-swim test (FST) was examined in adulthood. Nonspecific locomotor activity was used for the IR validation. Buspirone administration (1 mg/kg/day) was introduced for 14 days (week 9–11). The immobility score of the FST was examined before and after the buspirone administration. Tissue levels of serotonin (5-HT) and its metabolite 5-HIAA were measured in the hippocampus, the amygdala, and the prefrontal cortex. Efflux levels of 5-HT, dopamine (DA), and norepinephrine (NE) were detected in the hippocampus by brain dialysis. Finally, the full 5-HT1A agonist 8-OH-DPAT (0.5 mg/kg) was acutely administered in both behavioral testing and the dialysis experiment. Our results showed (i) increased immobility time in the FST for the IR rats as compared to the social controls, which could not be reversed by the buspirone administration; (ii) IR-induced FST immobility in rats receiving buspirone was corrected by the 8-OH-DPAT; and (iii) IR-induced reduction in hippocampal 5-HT levels can be reversed by the buspirone administration. Our data indicated the 5-HT1A receptor-linked early life social experience as one of the mechanisms of later life depressive mood.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in the Pharmacology of Serotonin and Its Receptors)
►▼
Show Figures
Figure 1
Open AccessReview
The Role of Fibroblast Activation Protein Inhibitor Positron Emission Tomography in Inflammatory and Infectious Diseases: An Updated Systematic Review
by
Domenico Albano, Alessio Rizzo, Riemer H. J. A. Slart, Søren Hess, Edel Noriega-Álvarez, Cristina Gamila Wakfie-Corieh, Lucia Leccisotti, Andor W. J. M. Glaudemans, Olivier Gheysens and Giorgio Treglia
Pharmaceuticals 2024, 17(6), 716; https://doi.org/10.3390/ph17060716 (registering DOI) - 31 May 2024
Abstract
The role of fibroblast activation protein inhibitor (FAPI) positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) is emerging for the assessment of non-oncological diseases, such as inflammatory and infectious diseases, even if the evidence in the literature is still in its initial phases. We conducted a
[...] Read more.
The role of fibroblast activation protein inhibitor (FAPI) positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) is emerging for the assessment of non-oncological diseases, such as inflammatory and infectious diseases, even if the evidence in the literature is still in its initial phases. We conducted a systematic search of Scopus, PubMed/MEDLINE, Embase, and Cochrane library databases for studies published before 31 December 2023 reporting infectious and inflammatory disease imaging with FAPI PET/CT. We included twenty-one studies for a total of 1046 patients. The most frequent disease studied was lung interstitial disease, investigated in six studies for a total of 200 patients, followed by bone and joint diseases in two studies and 185 patients, IgG4-related disease in 53 patients, and Crohn’s disease in 30 patients. Despite the heterogeneity of studies in terms of study design and technical features, FAPI PET/CT showed a high detection rate and diagnostic role. Moreover, when compared with 2-[18F]FDG PET/CT (n = 7 studies), FAPI PET/CT seems to have better diagnostic performances. The presence of chronic inflammation and tissue remodeling, typical of immune-mediated inflammatory conditions, may be the underlying mechanism of FAPI uptake.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Medical Applications of Novel PET Radiopharmaceuticals)
Open AccessReview
Is Camphor the Future in Supporting Therapy for Skin Infections?
by
Anna Duda-Madej, Szymon Viscardi, Małgorzata Grabarczyk, Ewa Topola, Joanna Kozłowska, Wanda Mączka and Katarzyna Wińska
Pharmaceuticals 2024, 17(6), 715; https://doi.org/10.3390/ph17060715 (registering DOI) - 31 May 2024
Abstract
The aim of this review is to present the potential application of camphor—a bicyclic monoterpene ketone—in the prevention of skin infections. Skin diseases represent a heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by prolonged symptoms that significantly diminish the quality of life. They affect the
[...] Read more.
The aim of this review is to present the potential application of camphor—a bicyclic monoterpene ketone—in the prevention of skin infections. Skin diseases represent a heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by prolonged symptoms that significantly diminish the quality of life. They affect the dermis, the epidermis, and even subcutaneous tissue. They very often have a bacterial or fungal background. Therapy for dermatological skin disorders is difficult and long-term. Therefore, it is important to find a compound, preferably of natural origin, that (i) prevents the initiation of this infection and (ii) supports the skin’s repair process. Based on its documented anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antifungal, anti-acne, anesthetic, strengthening, and warming properties, camphor can be used as a preventative measure in dermatological infectious diseases and as a component in medical and cosmetic products. This work discusses the structure and physicochemical properties of camphor, its occurrence, and methods of obtaining it from natural sources as well as through chemical synthesis. The use of camphor in industrial preparations is also presented. Additionally, after a detailed review of the literature, the metabolism of camphor, its interactions with other medicinal substances, and its antimicrobial properties against bacteria and fungi involved in skin diseases are discussed with regard to their resistance.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Natural Products and Their Modifications as Agents Used in the Fight against Pathogens)
Open AccessArticle
Efficacy Assessment of Five Policosanol Brands and Damage to Vital Organs in Hyperlipidemic Zebrafish by Six-Week Supplementation: Highlighting the Toxicity of Red Yeast Rice and Safety of Cuban Policosanol (Raydel®)
by
Kyung-Hyun Cho, Ashutosh Bahuguna, Ji-Eun Kim and Sang Hyuk Lee
Pharmaceuticals 2024, 17(6), 714; https://doi.org/10.3390/ph17060714 (registering DOI) - 31 May 2024
Abstract
Policosanol is a mixture of long-chain aliphatic alcohols (LCAAs) derived from various plant and insect origins that are marketed by various companies with distinct formulations and brand names. Policosanols offer several beneficial effects to treat dyslipidemia and hypertension; however, a comprehensive functionality comparison
[...] Read more.
Policosanol is a mixture of long-chain aliphatic alcohols (LCAAs) derived from various plant and insect origins that are marketed by various companies with distinct formulations and brand names. Policosanols offer several beneficial effects to treat dyslipidemia and hypertension; however, a comprehensive functionality comparison of various policosanol brands has yet to be thoroughly explored. In the present study five distinct policosanol brands from different origins and countries, Raydel-policosanol, Australia (PCO1), Solgar-policosanol, USA (PCO2), NutrioneLife-monacosanol, South Korea (PCO3), Mothernest-policosanol, Australia (PCO4), and Peter & John-policosanol, New Zealand (PCO5) were compared via dietary supplementation (1% in diet, final wt/wt) to zebrafish for six weeks to investigate their impact on survivability, blood lipid profile, and functionality of vital organs under the influence of a high-cholesterol diet (HCD, final 4%, wt/wt). The results revealed that policosanol brands (PCO1–PCO5) had a substantial preventive effect against HCD-induced zebrafish body weight elevation and hyperlipidemia by alleviating total cholesterol (TC) and triglycerides (TG) in blood. Other than PCO3, all the brands significantly reduced the HCD’s elevated low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C). On the contrary, only PCO1 displayed a significant elevation in high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) level against the consumption of HCD. The divergent effect of PCO1–PCO5 against HCD-induced hepatic damage biomarkers, aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT), was observed. PCO1, PCO2, and PCO4 efficiently curtailed the AST and ALT levels; however, PCO3 and PCO5 potentially aggravated the HCD’s elevated plasma AST and ALT levels. Consistently, the hepatic histology outcome revealed the least effectiveness of PCO3 and PCO5 against HCD-induced liver damage. On the contrary, PCO1 exhibited a substantial hepatoprotective role by curtailing HCD-induced fatty liver changes, cellular senescent, reactive oxygen species (ROS), and interleukin-6 (IL-6) production. Likewise, the histological outcome from the kidney, testis, and ovary revealed the significant curative effect of PCO1 against the HCD-induced adverse effects. PCO2–PCO5 showed diverse and unequal results, with the least effective being PCO3, followed by PCO5 towards HCD-induced kidney, testis, and ovary damage. The multivariate interpretation based on principal component analysis (PCA) and hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) validated the superiority of PCO1 over other policosanol brands against the clinical manifestation associated with HCD. Conclusively, different brands displayed distinct impacts against HCD-induced adverse effects, signifying the importance of policosanol formulation and the presence of aliphatic alcohols on the functionality of policosanol products.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Pharmacology)
►▼
Show Figures
Graphical abstract
Open AccessArticle
Oral Administration of Nacre Extract from Pearl Oyster Shells Has Anti-Aging Effects on Skin and Muscle, and Extends the Lifespan in SAMP8 Mice
by
Hana Yamamoto, Nanami Shimomura and Yasushi Hasegawa
Pharmaceuticals 2024, 17(6), 713; https://doi.org/10.3390/ph17060713 (registering DOI) - 31 May 2024
Abstract
Pearl oysters have been extensively utilized in pearl production; however, most pearl oyster shells are discarded as industrial waste. In a previous study, we demonstrated that the intraperitoneal administration of pearl oyster shell-derived nacre extract (NE) prevented d-galactose-induced brain and skin aging. In
[...] Read more.
Pearl oysters have been extensively utilized in pearl production; however, most pearl oyster shells are discarded as industrial waste. In a previous study, we demonstrated that the intraperitoneal administration of pearl oyster shell-derived nacre extract (NE) prevented d-galactose-induced brain and skin aging. In this study, we examined the anti-aging effects of orally administered NE in senescence-accelerated mice (SAMP8). Feeding SAMP8 mice NE prevented the development of aging-related characteristics, such as coarse and dull hair, which are commonly observed in aged mice. Additionally, the NE mitigated muscle aging in SAMP8 mice, such as a decline in grip strength. Histological analysis of skeletal muscle revealed that the NE suppressed the expression of aging markers, cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 2A (p16) and cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1 (p21), and increased the expression of sirtuin1 and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1 (PGC1)- α, which are involved in muscle synthesis. These findings suggest that the oral administration of NE suppresses skeletal muscle aging. Moreover, NE administration suppressed skin aging, including a decline in water content. Interestingly, oral administration of NE significantly extended the lifespan of SAMP8 mice, suggesting that its effectiveness as an anti-aging agent of various tissues including skeletal muscle, skin, and adipose tissue.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Pharmacognosy and Phytotherapy: Natural Compounds from an Anti-aging Perspective 2024)
►▼
Show Figures
Figure 1
Open AccessArticle
β-Tocotrienol Decreases PDGF-BB-Induced Proliferation and Migration of Human Airway Smooth Muscle Cells by Inhibiting RhoA and Reducing ROS Production
by
Aditya Sri Listyoko, Ryota Okazaki, Tomoya Harada, Miki Takata, Masato Morita, Hiroki Ishikawa, Yoshihiro Funaki and Akira Yamasaki
Pharmaceuticals 2024, 17(6), 712; https://doi.org/10.3390/ph17060712 (registering DOI) - 30 May 2024
Abstract
Background: Tocotrienols exhibit antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. RhoA, a small GTPase protein, plays a crucial role in regulating contractility in airway smooth muscle (ASM). Previous studies have demonstrated that γ-tocotrienols reduce ASM proliferation and migration by inhibiting the activation of RhoA. In this
[...] Read more.
Background: Tocotrienols exhibit antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. RhoA, a small GTPase protein, plays a crucial role in regulating contractility in airway smooth muscle (ASM). Previous studies have demonstrated that γ-tocotrienols reduce ASM proliferation and migration by inhibiting the activation of RhoA. In this present study, we investigate the effect of another vitamin E isoform, β-tocotrienols, on human ASM cell proliferation and migration stimulated by platelet-derived growth factor-BB (PDGF-BB). Methods: Human ASM cells were pre-treated with β-tocotrienol prior to being stimulated with PDGF-BB to induce ASM cell proliferation and migration. The proliferation and migration of PDGF-BB-induced human ASM cells were assessed using colorimetric and transwell migration assays. The intracellular ROS assay kit was employed to quantify reactive oxygen species (ROS) in human ASM cells. Additionally, we explored the effect of β-tocotrienols on the signaling pathways involved in PDGF-BB-induced ASM proliferation and migration. Results: β-tocotrienol inhibited PDGF-BB-induced ASM cell proliferation and migration by reducing RhoA activation and ROS production. However, in this present study, β-tocotrienol did not affect the signaling pathways associated with cyclin D1, phosphorylated Akt1, and ERK1/2. Conclusions: In conclusion, the inhibition of RhoA activation and ROS production by β-tocotrienol, resulting in the reduction in human ASM proliferation and migration, suggests its potential as a treatment for asthma airway remodeling.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Drug Candidates for Allergic Diseases)
►▼
Show Figures
Figure 1
Open AccessArticle
Medication and Outcome in Older Heart Failure Patients: Results from a Prospective Cohort Study
by
David Peter Garay, Hugo Saner, Jan Herzberg, Gerrit Hellige and Nisha Arenja
Pharmaceuticals 2024, 17(6), 711; https://doi.org/10.3390/ph17060711 (registering DOI) - 30 May 2024
Abstract
Purpose: Acute heart failure (AHF) is associated with high morbidity and mortality, and the prognosis is particularly poor in older patients. Although the application of guideline-directed medical therapy (GDMT) has shown a positive impact on prognosis, the effects are less clear in
[...] Read more.
Purpose: Acute heart failure (AHF) is associated with high morbidity and mortality, and the prognosis is particularly poor in older patients. Although the application of guideline-directed medical therapy (GDMT) has shown a positive impact on prognosis, the effects are less clear in older age groups. The aim of this study was to analyze real-world data regarding GDMT and outcomes in older HF patients. Methods: This is a prospective cohort study from a secondary care hospital in central Switzerland. A total of 97 consecutive patients aged ≥60 years were enrolled between January 2019 and 2022. The main outcome parameters were prescribed GDMT at discharge, and in case of rehospitalization, GDMT at readmission, and survival in terms of all-cause mortality and HF-related hospitalizations during a 3-year follow-up period. Results: Follow-up data were available for 93/97 patients. The mean age was 77.8 ± 9.8 years, 46% being female. The mean left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) was 35.3 ± 13.9%, with a mean BNP level of 2204.3 ± 239 ng/L. Upon discharge, 86% received beta-blockers and 76.3% received renin–angiotensin system (RAS) inhibitors. At rehospitalization for AHF, beta-blockers use was significantly lower and decreased to 52.8% (p = 0.003), whereas RAS inhibitor use increased slightly to 88.9% (p = 0.07), and SGLT-2 inhibitors showed a significant increase from 5.4% vs. 47.2% (p = 0.04). GDMT prescription was not dependent on LVEF. Overall, 73.1% of patients received two-stage or three-stage GDMT at discharge, whereas this percentage decreased to 61% at rehospitalization (p = 0.01). Kaplan–Meier analysis for the combined outcome rehospitalization and death stratified by LV function showed significant differences between LVEF groups (aHR: 0.6 [95% CI: 0.44 to 0.8]; p = 0.0023). Conclusions: Our results indicate that first, the majority of older AHF patients from a secondary care hospital in Switzerland were not on optimal GDMT at discharge and even fewer at readmission, and second, that prognosis of the population is still poor, with almost half of the patients having been rehospitalized or died during a 3-year follow-up period under real-world conditions, without significant difference between women and men. Our findings underline the need for further improvements in the medical treatment of AHF, in particular in older patients, to improve prognosis and to reduce the burden of disease.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Pharmacology)
►▼
Show Figures
Figure 1
Open AccessArticle
Synthesis, Docking, and DFT Studies on Novel Schiff Base Sulfonamide Analogues as Selective COX-1 Inhibitors with Anti-Platelet Aggregation Activity
by
Yasmine M. Abdel Aziz, Mohamed S. Nafie, Pierre A. Hanna, Sherif Ramadan, Assem Barakat and Marwa Elewa
Pharmaceuticals 2024, 17(6), 710; https://doi.org/10.3390/ph17060710 (registering DOI) - 30 May 2024
Abstract
Selective COX-1 inhibitors are preferential therapeutic targets for platelet aggregation and clotting responses. In this study, we examined the selective COX-1-inhibitory activities of four newly synthesized compounds, 10–13, along with their abilities to inhibit platelet aggregation against ADP and collagen.
[...] Read more.
Selective COX-1 inhibitors are preferential therapeutic targets for platelet aggregation and clotting responses. In this study, we examined the selective COX-1-inhibitory activities of four newly synthesized compounds, 10–13, along with their abilities to inhibit platelet aggregation against ADP and collagen. The target compounds 10–13 were synthesized using the conventional method, sonication, and microwave-assisted methods. Microanalytical and spectral data were utilized to elucidate the structures of the new compounds 10–13. Additionally, a spectral NMR experiment [NOESY] was conducted to emphasize the configuration around the double bond of the imine group C=N. The obtained results revealed no observed correlation between any of the neighboring protons, suggesting that the configuration at the C=N double bond is E. Biological results revealed that all the screened compounds 10–13 might serve as selective COX-1 inhibitors. They showed IC50 values ranging from 0.71 μM to 4.82 μM against COX-1 and IC50 values ranging from 9.26 μM to 15.24 μM against COX-2. Their COX-1 selectivity indices ranged between 2.87 and 18.69. These compounds show promise as promising anti-platelet aggregation agents. They effectively prevented platelet aggregation induced by ADP with IC50 values ranging from 0.11 μM to 0.37 μM, surpassing the standard aspirin with an IC50 value of 0.49 μM. Additionally, they inhibited the platelet aggregation induced by collagen with IC50 values ranging from 0.12 μM to 1.03 μM, demonstrating superior efficacy compared to aspirin, which has an IC50 value of 0.51 μM. In silico molecular modeling was performed for all the target compounds within the active sites of COX-1 and COX-2 to rationalize their selective inhibitory activities towards COX-1. It was found that the binding interactions of the designed compounds within the COX-1 active site had remained unaffected by the presence of celecoxib. Molecular modeling and DFT calculations using the B3LYP/6-31+G (d,p) level were performed to study the stability of E-forms with respect to Z-forms for the investigated compounds. A strong correlation was observed between the experimental observations and the quantum chemical descriptors.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sulfur-Containing Scaffolds in Medicinal Chemistry)
►▼
Show Figures
Graphical abstract
Open AccessReview
Pirfenidone and Nintedanib in Pulmonary Fibrosis: Lights and Shadows
by
Maria Chianese, Gianluca Screm, Francesco Salton, Paola Confalonieri, Liliana Trotta, Mariangela Barbieri, Luca Ruggero, Marco Mari, Nicolò Reccardini, Pietro Geri, Michael Hughes, Selene Lerda, Marco Confalonieri, Lucrezia Mondini and Barbara Ruaro
Pharmaceuticals 2024, 17(6), 709; https://doi.org/10.3390/ph17060709 (registering DOI) - 30 May 2024
Abstract
Pirfenidone and Nintedanib are specific drugs used against idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) that showed efficacy in non-IPF fibrosing interstitial lung diseases (ILD). Both drugs have side effects that affect patients in different ways and have different levels of severity, making treatment even more
[...] Read more.
Pirfenidone and Nintedanib are specific drugs used against idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) that showed efficacy in non-IPF fibrosing interstitial lung diseases (ILD). Both drugs have side effects that affect patients in different ways and have different levels of severity, making treatment even more challenging for patients and clinicians. The present review aims to assess the effectiveness and potential complications of Pirfenidone and Nintedanib treatment regimens across various ILD diseases. A detailed search was performed in relevant articles published between 2018 and 2023 listed in PubMed, UpToDate, Google Scholar, and ResearchGate, supplemented with manual research. The following keywords were searched in the databases in all possible combinations: Nintedanib; Pirfenidone, interstitial lung disease, and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. The most widely accepted method for evaluating the progression of ILD is through the decline in forced vital capacity (FVC), as determined by respiratory function tests. Specifically, a decrease in FVC over a 6–12-month period correlates directly with increased mortality rates. Antifibrotic drugs Pirfenidone and Nintedanib have been extensively validated; however, some patients reported several side effects, predominantly gastrointestinal symptoms (such as diarrhea, dyspepsia, and vomiting), as well as photosensitivity and skin rashes, particularly associated with Pirfenidone. In cases where the side effects are extremely severe and are more threatening than the disease itself, the treatment has to be discontinued. However, further research is needed to optimize the use of antifibrotic agents in patients with PF-ILDs, which could slow disease progression and decrease all-cause mortality. Finally, other studies are requested to establish the treatments that can stop ILD progression.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Pharmacology)
►▼
Show Figures
Figure 1
Open AccessSystematic Review
Meta-Analysis of the Safety and Efficacy of Direct Oral Anticoagulants for the Treatment of Left Ventricular Thrombus
by
Mounica Vorla and Dinesh K. Kalra
Pharmaceuticals 2024, 17(6), 708; https://doi.org/10.3390/ph17060708 (registering DOI) - 30 May 2024
Abstract
Background: Literature on the preferred anticoagulant for treating left ventricular thrombus (LVT) is lacking. Thus, our objective was to compare the efficacy of DOACs versus warfarin in treating LVT. Methods: Databases were searched for RCTs and adjusted observational studies that compared DOAC versus
[...] Read more.
Background: Literature on the preferred anticoagulant for treating left ventricular thrombus (LVT) is lacking. Thus, our objective was to compare the efficacy of DOACs versus warfarin in treating LVT. Methods: Databases were searched for RCTs and adjusted observational studies that compared DOAC versus warfarin through March 2024. The primary efficacy outcomes of interest were LVT resolution, systemic embolism, composite of stroke, and TIA. The primary safety outcomes encompassed all-cause mortality and bleeding events. Results: Our meta-analysis including 31 studies demonstrated that DOAC use was associated with higher odds of thrombus resolution (OR: 1.08, 95% CI: 0.86–1.31, p: 0.46). A statistically significant reduction in the risk of stroke/TIA was observed in the DOAC group versus the warfarin group (OR: 0.65, 95% CI: 0.48–0.89, p: 0.007). Furthermore, statistically significant reduced risks of all-cause mortality (OR: 0.68, 95% CI: 0.47–0.98, p: 0.04) and bleeding events (OR: 0.70, 95% CI: 0.55–0.89, p: 0.004) were observed with DOAC use as compared to warfarin use. Conclusion: Compared to VKAs, DOACs are noninferior as the anticoagulant of choice for LVT treatment. However, further studies are warranted to confirm these findings.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advancements in Cardiovascular and Antidiabetic Drug Therapy)
►▼
Show Figures
Figure 1
Open AccessReview
Current Strategies and Therapeutic Applications of Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Based Drug Delivery
by
Yasunari Matsuzaka and Ryu Yashiro
Pharmaceuticals 2024, 17(6), 707; https://doi.org/10.3390/ph17060707 (registering DOI) - 30 May 2024
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have emerged as a promising approach for drug delivery strategies because of their unique properties. These strategies include stem cell membrane-coated nanoparticles, stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles, immunomodulatory effects, stem cell-laden scaffolds, and scaffold-free stem cell sheets. MSCs offer advantages
[...] Read more.
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have emerged as a promising approach for drug delivery strategies because of their unique properties. These strategies include stem cell membrane-coated nanoparticles, stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles, immunomodulatory effects, stem cell-laden scaffolds, and scaffold-free stem cell sheets. MSCs offer advantages such as low immunogenicity, homing ability, and tumor tropism, making them ideal for targeted drug delivery systems. Stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles have gained attention for their immune properties and tumor-homing abilities, presenting a potential solution for drug delivery challenges. The relationship between MSC-based drug delivery and the self-renewal and differentiation capabilities of MSCs lies in the potential of engineered MSCs to serve as effective carriers for therapeutic agents while maintaining their intrinsic properties. MSCs exhibit potent immunosuppressive functions in MSC-based drug delivery strategies. Stem cell-derived EVs have low immunogenicity and strong therapeutic potential for tissue repair and regeneration. Scaffold-free stem cell sheets represent a cutting-edge approach in regenerative medicine, offering a versatile platform for tissue engineering and regeneration across different medical specialties. MSCs have shown great potential for clinical applications in regenerative medicine because of their ability to differentiate into various cell types, secrete bioactive factors, and modulate immune responses. Researchers are exploring these innovative approaches to enhance drug delivery efficiency and effectiveness in treating various diseases.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mesenchymal-Stem-Cell-Based Drug Delivery Strategies for Biomedical Applications)
►▼
Show Figures
Graphical abstract
Open AccessArticle
The Bioactive Compounds of Epimedium and Their Potential Mechanism of Action in Treating Osteoporosis: A Network Pharmacology and Experimental Validation Study
by
Huizhong Dong, Fen Tang, Zilu Zhao, Wenxuan Huang, Xiangyang Wan, Zhanying Hong, Ying Liu, Xin Dong and Si Chen
Pharmaceuticals 2024, 17(6), 706; https://doi.org/10.3390/ph17060706 (registering DOI) - 29 May 2024
Abstract
Osteoporosis is a global health challenge characterized by bone loss and microstructure deterioration, which urgently requires the development of safer and more effective treatments due to the significant adverse effects and limitations of existing drugs for long-term treatment. Traditional Chinese medicine, like Epimedium
[...] Read more.
Osteoporosis is a global health challenge characterized by bone loss and microstructure deterioration, which urgently requires the development of safer and more effective treatments due to the significant adverse effects and limitations of existing drugs for long-term treatment. Traditional Chinese medicine, like Epimedium, offers fewer side effects and has been used to treat osteoporosis, yet its active compounds and pharmacological mechanisms remain unclear. In this study, 65 potential active compounds, 258 potential target proteins, and 488 pathways of Epimedium were identified through network pharmacology analysis. Further network analysis and review of the literature identified six potential active compounds and HIF-1α for subsequent experimental validation. In vitro experiments confirmed that 2″-O-RhamnosylIcariside II is the most effective compound among the six potential active compounds. It can promote osteoblast differentiation, bind with HIF-1α, and inhibit both HIF-1α gene and protein expression, as well as enhance COL1A1 protein expression under hypoxic conditions. In vivo experiments demonstrated its ability to improve bone microstructures and reduce bone loss by decreasing bone marrow adipose tissue, enhancing bone formation, and suppressing HIF-1α protein expression. This study is the first to describe the therapeutic effects of 2-O-RhamnosylIcariside II on osteoporosis, which was done, specifically, through a mechanism that targets and inhibits HIF-1α. This study provides a scientific basis for the clinical application of Epimedium and offers a new candidate drug for the treatment of osteoporosis. Additionally, it provides new evidence supporting HIF-1α as a therapeutic target for osteoporosis.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The 20th Anniversary of Pharmaceuticals—Advances in Natural Products)
►▼
Show Figures
Figure 1
Open AccessReview
Antiviral, Antibacterial, Antifungal, and Anticancer Activity of Plant Materials Derived from Cymbopogon citratus (DC.) Stapf Species
by
Anna Kiełtyka-Dadasiewicz, Javier Esteban and Agata Jabłońska-Trypuć
Pharmaceuticals 2024, 17(6), 705; https://doi.org/10.3390/ph17060705 (registering DOI) - 29 May 2024
Abstract
The importance of natural plant materials in modern medicine is considerable, and raw materials with antiviral, antibacterial, antifungal, and anticancer properties are still sought because of microbe resistance and difficulties in anticancer therapy. This review focuses on the lemongrass Cymbopogon citratus (DC.) Stapf.
[...] Read more.
The importance of natural plant materials in modern medicine is considerable, and raw materials with antiviral, antibacterial, antifungal, and anticancer properties are still sought because of microbe resistance and difficulties in anticancer therapy. This review focuses on the lemongrass Cymbopogon citratus (DC.) Stapf. and on the lemongrass oil properties and applications. Multiple applications of this plant were described in different latitudes and cultures, including cases of digestive disorders and anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, diaphoretic, stimulating, and antispasmodic conditions. Data from the literature on the composition of essential oil and extracts from C. citratus were analyzed, and the results of research on the antifungal, antibacterial, and antiviral effects were quoted. Essential oil inhibits the growth of fungi (Aspergillus niger, A. fumigatus, Candida spp.) and has an antibacterial effect (Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa). It also shows antiviral activity and deters insects. Lemongrass contains active substances with potential anticancer effects. This plant has apoptosis-stimulating properties, mainly through the activity of apigenin, which is the main active flavonoid in this plant. This active substance helps inhibit cell proliferation by stopping the cell cycle and directing cancer cells toward apoptosis.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Anticancer Compounds in Medicinal Plants — In Honour of the 20th Anniversary of Pharmaceuticals)
►▼
Show Figures
Graphical abstract
Open AccessArticle
Pichia pastoris Mediated Digestion of Water-Soluble Polysaccharides from Cress Seed Mucilage Produces Potent Antidiabetic Oligosaccharides
by
Imdad Ullah Khan, Yusra Jamil, Aiman Khan, Jalwa Ahmad, Amjad Iqbal, Sajid Ali, Muhammad Hamayun, Anwar Hussain, Abdulwahed Fahad Alrefaei, Mikhlid H. Almutairi and Ayaz Ahmad
Pharmaceuticals 2024, 17(6), 704; https://doi.org/10.3390/ph17060704 (registering DOI) - 29 May 2024
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is a heterogeneous metabolic disorder that poses significant health and economic challenges across the globe. Polysaccharides, found abundantly in edible plants, hold promise for managing diabetes by reducing blood glucose levels (BGL) and insulin resistance. However, most of these polysaccharides cannot
[...] Read more.
Diabetes mellitus is a heterogeneous metabolic disorder that poses significant health and economic challenges across the globe. Polysaccharides, found abundantly in edible plants, hold promise for managing diabetes by reducing blood glucose levels (BGL) and insulin resistance. However, most of these polysaccharides cannot be digested or absorbed directly by the human body. Here we report the production of antidiabetic oligosaccharides from cress seed mucilage polysaccharides using yeast fermentation. The water-soluble polysaccharides extracted from cress seed mucilage were precipitated using 75% ethanol and fermented with Pichia pastoris for different time intervals. The digested saccharides were fractionated through gel permeation chromatography using a Bio Gel P-10 column. Structural analysis of the oligosaccharide fractions revealed the presence of galacturonic acid, rhamnose, glucuronic acid, glucose and arabinose. Oligosaccharide fractions exhibited the potential to inhibit α-amylase and α-glucosidase enzymes in a dose-dependent manner in vitro. The fraction DF73 exhibited strong inhibitory activity against α-amylase with IC50 values of 38.2 ± 1.12 µg/mL, compared to the positive control, acarbose, having an IC50 value of 29.18 ± 1.76 µg/mL. Similarly, DF72 and DF73 showed the highest inhibition of α-glucosidase, with IC50 values of 9.26 ± 2.68 and 50.47 ± 5.18 µg/mL, respectively. In in vivo assays in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic mice, these oligosaccharides significantly reduced BGL and improved lipid profiles compared to the reference drug metformin. Histopathological observations of mouse livers indicated the cytoprotective effects of these sugars. Taken together, our results suggest that oligosaccharides produced through microbial digestion of polysaccharides extracted from cress seed mucilage have the potential to reduce blood glucose levels, possibly through inhibition of carbohydrate-digesting enzymes and regulation of the various signaling pathways.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Medicinal Chemistry)
►▼
Show Figures
Graphical abstract
Open AccessArticle
Technology Readiness Level Roadmap for Developing Innovative Herbal Medicinal Products
by
Eduardo Pagani, Cristina Dislich Ropke, Cristiane Mota Soares, Sandra Aurora Chavez Perez, Paulo José Coelho Benevides, Barbara Sena Barbosa, Ana Cecilia Bezerra Carvalho and Maria Dutra Behrens
Pharmaceuticals 2024, 17(6), 703; https://doi.org/10.3390/ph17060703 (registering DOI) - 29 May 2024
Abstract
Despite the vast global botanical diversity, the pharmaceutical development of herbal medicinal products (HMPs) remains underexploited. Of over 370,000 described plant species, only a few hundred are utilized in HMPs. Most of these have originated from traditional use, and only a minority come
[...] Read more.
Despite the vast global botanical diversity, the pharmaceutical development of herbal medicinal products (HMPs) remains underexploited. Of over 370,000 described plant species, only a few hundred are utilized in HMPs. Most of these have originated from traditional use, and only a minority come from megadiverse countries. Exploiting the pharmacological synergies of the hundreds of compounds found in poorly studied plant species may unlock new therapeutic possibilities, enhance megadiverse countries’ scientific and socio-economic development, and help conserve biodiversity. However, extensive constraints in the development process of HMPs pose significant barriers to transforming this unsatisfactory socio-economic landscape. This paper proposes a roadmap to overcome these challenges, based on the technology readiness levels (TRLs) introduced by NASA to assess the maturity of technologies. It aims to assist research entities, manufacturers, and funding agencies from megadiverse countries in the discovery, development, and global market authorization of innovative HMPs that comply with regulatory standards from ANVISA, EMA, and FDA, as well as WHO and ICH guidelines.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Natural Products)
►▼
Show Figures
Graphical abstract
Open AccessArticle
Protective Role of Rosmarinic Acid in Experimental Urolithiasis: Understanding Its Impact on Renal Parameters
by
Anelise Felício Macarini, Luísa Nathalia Bolda Mariano, Mariana Zanovello, Rita de Cássia Vilhena da Silva, Rogério Corrêa and Priscila de Souza
Pharmaceuticals 2024, 17(6), 702; https://doi.org/10.3390/ph17060702 - 29 May 2024
Abstract
This study aimed to assess the ability of rosmarinic acid (RA) to prevent kidney stone formation in an ethylene glycol and ammonium chloride (EG/AC) model. There was an increase in diuresis in the normotensive (NTRs) and hypertensive rats (SHRs) treated with hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ)
[...] Read more.
This study aimed to assess the ability of rosmarinic acid (RA) to prevent kidney stone formation in an ethylene glycol and ammonium chloride (EG/AC) model. There was an increase in diuresis in the normotensive (NTRs) and hypertensive rats (SHRs) treated with hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ) and exposed to EG/AC, while RA restored urine volume in NTRs. The EG/AC groups exhibited lower urine pH and electrolyte imbalance; these parameters were not affected by any of the treatments. Both HCTZ+EG/AC and RA+EG/AC reduced calcium oxalate crystal formation in NTR and SHR urine. Kidney tissue analysis revealed alterations in oxidative stress and inflammation parameters in all EG/AC-receiving groups, with RA enhancing antioxidant defenses in SHRs. Additionally, crystals were found in the kidney histology of all EG/AC-exposed groups, with reduced Bowman’s capsule areas in NTRs and SHRs. The NTR VEH+EG/AC group showed intense renal damage, while the others maintained their structures, where treatments with HCTZ and RA were fundamental for kidney protection in the NTRs. Docking analysis showed that RA exhibited good binding affinity with matrix metalloproteinase-9, phosphoethanolamine cytidylyltransferase, and human glycolate oxidase enzymes. The data disclosed herein underscore the importance of further research to understand the underlying mechanisms better and validate the potential of RA for clinical use.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Therapeutic Potential of Natural Products in Urolithiasis)
►▼
Show Figures
Figure 1
Open AccessReview
Exploring the Comprehensive Neuroprotective and Anticancer Potential of Afzelin
by
Mateusz Kciuk, Nitika Garg, Sanchit Dhankhar, Monika Saini, Somdutt Mujwar, Sushma Devi, Samrat Chauhan, Thakur Gurjeet Singh, Randhir Singh, Beata Marciniak, Adrianna Gielecińska and Renata Kontek
Pharmaceuticals 2024, 17(6), 701; https://doi.org/10.3390/ph17060701 - 28 May 2024
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases (Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, Huntington’s disease, and others) and cancer, seemingly disparate in their etiology and manifestation, exhibit intriguing associations in certain cellular and molecular processes. Both cancer and neurodegenerative diseases involve the deregulation of cellular processes such as apoptosis, proliferation,
[...] Read more.
Neurodegenerative diseases (Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, Huntington’s disease, and others) and cancer, seemingly disparate in their etiology and manifestation, exhibit intriguing associations in certain cellular and molecular processes. Both cancer and neurodegenerative diseases involve the deregulation of cellular processes such as apoptosis, proliferation, and DNA repair and pose a significant global health challenge. Afzelin (kaempferol 3-O-rhamnoside) is a flavonoid compound abundant in various plant sources. Afzelin exhibits a diverse range of biological activities, offering promising prospects for the treatment of diseases hallmarked by oxidative stress and deregulation of cell death pathways. Its protective potential against oxidative stress is also promising for alleviating the side effects of chemotherapy. This review explores the potential therapeutic implications of afzelin, including its capacity to mitigate oxidative stress, modulate inflammation, and promote cellular regeneration in neurodegenerative and cancer diseases.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bioactive Compounds Derived from Plants and Their Medicinal Potential)
►▼
Show Figures
Graphical abstract
Journal Menu
► ▼ Journal Menu-
- Pharmaceuticals Home
- Aims & Scope
- Editorial Board
- Reviewer Board
- Topical Advisory Panel
- Instructions for Authors
- Special Issues
- Topics
- Sections & Collections
- Article Processing Charge
- Indexing & Archiving
- Editor’s Choice Articles
- Most Cited & Viewed
- Journal Statistics
- Journal History
- Journal Awards
- Society Collaborations
- Conferences
- Editorial Office
Journal Browser
► ▼ Journal BrowserHighly Accessed Articles
Latest Books
E-Mail Alert
News
Topics
Topic in
Antibiotics, JPM, Pharmaceuticals, Pharmaceutics
Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Modelling in Drug Discovery and Development
Topic Editors: Inaki F. Troconiz, Victor Mangas Sanjuán, Maria Garcia-Cremades MiraDeadline: 31 August 2024
Topic in
Cancers, Diseases, Nanomaterials, Pharmaceuticals, Materials
Nanomaterials and Diseases
Topic Editors: Diana Díaz-García, Santiago Gómez-RuizDeadline: 13 October 2024
Topic in
Antibiotics, Biomedicines, JCM, Pharmaceuticals, Pharmaceutics
Challenges and Future Prospects of Antibacterial Therapy
Topic Editors: Kwang-sun Kim, Zehra EdisDeadline: 31 October 2024
Topic in
Biomedicines, JCM, Pharmaceuticals, Pharmaceutics, Pharmacy, IJMS, Molecules
Peptoids and Peptide Based Drugs
Topic Editors: Laura Zaccaro, Annarita Del Gatto, Galia MaayanDeadline: 31 December 2024
Conferences
Special Issues
Special Issue in
Pharmaceuticals
Structure and Ligand Based Drug Design
Guest Editor: Dongsheng CaoDeadline: 10 June 2024
Special Issue in
Pharmaceuticals
Drug Candidates for the Treatment of Oral Cancer and Oral Cancer Pain
Guest Editor: Cara B. GonzalesDeadline: 25 June 2024
Special Issue in
Pharmaceuticals
Magnetic Nanoparticles (MNPs) in Biomedical Applications
Guest Editor: Sandile Phinda SongcaDeadline: 20 July 2024
Special Issue in
Pharmaceuticals
Neuroblastoma Pathogenesis and Therapy
Guest Editor: Saurabh AgarwalDeadline: 25 July 2024
Topical Collections
Topical Collection in
Pharmaceuticals
Old Pharmaceuticals with New Applications
Collection Editor: Massimiliano Tognolini
Topical Collection in
Pharmaceuticals
Drug Discovery and Development for Tropical Diseases (TDs)
Collection Editor: Christophe Dardonville
Topical Collection in
Pharmaceuticals
The Story of Successful Drugs and Recent FDA-Approved Molecules
Collection Editors: Maria Emília De Sousa, Klaus Kopka, Annie Mayence, Joachim Jose, Guangshun Wang, Jean Jacques Vanden EyndeConference Reports
Pharmaceuticals 2023, 16(3), 432; https://doi.org/10.3390/ph16030432
Pharmaceuticals 2022, 15(4), 388; https://doi.org/10.3390/ph15040388