*2.2. Study Design*

The randomised cross-over pharmacokinetic study design comprised eight hours of sampling after a single dose of 1.5 *Sungold* kiwifruit (containing ~200 mg vitamin C) or chewable vitamin C tablets (total of 200 mg vitamin C) with a three-week washout period between the two clinic days (Figure 1) [20]. Following an overnight fast, the participants had a venous cannula inserted and blood samples were collected at baseline, and every 30 min post-intervention for the first four hours, then every hour for the next four hours. The cannulae were flushed with up to 10 mL sterile saline after each sampling. Urine was collected at baseline, after emptying the bladder an hour earlier, and then every hour post-intervention for the next eight hours. Mineral water (75 mL) was provided every hour and a cheese sandwich at four hours post-intervention. One of the nine participants did not carry out the vitamin C tablet supplementation arm of the study.
