**Robust Control of a Class of Uncertain Fractional-Order Chaotic Systems with Input Nonlinearity via an Adaptive Sliding Mode Technique**

## **Xiaomin Tian \* and Shumin Fei**

Key Laboratory of Measurement and Control of CSE, Ministry of Education, School of Automation, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China; E-Mail: smfei@seu.edu.cn

**\*** Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: tianxiaomin100@163.com; Tel.: +86-25-8379-2719.

*Received: 10 December 2013; in revised form: 23 January 2014 / Accepted: 26 January 2014 / Published: 7 February 2014* 

**Abstract:** In this paper, the problem of stabilizing a class of fractional-order chaotic systems with sector and dead-zone nonlinear inputs is investigated. The effects of model uncertainties and external disturbances are fully taken into account. Moreover, the bounds of both model uncertainties and external disturbances are assumed to be unknown in advance. To deal with the system's nonlinear items and unknown bounded uncertainties, an adaptive fractional-order sliding mode (AFSM) controller is designed. Then, Lyapunov's stability theory is used to prove the stability of the designed control scheme. Finally, two simulation examples are given to verify the effectiveness and robustness of the proposed control approach.

**Keywords:** fractional-order chaotic system; adaptive sliding mode control; input nonlinearity; unknown bounded uncertainties

**PACS Codes:** 05.45

#### **1. Introduction**

Although fractional calculus is a mathematical topic with more than 300 years of history, its application to physics and engineering has attracted lots of attentions only in the recent years. It has been found that with the help of fractional calculus, many systems in interdisciplinary fields can be described more accurately, such as viscoelastic systems [1], dielectric polarization [2], electrode-electrolyte polarization [3], finance systems and electromagnetic waves [4]. That is to say, fractional calculus provides a superb instrument for the description of the memory and hereditary properties of various materials and processes.

Chaotic systems are a well-known class of complex nonlinear systems, which have several special properties, such as extraordinary sensitivity to system initial conditions, chaotic attractors, and fractal motions. Meanwhile, it has been proven that some fractional-order differential systems can behave chaotically, e.g., the fractional-order Duffing system [5], fractional-order Chen-Lee system [6], fractional-order Lorenz system [7], fractional-order hyperchaotic Chen system [8], fractional-order Qi system [9], and so on. The research of chaotic systems has attracted considerable attentions, for example, Gyorgyi [10] calculated the entropy in chaotic systems. Steeb *et al*. [11] applied the maximum entropy formalism into the study of chaotic systems. Aghababa [12] used the finite-time theory to realize finite-time synchronization of chaotic systems. Lu [13] developed a nonlinear observer to synchronize the chaotic systems. Chen *et al*. [14,15] researched the synchronization of fractional-order chaotic neural networks. With the development of sliding mode control (SMC) technique, SMC approach has became a universal method to realize the stabilization or synchronization of chaotic systems [16–20]. It is well known that the system on the sliding manifold has desired properties such as good stability, disturbance rejection ability, and tracking capability.

In this paper, the following class of fractional-order chaotic systems are considered:

$$\begin{aligned} D^{q\_1} \mathbf{x} &= \mathbf{y} \cdot f(\mathbf{x}, \mathbf{y}, \mathbf{z}) + \mathbf{z} \cdot \phi(\mathbf{x}, \mathbf{y}, \mathbf{z}) - c\mathbf{x} \\ D^{q\_2} \mathbf{y} &= \mathbf{g}(\mathbf{x}, \mathbf{y}, \mathbf{z}) - \xi \mathbf{y} \\ D^{q\_3} \mathbf{z} &= \mathbf{y} \cdot h(\mathbf{x}, \mathbf{y}, \mathbf{z}) - \mathbf{x} \cdot \phi(\mathbf{x}, \mathbf{y}, \mathbf{z}) - r\mathbf{z} \end{aligned} \tag{1}$$

where @@ 10 *<sup>i</sup> q* , *i* 3,2,1 . *<sup>T</sup> zyxX* ],,[ , and *x y*,, *z* are pseudo state variables of the system. *f* )( , *g* )( , *h* )( , and 8 )( are nonlinear items of the system, each of the four functions is assumed to be continuous and satisfies the Lipschitz condition to guarantee the existence and uniqueness of solutions of initial value problems. , *r* are given non-negative constants.

The fractional-order system (1) was introduced by [20], and it should be noted that many chaotic systems can be modeled in this form, such as the Chen, Lorenz, Liu, and Lu systems, *etc*. Some control techniques have been reported for stabilizing this type of system. For example, Sadras *et al*. [21] introduced a sliding mode controller to stabilize a special case of system (1). Chen *et al*. [22] developed a fractional-order sliding surface to guarantee asymptotic stability of the system in the presence of uncertainties. Inspired by [22], Yin *et al*. [23] provided an adaptive fractional-order sliding mode technique to realize the robust stabilization of this system with unknown bounded uncertainties. It is worth noting that there is a drawback in abovementioned literatures, that is, the stability of the sliding mode dynamics is not researched. Recently, Faieghi *et al*. [24] firstly applied the fractional Lyapunov stability theory to demonstrate global stability of the sliding mode dynamics. Yuan *et al*. [25] employed the continuous frequency distributed model of fractional integrator to analyze asymptotic stability of this kind of sliding mode dynamics. However, in [24,25], the nonlinear items of the controlled system were required to be directly eliminated, resulting in a complex controller unsuitable for practical realization. On the other hand, all approaches in the aforementioned works are only focused on the linear and direct application of control inputs. In practice, input nonlinearity is often encountered in various chaotic systems and can be a cause of instability. Thus, it is obvious that the effects of input nonlinearity must be taken into account when analyzing and implementing a control scheme. Recently, Aghababa [26–28] considered the impacts of nonlinear inputs in the stabilization and synchronization of integer-order chaotic systems. However, to the best of our knowledge, there is little information available in the literature about the stabilization of fractional-order chaotic systems with nonlinear inputs.

Motivated by the above discussions, the problem of stabilizing a class of uncertain fractional-order chaotic systems with nonlinear inputs is addressed in this paper. Two kinds of nonlinear inputs including sector nonlinear inputs and dead-zone nonlinear inputs are researched, respectively. In order to stabilize system (1), an adaptive fractional-order sliding mode (AFSM) controller is proposed, which is associate with time-varying feedback gains, can deal with the nonlinear items of the controlled system. After that, the Lyapunov's stability theory is used to demonstrate the stability of the proposed control scheme.

To sum up, our approach makes the following contributions: (i) it researches the stabilization of a class of fractional-order chaotic systems with unknown bounded model uncertainties and external disturbances; (ii) two kinds of control input nonlinearities including sector and dead-zone nonlinearities are considered; (iii) based on a fractional-order integral type sliding surface, adaptive sliding mode input control and some adaptation laws, a novel sliding mode control scheme is proposed.

The remainder of this paper is organized as follows: in Section 2, the relevant definitions, lemmas and numerical methods for solving the fractional-order differential equations are given. Main results are presented in Section 3. Some numerical simulations are provided in Section 4 to show the effectiveness of the proposed method. Finally, conclusions are put forth in Section 5.

#### **2. Preliminaries**

#### *2.1. Definitions and Lemma*

The most frequently used definitions for the general fractional calculus are Riemann-Liouville definition, Caputo definition and Grunwald-Letnikov definition.

*Definition 1.* The -th-order Riemann-Liouville fractional integration is given by:

$$\int\_{\iota\_0} I\_{\iota}^a \, f(t) = \frac{1}{\Gamma(\alpha)} \int\_{\iota\_0}^{\iota} \frac{f(\tau)}{(t-\tau)^{1-a}} d\tau \tag{2}$$

where X )( is the Gamma function.

*Definition 2.* For 1 , #@ *nn Rn* , the Riemann-Liouville fractional derivative definition of order is defined as:

$$\,\_{\iota\_0}D\_{\iota}^{\alpha}f\left(t\right) = \frac{d^{\alpha}f\left(t\right)}{dt^{\alpha}} = \frac{1}{\Gamma\left(n-\alpha\right)}\frac{d^{\ast}}{dt^{\ast}}\int\_{\iota\_0}^{\iota}\frac{f\left(\tau\right)}{\left(t-\tau\right)^{\alpha-n+1}}d\tau = \frac{d^{\ast}}{dt^{\ast}}I^{\ast-\alpha}f\left(t\right) \tag{3}$$

*Definition 3*. The Caputo fractional derivative definition of order is described as:

$$\begin{aligned} \,\_{l\_0}D\_{l\_1}^{\
u}f\left(t\right) = \begin{cases} \frac{1}{\Gamma\left(m-\alpha\right)} \int\_{l\_0}^{l} \frac{f^{\left(m\right)}\left(\tau\right)}{\left(t-\tau\right)^{\alpha-m+1}} d\tau, & m-1 < \alpha < m\\ \frac{d^{\
u}}{dt^{\
u}}f\left(t\right), & \alpha = m \end{cases} \end{aligned} \tag{4}$$

where *m* is the smallest integer number, larger than .

*Definition 4.* The Grunwald-Letnikov fractional derivative definition of order is written as:

$$\sideset{\_{L\_{0}}}{}{\mathop{D}}^{\alpha}f}(t) = \lim\_{h \to 0} \frac{1}{h^{\alpha}} \sum\_{j=0}^{\alpha} (-1)^{j} \binom{\alpha}{j} f(t - jh) \tag{5}$$

*Lemma 1.* (Barbalat's Lemma [29]) If < : " *RR* is a uniformly continuous function for 0 *t* \$ , and if the limit of the integral *d*< *t <sup>t</sup>* K %" <sup>0</sup> lim exist and is finite, then )( 0)(lim%" *<sup>t</sup> <sup>t</sup>* <.

#### *2.2. Numerical Method for Solving Fractional Differential Equations*

The PC (Predictor, Corrector) method which was proposed by Diethelm *et al*. in [30] is generally used to solve fractional differential equations (FDE). Consider the following fractional differential equation:

$$D^a X = F(t, X), \qquad 0 \le t \le T, \quad X(0) = X\_0 \tag{6}$$

which is equivalent to the Volterra integral equation:

$$X(t) = X\_0 + \frac{1}{\Gamma(\alpha)} \int\_0^\cdot \frac{F(\tau, X)}{(t - \tau)^{1 - \alpha}} d\tau \tag{7}$$

During the process of numerical computation, the trapezoidal quadrature product is used to replace the integral, and the nodes ) *jt n* -1...,,2,1,0(*j* are taken with respect to the weight function <sup>1</sup> <sup>1</sup> )( - *nt* , that is to say:

$$\int\_{0}^{t\_{n+1}} (t\_{n+1} - \tau)^{\alpha - 1} G(\tau) d\tau \approx \int\_{0}^{t\_{n+1}} (t\_{n+1} - \tau)^{\alpha - 1} \widetilde{G}\_{n+1}(\tau) d\tau \tag{8}$$

where 1 ~ *Gn* is the piecewise linear interpolation for *G* with nodes and knots chosen at *<sup>j</sup> t* , *j n* -1....,,1,0 . On the basis of quadrature theory, the integral on the right side of Equation (8) can be described as:

$$\int\_0^{t\_{n+1}} (t\_{n+1} - \tau)^{\alpha - 1} \widetilde{G}\_{n+1}(\tau) d\tau = \frac{h^{\alpha}}{\alpha(\alpha + 1)} \sum\_{j=0}^{n+1} a\_{j, n+1} G(t\_j) \tag{9}$$

where:

$$a\_{j,n+1} = \begin{cases} n^{\alpha+1} - (n-\alpha)(n+1)^{\alpha}, & j=0\\ (n-j+2)^{\alpha+1} + (n-j)^{\alpha+1} - 2(n-j+1)^{\alpha+1}, & 1 \le j \le n\\ 1, & j=n+1 \end{cases}$$

Let / *NTh* , *nhtn* , *n* ...,,1,0 *N* , and )( *nh tX* be approximation for )( *ntX* . If )( *jh tX* is calculated, then )( *nh* -<sup>1</sup> *tX* can be computed by means of the following formula:

**270** 

$$X\_h(t\_{n+1}) = \begin{cases} X\_0 + \frac{h^a}{\Gamma(a+2)} (F(t\_1, X\_h^p(t\_1)) + \alpha F(t\_0, X\_h(t\_0))), & n = 0 \\ X\_0 + \frac{h^a}{\Gamma(a+2)} (F(t\_{n+1}, X\_h^p(t\_{n+1})) + \sum\_{j=0}^a a\_{j, n+1} F(t\_j, X\_h(t\_j))), & n > 0 \end{cases} \tag{10}$$

To calculate the values of )( <sup>1</sup> *tX <sup>p</sup> <sup>h</sup>* and )( *<sup>n</sup>*-1 *p <sup>h</sup> tX* , we should use the predictor formula, the following numerical approximation formula is applied:

$$\int\_{0}^{t\_{s+1}} (t\_{n+1} - \tau)^{\alpha - 1} G(\tau) d\tau \approx \sum\_{j=0}^{n} b\_{j, n+1} G(t\_j) \tag{11}$$

where:

$$b\_{j,n+1} = \begin{cases} b\_{0,1} = \frac{h^\alpha}{\alpha}, & n = 0\\ \frac{h^\alpha}{\alpha}((n+1-j)^\alpha - (n-j)^\alpha), & n > 0 \end{cases}$$

Hence, for approximating the Equation (7), the predictor formula is given by:

$$X\_{h}^{\,\,\nu}(t\_{n+1}) = \begin{cases} X\_{0} + \frac{h^{a}}{\Gamma(\alpha+1)} F(t\_{0}, X\_{h}(t\_{0})), & n = 0\\ X\_{0} + \frac{h^{a}}{\Gamma(\alpha+1)} \left[ \sum\_{j=0}^{n} \left( (n+1-j)^{a} - (n-j)^{a} \right) F(t\_{j}, X\_{h}(t\_{j})) \right], & n > 0 \end{cases} \tag{12}$$

In this method, the error is:

$$e = \max\_{j=0,\ 1,2,\ldots,N} \left| X(t\_j) - X\_h(t\_j) \right| = O(h^{\min\{2,\ 1+\alpha\}}) \tag{13}$$

Thus, with the help of the aforementioned method, we can obtain the numerical solution of a fractional differential equation.

#### **3. Main Results**

Consider system (1) is perturbed by model uncertainty and external disturbance, and a nonlinear control input is added to the second equation of system (1), then the proposed fractional-order chaotic system can be rewritten as:

$$\begin{aligned} D^{\underline{q}\_1} &= \mathbf{y} \cdot f(\mathbf{x}, \mathbf{y}, \mathbf{z}) + \mathbf{z} \cdot \phi(\mathbf{x}, \mathbf{y}, \mathbf{z}) - c\mathbf{x} \\ D^{\underline{q}\_2} \mathbf{y} &= \mathbf{g}(\mathbf{x}, \mathbf{y}, \mathbf{z}) - \mathbf{\tilde{g}} \mathbf{y} + \Delta \mathbf{g}(\mathbf{x}, \mathbf{y}, \mathbf{z}) + d(t) + h(u(t)) \\ D^{\underline{q}\_3} \mathbf{z} &= \mathbf{y} \cdot h(\mathbf{x}, \mathbf{y}, \mathbf{z}) - \mathbf{x} \cdot \phi(\mathbf{x}, \mathbf{y}, \mathbf{z}) - r\mathbf{z} \end{aligned} \tag{14}$$

where *zyxg* ),,( and *td* )( represent the model uncertainty and external disturbance, respectively, *tu* )( is the single control law to be designed later, and *tuh* ))(( is a nonlinear function of control input satisfying either Equations (15) or (16). If the nonlinear function *tuh* ))(( is continuous inside a sector ],[J J <sup>21</sup> , 0 J<sup>1</sup>  , *i.e.*,:

$$
\delta\_1 \boldsymbol{u}^2(t) \le \boldsymbol{u}(t) \boldsymbol{h}(\boldsymbol{u}(t)) \le \delta\_2 \boldsymbol{u}^2(t) \tag{15}
$$

Then the presented nonlinear function of input in Equation (15) is called sector nonlinear input. A typical sector nonlinear function is shown in Figure 1.

**Figure 1.** Sector nonlinear function *tuh* ))(( for the input *tu* )( .

The dead-zone nonlinear function is described as follows:

$$h(u(t)) = \begin{cases} (u(t) - u\_+) h\_+(u(t)), & u(t) > u\_+ \\ 0, & u\_- \le u(t) \le u\_+ \\ (u(t) - u\_-) h\_-(u(t)), & u(t) < u\_- \end{cases} \tag{16}$$

where )( *h* and )( *h* are nonlinear functions of *tu* )( , *u* and *u* are given constants. Besides, outside of the dead-band, the nonlinear input *tuh* ))(( has gain reduction tolerances N -2 , N -1 , N 1 and N<sup>2</sup> , which satisfy the following property:

$$\begin{cases} \beta\_{+2}(\boldsymbol{u}(t) - \boldsymbol{u}\_{+})^{2} \ge (\boldsymbol{u}(t) - \boldsymbol{u}\_{+})h(\boldsymbol{u}(t)) \ge \beta\_{+1}(\boldsymbol{u}(t) - \boldsymbol{u}\_{+})^{2}, & \boldsymbol{u}(t) > \boldsymbol{u}\_{+} \\ 0, & \boldsymbol{u}\_{-} \le \boldsymbol{u}(t) \le \boldsymbol{u}\_{+} \\ \beta\_{-2}(\boldsymbol{u}(t) - \boldsymbol{u}\_{-})^{2} \ge (\boldsymbol{u}(t) - \boldsymbol{u}\_{-})h(\boldsymbol{u}(t)) \ge \beta\_{-1}(\boldsymbol{u}(t) - \boldsymbol{u}\_{-})^{2}, & \boldsymbol{u}(t) < \boldsymbol{u}\_{-} \end{cases} \tag{17}$$

where N -2 , N -1 , N <sup>1</sup> , N 2 are positive constants. A sample dead-zone nonlinear function is displayed in Figure 2.

**Figure 2.** Dead-zone nonlinear function *tuh* ))(( for the input *tu* )( .

Before introducing our approach, we firstly give an assumption.

*Assumption 1.* The model uncertainty and external disturbance are assumed to be bounded by:

$$\left|\Delta\mathbf{g}(\mathbf{x},\mathbf{y},\mathbf{z})\right| \leq \theta \qquad\qquad \left|d(t)\right| \leq \psi \tag{18}$$

where I , Care unknown in advance.

Letting )(ˆI *t* and Cˆ *t*)( be estimations for I andC , respectively, which are updated by the following adaptive laws:

$$\begin{aligned} \dot{\hat{\theta}}(t) &= \rho\_1 \mid \mathbf{s} \mid, \quad \hat{\theta}(0) = 0\\ \dot{\hat{\psi}}(t) &= \rho\_2 \mid \mathbf{s} \mid, \quad \hat{\psi}(0) = 0 \end{aligned} \tag{19}$$

where H1 , H2 are positive constants, and *s* is the sliding surface to be designed later.

Generally, the design procedure of an AFSM controller involves two steps. The first step is to establish an appropriate sliding surface with the desired properties. The second step is to design a robust control law to ensure the occurrence of sliding motion. In this paper, we select the following fractional-order integral type sliding surface:

$$\mathbf{s} = D^{q\_2 - 1} \mathbf{y} + \int\_0^t [\mathbf{x} \cdot f(\mathbf{x}, \mathbf{y}, z) + \mathbf{z} \cdot h(\mathbf{x}, \mathbf{y}, z) + \eta \mathbf{y}] d\tau \tag{20}$$

where =is an arbitrary positive constant. Taking time derivative of Equation (20), we get:

$$\dot{\mathbf{x}} = D^{\varrho\_2} \mathbf{y} + \left[ \mathbf{x} \cdot f(\mathbf{x}, \mathbf{y}, \mathbf{z}) + \mathbf{z} \cdot h(\mathbf{x}, \mathbf{y}, \mathbf{z}) + \eta \mathbf{y} \right] \tag{21}$$

When the system (14) operates in the sliding mode, the following equalities are satisfied:

$$\dot{s} = 0, \qquad \dot{s} = 0 \tag{22}$$

that is, we can get the desired sliding mode dynamics:

$$\begin{aligned} D^{\mathfrak{q}\_1}x &= \mathcal{y} \cdot f(\mathbf{x}, \mathbf{y}, z) + z \cdot \phi(\mathbf{x}, \mathbf{y}, z) - c\mathbf{x} \\ D^{\mathfrak{q}\_2}y &= -\mathbf{x} \cdot f(\mathbf{x}, \mathbf{y}, z) - z \cdot h(\mathbf{x}, \mathbf{y}, z) - \eta y \\ D^{\mathfrak{q}\_3}z &= \mathbf{y} \cdot h(\mathbf{x}, \mathbf{y}, z) - \mathbf{x} \cdot \phi(\mathbf{x}, \mathbf{y}, z) - rz \end{aligned} \tag{23}$$

#### *Theorem 1. Consider the sliding mode dynamics (23), the system is asymptotically stable.*

*Proof:* According to the continuous frequency distributed model of fractional integrator [31–33], the fractional-order sliding mode dynamics (23) is exactly equivalent to the following infinite dimensional ordinary differential equations:

$$\begin{aligned} \frac{\partial z\_1(\boldsymbol{\varrho},t)}{\partial t} &= -\alpha z\_1(\boldsymbol{\varrho},t) + yf'(\boldsymbol{x},\boldsymbol{y},z) + z\,\boldsymbol{\phi}(\boldsymbol{x},\boldsymbol{y},z) - ax \\ \boldsymbol{x}(t) &= \int\_0^\alpha \mu\_1(\boldsymbol{\varrho}) z\_1(\boldsymbol{\varrho},t) \,d\boldsymbol{\varrho} \\\\ \frac{\partial z\_2(\boldsymbol{\varrho},t)}{\partial t} &= -\alpha z\_2(\boldsymbol{\varrho},t) - xf'(\boldsymbol{x},\boldsymbol{y},z) - zh(\boldsymbol{x},\boldsymbol{y},z) - \eta y \\ \boldsymbol{y}(t) &= \int\_0^\alpha \mu\_2(\boldsymbol{\varrho}) z\_2(\boldsymbol{\varrho},t) \,d\boldsymbol{\varrho} \\\\ \frac{\partial z\_3(\boldsymbol{\varrho},t)}{\partial t} &= -\alpha z\_3(\boldsymbol{\varrho},t) + yh\left(\boldsymbol{x},\boldsymbol{y},z\right) - x\,\boldsymbol{\phi}(\boldsymbol{x},\boldsymbol{y},z) - rz \end{aligned} \tag{24}$$
 
$$z(t) = \int\_0^\alpha \mu\_1(\boldsymbol{\varrho}) z\_1(\boldsymbol{\varrho},t) \,d\boldsymbol{\varrho}$$

where ))(sin()(  0 *qi i* U *qi* U , *i* 3,2,1 . In above model, ),(1 U *tz* , ),(2 U *tz* , ),(3 U *tz* are the true state variables, while *tx* )( , *ty* )( , *tz* )( are the pseudo state variables. Then, Lyapunov's stability theory in [34] can be applied to prove the asymptotic stability of the above system. Selecting a positive definite Lyapunov function:

$$W\_1(t) = \frac{1}{2} \sum\_{i=1}^{3} \int\_0^\infty \mu\_i(\alpha) z\_i^2(\alpha, t) d\alpha \tag{25}$$

Taking the derivative of )(1 *tV* with respect to time, it yields:

$$\begin{split} \dot{V}\_{1}(t) &= \frac{1}{2} \sum\_{i=1}^{3} \int\_{0}^{\infty} \mu\_{i}(o) \frac{\partial z\_{i}^{\prime}(o,t)}{\partial t} do = \sum\_{i=1}^{3} \int\_{0}^{\infty} \mu\_{i}(o) z\_{i}(o,t) \frac{\partial z\_{i}(o,t)}{\partial t} do \\ &= \int\_{0}^{\infty} \mu\_{i}(o) z\_{i}(o,t) [-ox\_{1}(o,t) + yf(x,y,z) + z\phi(x,y,z) - ax] do \\ &+ \int\_{0}^{\infty} \mu\_{i}(o) z\_{i}(o,t) [-ox\_{2}(o,t) - xf(x,y,z) - zh(x,y,z) - \eta y] do \\ &+ \int\_{0}^{\infty} \mu\_{i}(o) z\_{i}(o,t) [-ox\_{3}(o,t) + \gamma h(x,y,z) - x\phi(x,y,z) - rz] do \\ &= -\sum\_{i=1}^{3} \int\_{0}^{\infty} \alpha \mu\_{i}(o) z\_{i}^{\prime}(o,t) d\alpha + [\gamma f(x,y,z) + z\phi(x,y,z) - ax] \mathbf{x} + [-\mathbf{x}f(x,y,z) \\ &- zh(x,y,z) - \eta y] \mathbf{y} + [\gamma h(x,y,z) - x\phi(x,y,z) - rz] \mathbf{z} \\ &= -\sum\_{i=1}^{3} \int\_{0}^{\infty} \alpha \mu\_{i}(o) z\_{i}^{\prime}(o,t) d\alpha - [\alpha x^{2} + \eta y^{2} + rz^{2}] \end{split} \tag{26}$$

Since U  0)(*<sup>i</sup>* , , *r* are non-negative constants, and = is a positive constant, so according to the analysis results of Reference [34], we have 0)( <sup>1</sup> *tV* @ , which implies that the fractional-order sliding mode dynamics (23) is asymptotically stable. Therefore, the proof is completed.

Once a proper sliding surface has been designed, it is followed by designing an adaptive control law to force the state trajectories of system (14) onto the sliding surface and stay on it forever. The control law for the nonlinearities defined in Equations (15) and (16) are given by Equations (27) and (28), respectively:

$$u(t) = -\gamma K(t) \operatorname{sgn}(\mathbf{s}), \qquad \boldsymbol{\gamma} = \boldsymbol{\delta}\_1^{-1} \tag{27}$$

and:

$$u(t) = \begin{cases} -\gamma K(t)\operatorname{sgn}(s) + u\_{-}, & s > 0 \\ 0, & s = 0 \\ -\gamma K(t)\operatorname{sgn}(s) + u\_{+}, & s < 0 \end{cases} \tag{28}$$

$$\gamma = \beta^{-1}, \qquad \beta = \min\{\beta\_{-1}, \beta\_{+1}\}$$

where ||)(||)(||)()()( <sup>0</sup> <sup>1</sup> <sup>2</sup> <sup>3</sup> -- *ztkytkxtktktK* , and *tk* )(*<sup>i</sup>* , *i* 3,2,1,0 are updated by the following adaptive rules:

$$\begin{aligned} \dot{k}\_0(t) &= \lambda\_0 \mid s \ge 0, & k\_0(0) &> 0, \ \dot{\lambda}\_0 > 0\\ \dot{k}\_1(t) &= \dot{\lambda}\_1 \mid \mathbf{x} \parallel s \ge 0, & k\_1(0) &> 0, \ \dot{\lambda}\_1 &> 0\\ \dot{k}\_2(t) &= \dot{\lambda}\_2 \mid \mathbf{y} \parallel s \ge 0, & k\_2(0) &> 0, \ \dot{\lambda}\_2 &> 0\\ \dot{k}\_3(t) &= \dot{\lambda}\_3 \mid \mathbf{z} \parallel s \ge 0, & k\_3(0) &> 0, \ \dot{\lambda}\_3 &> 0 \end{aligned} \tag{29}$$

where ?*<sup>i</sup>* , *i* 3,2,1,0 are the gains of adaptation, it is obvious that *tK*  0)( for all *t*  0 .

*Theorem 2. Consider the fractional-order chaotic system (14) with unknown bounded uncertainties and sector nonlinear input, then the closed-loop system consisting of uncertain system (14) and controller (27) will converge to the sliding surface s* 0 *.* 

*Proof*: Selecting a positive *Lyapunov* function for system (14):

$$V\_2(t) = \frac{1}{2}\mathbf{s}^2 + \sum\_{i=0}^3 \frac{1}{2\lambda\_i} \left( k\_i(t) - k\_i^\* \right)^2 + \frac{1}{2\rho\_1} \left( \hat{\theta}(t) - \theta \right)^2 + \frac{1}{2\rho\_2} \left( \hat{\psi}(t) - \psi \right)^2 \tag{30}$$

where \* *<sup>i</sup> k* , *i* 3,2,1,0 are positive constants, and satisfy CI ˆ ˆ |),,(| \* <sup>0</sup> *zyxgk* -- , |),,(| \* <sup>1</sup> *zyxfk* , - =B \* <sup>2</sup> *k* , |),,(| \* <sup>3</sup> *zyxhk* .

Taking the time derivative of both sides of Equation (30), one obtains:

$$\begin{aligned} \dot{V}\_{2} &= s\dot{\mathbf{s}} + \frac{1}{\dot{\lambda}\_{0}}(k\_{0} - k\_{0}^{\*})\dot{k}\_{0} + \frac{1}{\dot{\lambda}\_{1}}(k\_{1} - k\_{1}^{\*})\dot{k}\_{1} + \frac{1}{\dot{\lambda}\_{2}}(k\_{2} - k\_{2}^{\*})\dot{k}\_{2} \\ &+ \frac{1}{\dot{\lambda}\_{3}}(k\_{3} - k\_{3}^{\*})\dot{k}\_{3} + \frac{1}{\rho\_{1}}(\hat{\theta} - \theta)\dot{\hat{\theta}} + \frac{1}{\rho\_{2}}(\hat{\psi} - \psi)\dot{\hat{\psi}} \end{aligned} \tag{31}$$

Inserting *s* from Equation (21) into (31), and according to the second state equation of Equation (14), we have:

$$\begin{aligned} \dot{V}\_{2} &= \mathbf{s} \Big[ \mathbf{g}(\mathbf{x}, \mathbf{y}, z) - \mathbf{\tilde{z}} \dot{\mathbf{y}} + \Delta \mathbf{g}(\mathbf{x}, \mathbf{y}, z) + d(t) + h(u(t)) + \mathbf{x} \mathbf{\tilde{f}}(\mathbf{x}, \mathbf{y}, z) + z h(\mathbf{x}, \mathbf{y}, z) + \eta \mathbf{y} \Big] \\ &+ \frac{1}{\lambda\_{0}} (k\_{0} - k\_{0}^{\*}) \dot{k}\_{0} + \frac{1}{\lambda\_{1}} (k\_{1} - k\_{1}^{\*}) \dot{k}\_{1} + \frac{1}{\lambda\_{2}} (k\_{2} - k\_{2}^{\*}) \dot{k}\_{2} + \frac{1}{\lambda\_{3}} (k\_{3} - k\_{3}^{\*}) \dot{k}\_{3} \\ &+ \frac{1}{\rho\_{1}} (\hat{\theta} - \theta) \dot{\hat{\theta}} + \frac{1}{\rho\_{2}} (\hat{\nu} - \boldsymbol{\nu}) \dot{\hat{\nu}} \end{aligned} \tag{32}$$

It is clear that:

$$\begin{aligned} \dot{V}\_2 \le & s \left[ \left| \lfloor \lg(\mathbf{x}, \mathbf{y}, \mathbf{z}) \rfloor + \xi \right| \lfloor \mathbf{y} \rfloor + \left| \Delta \mathbf{g}(\mathbf{x}, \mathbf{y}, \mathbf{z}) \right| + \left| d(t) \right| + \left| \mathbf{x} \parallel f(\mathbf{x}, \mathbf{y}, \mathbf{z}) \right| + \left| z \parallel h(\mathbf{x}, \mathbf{y}, \mathbf{z}) \right| + \eta \parallel \mathbf{y} \parallel \right] \\ &+ s h(\mathbf{u}(t)) + \frac{1}{\lambda\_0} (k\_0 - k\_0^\*) \dot{k}\_0 + \frac{1}{\lambda\_1} (k\_1 - k\_1^\*) \dot{k}\_1 + \frac{1}{\lambda\_2} (k\_2 - k\_2^\*) \dot{k}\_2 + \frac{1}{\lambda\_3} (k\_3 - k\_3^\*) \dot{k}\_3 \\ &+ \frac{1}{\rho\_1} (\hat{\theta} - \theta) \dot{\hat{\theta}} + \frac{1}{\rho\_2} (\hat{\psi} - \nu \prime) \dot{\hat{\psi}} \end{aligned} \tag{33}$$

According to Equations (15) and (27), we known that:

$$h(t)h(u(t)) = -\gamma K(t)\operatorname{sgn}(s)h(u(t)) \ge \delta \,\gamma^2 K^2(t)\operatorname{sgn}^2(s) \tag{34}$$

One can conclude from Equation (34) that:

$$-\text{sgn}(\mathbf{s})h(\boldsymbol{u}(t)) \ge K(t)\text{sgn}^2(\mathbf{s})\tag{35}$$

Multiplying both sides of Equation (35) by *s* || , and using )sgn(|| *sss* with 1)(sgn2 *s* , we get:

$$\text{sch}(u(t)) \le -K(t) \, | \, s \, | \, \tag{36}$$

Substituting Equation (36), the adaptive laws (19) and (29) into (33), and using Assumption 1, one has:

$$\begin{split} \dot{V}\_{2} \leq & \left[ \parallel \left| g(\mathbf{x}, y, z) \right| + \dot{\boldsymbol{\varphi}} \mid \mathbf{y} \right] + \theta + \eta \mathbb{V} \left| \left| \boldsymbol{x} \right| \left| \left| f(\mathbf{x}, y, z) \right| + \left| z \right| \left| h(\mathbf{x}, y, z) \right| + \eta \left| \left| \mathbf{y} \right| \right| \right. \\ & \left. - \left| \left| s \right| \left| K(t) + (k\_{0} - k\_{0}^{\*}) \right| \left| s \right| + (k\_{1} - k\_{1}^{\*}) \left| \left| \mathbf{x} \right| \left| s \right| + (k\_{2} - k\_{2}^{\*}) \left| \left| \mathbf{y} \right| \right| \left| s \right| + (k\_{3} - k\_{3}^{\*}) \left| \left| z \right| \right| \left| s \right| \right. \\ & \left. + (\hat{\theta} - \theta) \left| s \right| \left| s \right| + (\hat{\boldsymbol{\varphi}} - \boldsymbol{\varphi}) \left| \left| s \right| \right| \\ = & \left| s \right| \left[ \left| \left| g(\mathbf{x}, y, z) \right| + \left| \boldsymbol{\varphi} \right| \left| \mathbf{y} \right| + \left| \mathbf{x} \right| \left| f(\mathbf{x}, y, z) \right| + \left| \mathbf{z} \right| \left| h(\mathbf{x}, y, z \right|) + \eta \left| \left| \mathbf{y} \right| \right| \left| -k\_{0}^{\*} \right| \left| s \right| - k\_{0}^{\*} \left| \left| \mathbf{x} \right| \right| \left| s \right| \right| \\ & \left. - \left| k\_{-}^{\*}$$

where ˆ 0|||)),,(|(||)(|||)),,(|() ˆ |),,(|()( \* 3 \* 2 \* 1 \* <sup>0</sup> *zyxgktQ* CI - =B - *zzyxhkykxzyzfk*  . It is easy to demonstrate that:

$$
\dot{V}\_2(t) \le -\underline{Q}(t) \mid \mathbf{s} \mid \le 0 \tag{38}
$$

Integrating (38) from zero to *t* , it yields:

$$\int\_{0}^{\prime} \underline{Q}(\tau) \, | \, s \mid d\tau \le V\_{\geq}(0) - V\_{\geq}(t) \tag{39}$$

Since 0)( <sup>2</sup> *tV* # , 0)()0( <sup>2</sup> <sup>2</sup> *tVV* \$ is positive and finite, then we can obtain that K %" *t <sup>t</sup> dsQ*<sup>0</sup> ||)(lim exists and is finite. With this in mind, according to Barbalat's lemma:

$$\lim\_{t \to \infty} \underline{Q}(t) \mid \text{s} \rfloor = 0 \tag{40}$$

Owing to the fact *tQ*  0)( , Equation (40) implies that 0 *s* " as *t* %" . Therefore, the state trajectories of the controlled system (14) can be forced onto the predefined sliding surface. Hence, the proof is completed. On the basis of Theorem 2, if system (14) subject to dead-zone nonlinear input, then we have the following theorem.

*Theorem 3. Consider the fractional-order chaotic system (14) with unknown bounded uncertainties and dead-zone nonlinear input. Then the closed-loop system consisting of uncertain system (14) and controller (28) will converge to the sliding surface s .*  0

*Proof:* In a similar way as in the Proof of Theorem 2, we get:

$$\begin{aligned} \dot{V}\_2 \le & s \left[ \left| \lfloor \lg(\mathbf{x}, \mathbf{y}, \mathbf{z}) \rfloor + \xi \right| \lfloor \mathbf{y} \rfloor + \left| \Delta \lg(\mathbf{x}, \mathbf{y}, \mathbf{z}) \right| + \left| \lfloor \mathbf{z} \rfloor \right| \left| f(\mathbf{x}, \mathbf{y}, \mathbf{z}) \right| + \left| z \parallel h(\mathbf{x}, \mathbf{y}, \mathbf{z}) \right| + \eta \left| \lfloor \mathbf{y} \rfloor \right| \right] \\ &+ s h(\mathbf{u}(t)) + \frac{1}{\lambda\_0} (k\_0 - k\_0^\*) \dot{k}\_0 + \frac{1}{\lambda\_1} (k\_1 - k\_1^\*) \dot{k}\_1 + \frac{1}{\lambda\_2} (k\_2 - k\_2^\*) \dot{k}\_2 + \frac{1}{\lambda\_3} (k\_3 - k\_3^\*) \dot{k}\_3 \\ &+ \frac{1}{\rho\_1} (\hat{\theta} - \theta) \dot{\dot{\theta}} + \frac{1}{\rho\_2} (\hat{\psi} - \nu) \dot{\hat{\psi}} \end{aligned} \tag{41}$$

According to Equations (16), (17), and (28), when *s* @ 0 , it is apparent that  -)( *utu* , and: **276** 

$$\begin{aligned} \left(\mu(t) - u\_+\right)h(\mu(t)) &= -\gamma K(t)\operatorname{sgn}(s)h(\mu(t)) \\ &\ge \mathcal{\beta}\_{+\mathfrak{l}}(\mu(t) - u\_+)^2 \\ &= \mathcal{\beta}\_{+\mathfrak{l}}\gamma^2 K^2(t)\operatorname{sgn}^2(s) \\ &\ge \mathcal{\beta}\gamma^2 K^2(t)\operatorname{sgn}^2(s) \end{aligned} \tag{42}$$

From Equation (42), since 0 <sup>1</sup> N\_, *tK*  0)( , then one has:

$$-\text{sgn}(\mathbf{s})h(\boldsymbol{\mu}(t)) \ge K(t)\text{sgn}^2(\mathbf{s})\tag{43}$$

Multiplying both sides of Equation (43) by *s*|| , and using )sgn(|| *sss* with 1)(sgn2 *s* , it yields:

$$
\mathcal{S}sh(u(t)) \le -K(t) \mid \mathbf{s} \mid \tag{44}
$$

When 0 *s*  , through the similar operations, the inequality (44) still holds. Substituting (44), the adaptive laws (19) and (29) into (41), in the same way to the case of Equation (37), we can obtain 0)( <sup>2</sup> *tV* # . By Barbalat's lemma, we have 0lim%" *<sup>s</sup> <sup>t</sup>* . Thus, the proof is completed.

#### **4. Simulation Results**

In this section, two illustrative examples are presented to verify the feasibility and effectiveness of the propose control scheme.

#### *4.1. Numerical Simulation Considering Sector Nonlinear Input*

Consider an uncertain fractional-order Chen system with sector nonlinear input, which is described by:

$$\begin{aligned} D^{q\_1} \mathbf{x} &= a(\mathbf{y} - \mathbf{x}) \\ D^{q\_2} \mathbf{y} &= (c - a)\mathbf{x} - \mathbf{x}\mathbf{z} + c\mathbf{y} + \Delta \mathbf{g}(\mathbf{x}, \mathbf{y}, \mathbf{z}) + d(t) + h(u(t)) \\ D^{q^3} \mathbf{z} &= \mathbf{x}\mathbf{y} - b\mathbf{z} \end{aligned} \tag{45}$$

where the model uncertainty, external disturbance and sector nonlinear input are given by:

$$\begin{aligned} \Delta \mathbf{g}(\mathbf{x}, \boldsymbol{y}, \boldsymbol{z}) &= 0.1 \sin(2\pi \boldsymbol{\nu}), \quad d(t) = 0.3 \cos t \\ h(\boldsymbol{u}(t)) &= [0.7 + 0.3 \sin(\boldsymbol{u}(t))] \boldsymbol{\nu}(t) \end{aligned} \tag{46}$$

It is obvious that 1 = 0.4, \_ 25 . In this simulation, set the control parameters as ? ? ? ?<sup>3210</sup> 15 , = 1, 1.0 H<sup>1</sup> , 2.0 H <sup>2</sup> , let 01 *h* .0 , )94.0,92.0,9.0(),,( *qqq* <sup>321</sup> , *cba* )28,3,35(),,( , )0( ˆ 0)0( ˆ CI , 2.0)0()0()0()0( <sup>0</sup> <sup>1</sup> <sup>2</sup> *kkkk* <sup>3</sup> . According to the initialization method in [35], the initial conditions for fractional differential equations with order between 0 and 1 are constant function of time, so the initial conditions for system (45) can be chosen randomly as:

$$\begin{aligned} \chi(t) &= \chi(0^+) = 1 \\ \chi(t) &= \chi(0^+) = 1 \\ \chi(t) &= \chi(0^+) = 1 \end{aligned} \tag{47}$$

for 0 *t* ##% .

With the above fractional orders and initial conditions, system (45) possesses a chaotic behavior, as shown in Figure 3.

To observe the control effect of AFSM controller, the state trajectories of Equation (45) without control are firstly given in Figure 4.

When the controller is activated at 5*st* , we can obtain the desired time responses of system (45), shown in Figure 5. It is not difficult to see that all state trajectories converge to zero asymptotically, which implies that a class of uncertain fractional-order chaotic systems (14) with sector nonlinear input can be stabilized.

**Figure 3.** Chaotic attractors of fractional-order Chen system.

The time evolutions of feedback gains *tk* )(*<sup>i</sup>* , *<sup>i</sup>* 3,2,1,0 and the estimations )(ˆI *t* , Cˆ *t*)( are presented in Figures 6 and 7, respectively. From Figures 6 and 7, it is clear that all time-varying feedback gains *tk* )(*<sup>i</sup>* , *<sup>i</sup>* 3,2,1,0 and the estimations )(ˆI *t* , Cˆ *t*)( converge to some fixed values, which verify the feasibility of the introduced method.

**Figure 5.** State trajectories of system (45) with controller activated at 5*st* .

**Figure 6.** Time evolutions of feedback gains *tk* )(*<sup>i</sup>* with controller activated at 5*st* .

**Figure 7.** Time evolutions of )(ˆI *t* and Cˆ *t*)( with controller activated at 5*st* .

#### *4.2. Numerical Simulation Considering Dead-Zone Nonlinear Input*

In this simulation, we consider the uncertain fractional-order Liu system with dead-zone nonlinear input, which is written as:

$$\begin{aligned} D^{\eta\_1}\mathbf{x} &= -a\mathbf{x} - \mathbf{e}\mathbf{y}^2 \\ D^{\eta\_2}\mathbf{y} &= b\mathbf{y} + k\mathbf{x}\mathbf{z} + \Delta\mathbf{g}(\mathbf{x}, \mathbf{y}, \mathbf{z}) + d(t) + h(\boldsymbol{\mu}(t)) \\ D^{\eta^3}\mathbf{z} &= -c\mathbf{z} + m\mathbf{x}\mathbf{y} \end{aligned} \tag{48}$$

where the model uncertainty, external disturbance and dead-zone nonlinear input are given by:

$$\begin{aligned} \Delta \mathbf{g}(x, y, z) &= -0.3 \sin(\sqrt{x^2 + y^2 + z^2}) & d(t) &= 0.6 \sin t \\ h(u(t)) &= \begin{cases} (u(t) - 3)(1 - 0.3 \cos(u(t))), & u(t) > 3 \\ 0, & -3 \le u(t) \le 3 \\ (u(t) + 3)(0.8 - 0.5 \sin(u(t))), & u(t) < -3 \end{cases} \end{aligned} \tag{49}$$

It is obvious that 7.0 N -<sup>1</sup> , 3.0 N <sup>1</sup> , \_ 310 . In this simulation, set the control parameters as ? ? ? ?<sup>3210</sup> 10 , = 1 , 5.0 H<sup>1</sup> , 1 H <sup>2</sup> , let 01 *h* .0 , )98.0,98.0,98.0(),,( *qqq* <sup>321</sup> , *emkcba* )1,4,4,5,5.2,1(),,,,,( , )0( ˆ 0)0( ˆ CI , 1.0)0()0()0()0( <sup>0</sup> <sup>1</sup> <sup>2</sup> *kkkk* <sup>3</sup> . The initial conditions for systems (48) can be chosen randomly as:

$$\begin{aligned} \chi(t) &= \chi(0^+) = -1 \\ \chi(t) &= \chi(0^+) = -1 \\ \chi(t) &= \chi(0^+) = -1 \end{aligned} \tag{50}$$

for 0 *t* ##% .

The chaotic behaviors of system (48) are displayed in Figures 8 and 9.

**Figure 8.** Chaotic attractors of fractional-order Liu system.

When the controller is activated at 5*st* , we get the desired state trajectories of (48), shown in Figure 10.

**Figure 9.** State trajectories of system (48) without control.

**Figure 10.** State trajectories of system (48) with controller activated at 5*st* .

From Figure 10 we can observe that system (48) is stabilized by the proposed sliding mode control approach, and all state trajectories tend to zero asymptotically. Time evolutions of feedback gains *tk* )(*<sup>i</sup>* , *<sup>i</sup>* 3,2,1,0 and the estimations )(ˆI *t* , Cˆ *t*)( are illustrated in Figures 11 and 12, respectively. All these simulation results demonstrate that our method is strongly robust to unknown model uncertainties and external disturbances. Therefore, the proposed approach is effective and feasible.

**Figure 11.** Time evolutions of feedback gains *tk* )(*<sup>i</sup>* with controller activated at 5*st* .

**Figure 12.** Time evolutions of )(ˆI *t* and Cˆ *t*)( with controller activated at 5*st* .

#### **5. Conclusions**

In this paper, an adaptive fractional-order sliding mode controller is designed to stabilize a class of uncertain fractional-order chaotic systems with nonlinear inputs. The bounds of model uncertainties and external disturbances are assumed to be unknown in advance. Techniques for stabilizing this type of systems are demonstrated in detail. On the basis of the Lyapunov stability theorem, some sufficient conditions are given to guarantee the stabilization. Finally, two simulation examples are presented to verify the effectiveness and robustness of the proposed control scheme.

#### **Acknowledgments**

The author would like to thank the editors and referees for their constructive comments and suggestions. This work is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (61273119) and the National Nature Science Foundation of China (61374038).

#### **Conflicts of Interest**

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

#### **References**


Reprinted from *Entropy*. Cite as: Zhao, M.; Wang, J. Outer Synchronization between Fractional-Order Complex Networks: A Non-Fragile Observer-based Control Scheme. *Entropy* 2013, *15*, 1357–1374.

*Article*
