Circulating Non-coding RNAs as Diagnostic and Prognostic Markers of Human Diseases

This Reprint presents a curated collection of twelve peer-reviewed articles, comprising nine original research papers and three reviews, that examine the diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic potential of circulating non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) across a wide range of human diseases. The contributions cover multiple disciplines, including oncology, neurology, psychiatry, immunology, and reproductive health, showcasing the versatility of ncRNAs—such as microRNAs, long non-coding RNAs, and circular RNAs—as biomarkers detectable in blood and other biofluids. This Reprint highlights recent progress in the discovery, validation, and mechanistic characterization of ncRNAs, emphasizing their value in disease stratification, the prediction of treatment response, and longitudinal monitoring. Within this Reprint, the potential of multi-analyte biopsy approaches is also highlighted, underscoring how ncRNAs can be combined with other circulating biomarkers, such as cell-free DNA, proteins, and extracellular vesicles, to advance precision medicine. Together, these contributions reflect the growing momentum of research regarding ncRNA and its translation into clinical applications. This Reprint provides a timely resource for researchers, clinicians, and industry professionals interested in leveraging non-coding RNAs to develop minimally invasive diagnostics and personalized therapeutic strategies.