Journal Description
Materials
Materials
is an international peer-reviewed, open access journal on materials science and engineering published semimonthly online by MDPI. The Portuguese Materials Society (SPM), Spanish Materials Society (SOCIEMAT) and Manufacturing Engineering Society (MES) are affiliated with Materials and their members receive discounts on the article processing charges.
- Open Access— free for readers, with article processing charges (APC) paid by authors or their institutions.
- High Visibility: indexed within Scopus, SCIE (Web of Science), PubMed, PMC, Ei Compendex, CaPlus / SciFinder, Inspec, Astrophysics Data System, and other databases.
- Journal Rank: JCR - Q2 (Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering) / CiteScore - Q2 (Condensed Matter Physics)
- Rapid Publication: manuscripts are peer-reviewed and a first decision is provided to authors approximately 13.9 days after submission; acceptance to publication is undertaken in 2.7 days (median values for papers published in this journal in the second half of 2023).
- Recognition of Reviewers: reviewers who provide timely, thorough peer-review reports receive vouchers entitling them to a discount on the APC of their next publication in any MDPI journal, in appreciation of the work done.
- Testimonials: See what our editors and authors say about Materials.
- Companion journals for Materials include: Electronic Materials and Construction Materials.
Impact Factor:
3.4 (2022);
5-Year Impact Factor:
3.8 (2022)
Latest Articles
Simultaneously Regulating Electrochemical Corrosion Behavior and Wettability of Magnesium–Neodymium Alloy by Self-Layered Chemical Conversion Coating
Materials 2024, 17(12), 2815; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17122815 (registering DOI) - 9 Jun 2024
Abstract
Rapid corrosion in aqueous solutions of magnesium alloys is one of the major obstacles to their wide application, and coating plays a crucial role in their corrosion protection. Recently, protection- and function-integrated coatings have attracted much attention in the research field of magnesium
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Rapid corrosion in aqueous solutions of magnesium alloys is one of the major obstacles to their wide application, and coating plays a crucial role in their corrosion protection. Recently, protection- and function-integrated coatings have attracted much attention in the research field of magnesium alloys. In this work, a simple chemical conversion process is proposed to fabricate a composite coating on a magnesium–neodymium alloy through immersion in an aqueous solution made of Ca(OH)2 and NaHCO3. After the immersion process, a coating consisting of two spontaneously formed layers is acquired. The top flower-like layer is composed of Mg5(OH)2(CO3)4∙4H2O, Mg(OH)2 and CaCO3, and the inner dense layer is speculated to be Mg(OH)2. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, polarization tests, and hydrogen evolution are combined to evaluate the corrosion resistance in simulated body fluid, simulated seawater solution, and simulated concrete pore solution, which reveals that the coated sample has better corrosion resistance than the uncoated one. After the coated sample is modified with fluorinated silane, a water-repellent surface can be achieved with an average water contact angle of 151.74° and a sliding angle of about 4°. Therefore, our results indicate that effective corrosion protection and potential self-cleaning ability have been integrated on the surface of the magnesium alloy in this study. In addition, the formation mechanism of the self-layered coating is discussed from the viewpoint of the interaction between the substrate and its external solution.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Review and Feature Papers in "Metals and Alloys" Section)
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Experimental Study on Durability and Bond Properties of GFRP Resin Bolts
by
Mingan Lin, Fuming Zhang and Wei Wang
Materials 2024, 17(12), 2814; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17122814 (registering DOI) - 9 Jun 2024
Abstract
Glass fiber-reinforced polymer (GFRP) anchor bolts are a new type of high-performance nonmetallic anchor with significantly higher tensile strength, a lighter weight, better corrosion resistance, and a lower cost than steel bars. Therefore, exploring the durability and bonding performance of GFRP anchor systems
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Glass fiber-reinforced polymer (GFRP) anchor bolts are a new type of high-performance nonmetallic anchor with significantly higher tensile strength, a lighter weight, better corrosion resistance, and a lower cost than steel bars. Therefore, exploring the durability and bonding performance of GFRP anchor systems is of great importance for the structural design of protective engineering, especially in coastal environments. However, insufficient research has been conducted on the durability of GFRP resin bolts in seawater conditions, with no universal standard on the pullout testing of GFRP bolts. To study the durability and bonding performance of GFRP resin bolts, durability experiments were conducted in this work using artificial seawater, and the pullout tests were conducted using a large-scale concrete platform with different compressive strengths (21.2, 40.8, and 61.3 MPa). The results of the durability experiments indicated that the strength variations of the GFRP rods and epoxy resin materials in artificial seawater environments were less than 5%. Subsequently, indoor pullout tests using steel tubes filled with epoxy resin were conducted, and the test results indicated a critical anchor length value. Pullout tests of the GFRP resin bolts embedded in large-scale concrete blocks were also conducted with different strengths. According to the test results, all GFRP resin bolts embedded in the three concrete blocks with different compressive strengths exhibited rod fracture failure. The failure mode was not controlled via the compressive strength of the concrete blocks due to the high bonding strength between the resin and the rod, as well as between the resin and the concrete. Therefore, this GFRP resin anchor system could fully utilize the tensile strength of GFRP rods. This research offers significant practical value in verifying the safety and reliability of GFRP resin bolts in corrosive marine service environments, and it contributes to the application and development of GFRP materials in the engineering field, serving as a valuable reference for the structural design and further study of GFRP bolts.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mechanical Research of Reinforced Concrete Materials (2nd Edition))
Open AccessArticle
Thermal, Microstructural, and Mechanical Analysis of Complex Lattice Structures Produced by Direct Energy Deposition
by
David G. Andrade, Carlos Zhu, Hélio C. Miranda and Dulce M. Rodrigues
Materials 2024, 17(12), 2813; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17122813 (registering DOI) - 9 Jun 2024
Abstract
Lattice structures have gained attention in engineering due to their lightweight properties. However, the complex geometry of lattice structures and the high melting temperature of metals present significant manufacturing challenges for the large-scale fabrication of these structures. Direct Energy Deposition (DED) methods, such
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Lattice structures have gained attention in engineering due to their lightweight properties. However, the complex geometry of lattice structures and the high melting temperature of metals present significant manufacturing challenges for the large-scale fabrication of these structures. Direct Energy Deposition (DED) methods, such as the Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing (WAAM) technique, appear to be an interesting solution for overcoming these limitations. This study provides a detailed analysis of the manufacturing process of carbon steel lattice structures with auxetic geometry. The study includes thermal analysis using infrared thermography, microstructural characterization through metallography, and mechanical evaluation via hardness and mechanical testing. The findings reveal the significant impact of heat input, thermal cycles, and deposition sequence on the morphology and mechanical properties of the lattice structures. Fast thermal cycles are related to areas with higher hardness values, smaller strut diameters, and porous formations, which shows that controlling heat input and heat dissipation is crucial for optimizing the properties of lattice structures produced using WAAM.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mechanics and Analysis of Advanced Materials and Structures - 2nd Volume)
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Open AccessArticle
Determination of Fluorine by Ion-Selective Electrode and High-Resolution Continuum Source Graphite Furnace Molecular Absorption Spectrometry with Respect to Animal Feed Safety
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Zofia Kowalewska, Karolina Goluch, Waldemar Korol, Rafał Olchowski and Ryszard Dobrowolski
Materials 2024, 17(12), 2812; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17122812 (registering DOI) - 9 Jun 2024
Abstract
Fluorine, depending on its concentration and chemical form, is essential or toxic to humans and animals. Therefore, it is crucial to be able to determine it reliably. In this study, fluorine was determined in animal feed after extraction with HCl (gastric juice simulation).
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Fluorine, depending on its concentration and chemical form, is essential or toxic to humans and animals. Therefore, it is crucial to be able to determine it reliably. In this study, fluorine was determined in animal feed after extraction with HCl (gastric juice simulation). The standard potentiometric method with a fluoride-selective electrode (ISE) and newly developed high-resolution continuum source graphite furnace molecular absorption spectrometry (HR-CS GFMAS) method was applied. Feed samples turned out to be a challenge for HR-CS GFMAS. Chemical interferences (formation of competing molecules, CaF, GaCl, and GaP, instead of the target GaF molecule) and spectral effects (including a phosphorous molecule spectrum and atomic lines) were identified. An additional difficulty was caused by reagent contamination with F and memory effects. Difficulties were eliminated/reduced. The quality of ISE analysis was multi-directionally verified (including comprehensive proficiency testing). A risk of inaccuracy at low F concentration, where the calibration relationship is nonlinear, was investigated. The results of both methods were consistent, which confirms the accuracy of the methods and informs that the extracted fluorine is in fluoride form. The results of extensive ISE tests conducted in Poland in 2021–2023 have shown that, in most cases, the fluoride content is significantly lower than the threshold values.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electrochemical Material Science and Electrode Processes)
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Manufacturing of 3D-Printed Hybrid Scaffolds with Polyelectrolyte Multilayer Coating in Static and Dynamic Culture Conditions
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Yanny Marliana Baba Ismail, Yvonne Reinwald, Ana Marina Ferreira, Oana Bretcanu, Kenneth Dalgarno and Alicia J. El Haj
Materials 2024, 17(12), 2811; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17122811 (registering DOI) - 8 Jun 2024
Abstract
Three-dimensional printing (3DP) has emerged as a promising method for creating intricate scaffold designs. This study assessed three 3DP scaffold designs fabricated using biodegradable poly(lactic) acid (PLA) through fused deposition modelling (FDM): mesh, two channels (2C), and four channels (4C). To address the
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Three-dimensional printing (3DP) has emerged as a promising method for creating intricate scaffold designs. This study assessed three 3DP scaffold designs fabricated using biodegradable poly(lactic) acid (PLA) through fused deposition modelling (FDM): mesh, two channels (2C), and four channels (4C). To address the limitations of PLA, such as hydrophobic properties and poor cell attachment, a post-fabrication modification technique employing Polyelectrolyte Multilayers (PEMs) coating was implemented. The scaffolds underwent aminolysis followed by coating with SiCHA nanopowders dispersed in hyaluronic acid and collagen type I, and finally crosslinked the outermost coated layers with EDC/NHS solution to complete the hybrid scaffold production. The study employed rotating wall vessels (RWVs) to investigate how simulating microgravity affects cell proliferation and differentiation. Human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) cultured on these scaffolds using proliferation medium (PM) and osteogenic media (OM), subjected to static (TCP) and dynamic (RWVs) conditions for 21 days, revealed superior performance of 4C hybrid scaffolds, particularly in OM. Compared to commercial hydroxyapatite scaffolds, these hybrid scaffolds demonstrated enhanced cell activity and survival. The pre-vascularisation concept on 4C hybrid scaffolds showed the proliferation of both HUVECs and hMSCs throughout the scaffolds, with a positive expression of osteogenic and angiogenic markers at the early stages.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Smart Materials, Intelligent Structures and Innovative Applications of 3D Printing and Bio-Printing Methods)
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Open AccessArticle
Evaluation of the Acousto-Optic Figure of Merit and the Maximum Value of the Elasto-Optic Constant of Liquids
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Pavel A. Nikitin and Vitold E. Pozhar
Materials 2024, 17(12), 2810; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17122810 (registering DOI) - 8 Jun 2024
Abstract
The elasto-optic properties of liquids on the basis of the first principles of acousto-optics were theoretically investigated. A relationship for calculating the elasto-optic constant of liquids using only the refractive index was obtained. The refractive index values corresponding to the maximum elasto-optic constant
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The elasto-optic properties of liquids on the basis of the first principles of acousto-optics were theoretically investigated. A relationship for calculating the elasto-optic constant of liquids using only the refractive index was obtained. The refractive index values corresponding to the maximum elasto-optic constant for polar and nonpolar liquids were determined. Calculations for about 100 liquids were performed and compared with known experimental data. This study significantly extends our understanding of the acousto-optic effect and has practical applications for predicting the elasto-optic constant of a liquid and estimating its wavelength dispersion.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Acousto-Optical Spectral Technologies (2nd Edition))
Open AccessArticle
Research on Thermal Stability and Flammability of Wood Scob-Based Loose-Fill Thermal Insulation Impregnated with Multicomponent Suspensions
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Nerijus Augaitis, Saulius Vaitkus, Agnė Kairytė, Sigitas Vėjelis, Jurga Šeputytė-Jucikė, Giedrius Balčiūnas and Arūnas Kremensas
Materials 2024, 17(12), 2809; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17122809 (registering DOI) - 8 Jun 2024
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Loose-fill thermal composite insulation produced from surface-modified wood scobs has been explored as a potential fire-resistant material for building envelopes. This work involves fire resistance behavior comparisons between four coating systems consisting of liquid glass, liquid glass-tung oil, liquid glass-expandable graphite, and liquid
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Loose-fill thermal composite insulation produced from surface-modified wood scobs has been explored as a potential fire-resistant material for building envelopes. This work involves fire resistance behavior comparisons between four coating systems consisting of liquid glass, liquid glass-tung oil, liquid glass-expandable graphite, and liquid glass-tung oil-expandable graphite. The techniques of thermogravimetric and differential thermogravimetric analyses, gross heat combustion via a calorimetric bomb, cone calorimetry, SEM imaging of char residues, and energy dispersive spectrometry for elemental analysis, as well as propensity to undergo continuous smoldering, were implemented. The coating technique resulted in greater thermal stability at a higher temperature range (500–650 °C) of the resulting loose-fill thermal composite insulation, reduced flame-damaged area heights after the exposure of samples at 45° for 15 s and 30 s, with a maximum of 49% decreased gross heat combustion, reduced heat release and total smoke release rates, improved char residue layer formation during combustion and changed smoldering behavior due to the formation of homogeneous and dense carbon layers. The results showed that the highest positive impact was obtained using the liquid glass and liquid glass-expandable graphite system because of the ability of the liquid glass to cover the wood scob particle surface and form a stable and strong expanding carbon layer.
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Segregated Conductive Polymer Composite with Fe3O4-Decorated Graphite Nanoparticles for Microwave Shielding
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Ludmila Yu. Matzui, Oleksii A. Syvolozhskyi, Ludmila L. Vovchenko, Olena S. Yakovenko, Tetyana A. Len, Olena V. Ischenko, Anna V. Vakaliuk, Victor V. Oliynyk, Volodymyr V. Zagorodnii, Antonina Naumenko, Maria Cojocari, Georgy Fedorov and Polina Kuzhir
Materials 2024, 17(12), 2808; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17122808 (registering DOI) - 8 Jun 2024
Abstract
Graphite nanoplatelets (GNPs)—the segregated ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE)-based composites with hybrid filler—decorated with Fe3O4 were developed. Using X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy, it was shown that the decorated component has the shape of separate granules, or their clusters
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Graphite nanoplatelets (GNPs)—the segregated ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE)-based composites with hybrid filler—decorated with Fe3O4 were developed. Using X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy, it was shown that the decorated component has the shape of separate granules, or their clusters were distributed evenly over the GNPs surface. The individual Fe3O4 nanoparticles are predominantly rounded, with diameters of approximately 20–60 nm. The use of GNPs/Fe3O4 as a filler leads to significant decreases in the percolation limit φc, 0.97 vol% vs. 0.56 vol% for GNPs/UHMWPE- and (GNPs/Fe3O4)/UHMWPE segregated composite material (SCM), respectively. Modification of the GNP surface with Fe3O4 leads to an essential improvement in the electromagnetic interference shielding due to enhanced microwave absorption in the 26–37 GHz frequency range in its turn by abundant surface functional groups and lattice defects of GNPs/Fe3O4 nanoparticles.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Nanoscale and Low-Dimensional Functional Materials)
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Post-Processing Effect on the Corrosion Resistance of Super Duplex Stainless Steel Produced by Laser Powder Bed Fusion
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Zbigniew Brytan, Mengistu Dagnaw, Jana Bidulská, Róbert Bidulský and Mohd Ridha Muhamad
Materials 2024, 17(12), 2807; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17122807 (registering DOI) - 8 Jun 2024
Abstract
This study examines the microstructural characteristics and corrosion resistance of super duplex stainless steel (SDSS) produced through laser powder bed fusion (LPBF). The analysis shows that the as-printed samples mainly exhibit a ferritic microstructure, which is due to the fast-cooling rates of the
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This study examines the microstructural characteristics and corrosion resistance of super duplex stainless steel (SDSS) produced through laser powder bed fusion (LPBF). The analysis shows that the as-printed samples mainly exhibit a ferritic microstructure, which is due to the fast-cooling rates of the LPBF technique. X-ray and microstructure analyses reveal the presence of minor austenite phases in the ferritic matrix. The process of solution annealing led to a more balanced microstructure. Analyses of corrosion resistance, such as potentiodynamic polarization tests and EIS, indicate that heat treatment has a significant impact on the corrosion behavior of SDSS. Solution annealing and stress relieving at 400 °C for 1 h can improve corrosion resistance by increasing polarization resistance and favorable EIS parameters. However, stress relieving at 550 °C for 5 h may reduce the material’s corrosion resistance due to the formation of chromium nitride. Therefore, stress relieving at 400 °C for 1 h is a practical method to significantly enhance the corrosion resistance of LPBF-printed SDSS. This method offers a balance between microstructural integrity and material performance.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Microstructure, Mechanical Properties and Additive Manufacturing of Steels)
Open AccessArticle
Effect of Water to Cement Ratio on Properties of Calcium Sulfoaluminate Cement Mortars
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Małgorzata Gołaszewska, Jacek Gołaszewski and Bartosz Chmiela
Materials 2024, 17(12), 2806; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17122806 (registering DOI) - 8 Jun 2024
Abstract
Calcium sulfoaluminate (CSA) cements are a promising alternative to Portland clinker, however, a thorough understanding of their properties is needed for their broader use in the industry. One of the topics that requires a good understanding is the effect of the w/c ratio
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Calcium sulfoaluminate (CSA) cements are a promising alternative to Portland clinker, however, a thorough understanding of their properties is needed for their broader use in the industry. One of the topics that requires a good understanding is the effect of the w/c ratio on the properties of CSA cements. To this end, the aim of this paper was to provide research into the effects of a w/c ratio in the range of 0.45–0.6 on the properties of fresh and hardened CSA pastes and mortars. For fresh mortars, consistency and setting time, as well as plastic shrinkage tests, were conducted, and were complemented by hydration heat tests, carried out on pastes. For hardened mortars, tests of compressive and flexural strength and dry shrinkage, as well as SEM photography, were conducted. It was found that, regardless of a higher hydration rate, the increase in w/c ratio decreased flexural and compressive strength, as well as shrinkage, while increasing consistency, setting time, and hydration heat. Also observed was a significant decrease in strength between 3 and 7 days of curing in mortars with a high w/c ratio. It can be concluded that, regardless of the hydration rate, low w/c ratios in CSA mortars provide better properties than high w/c ratios.
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Open AccessArticle
Analysis on the Morphology and Interface of the Phosphate Coating Prepared on X39Cr13 and S355J2 Steels
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Monika Gwoździk, Mirosław Bramowicz and Sławomir Kulesza
Materials 2024, 17(12), 2805; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17122805 (registering DOI) - 8 Jun 2024
Abstract
The article presents the results of the characterization of the geometric structure of the surface of unalloyed structural steel and alloyed (martensitic) steel subjected to chemical processing. Prior to phosphating, the samples were heat-treated. Both the surfaces and the cross-sections of the samples
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The article presents the results of the characterization of the geometric structure of the surface of unalloyed structural steel and alloyed (martensitic) steel subjected to chemical processing. Prior to phosphating, the samples were heat-treated. Both the surfaces and the cross-sections of the samples were investigated. Detailed studies were made using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), XRD, metallographic microscopy, chemical composition analysis and fractal analysis. The characteristics of the surface geometry involved such parameters as circularity, roundness, solidity, Feret’s diameter, watershed diameter, fractal dimensions and corner frequencies, which were calculated by numerical processing of SEM images.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Trends in Roughness Measurement and Data Analysis of Machined Surfaces)
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Experimental and Numerical Investigation of Macroencapsulated Phase Change Materials for Thermal Energy Storage
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Busra Arslan and Mustafa Ilbas
Materials 2024, 17(12), 2804; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17122804 (registering DOI) - 8 Jun 2024
Abstract
Among the different types of phase change materials, paraffin is known to be the most widely used type due to its advantages. However, paraffin’s low thermal conductivity, its limited operating temperature range, and leakage and stabilization problems are the main barriers to its
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Among the different types of phase change materials, paraffin is known to be the most widely used type due to its advantages. However, paraffin’s low thermal conductivity, its limited operating temperature range, and leakage and stabilization problems are the main barriers to its use in applications. In this research, a thermal energy storage unit (TESU) was designed using a cylindrical macroencapsulation technique to minimize these problems. Experimental and numerical analyses of the storage unit using a tubular heat exchanger were carried out. The Ansys 18.2-Fluent software was used for the numerical analysis. Two types of paraffins with different thermophysical properties were used in the TESU, including both encapsulated and non-encapsulated forms, and their thermal energy storage performances were compared. The influence of the heat transfer fluid (HTF) inlet conditions on the charging performance (melting) was investigated. The findings demonstrated that the heat transfer rate is highly influenced by the HTF intake temperature. When the effect of paraffin encapsulation on heat transfer was examined, a significant decrease in the total melting time was observed as the heat transfer surface and thermal conductivity increased. Therefore, the energy stored simultaneously increased by 60.5% with the encapsulation of paraffin-1 (melting temperature range of 52.9–60.4 °C) and by 50.7% with the encapsulation of paraffin-2 (melting temperature range of 32.2–46.1 °C), thus increasing the charging rate.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Sustainable Energy Materials and Devices)
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Production of Cu/Diamond Composite Coatings and Their Selected Properties
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Grzegorz Cieślak, Marta Gostomska, Adrian Dąbrowski, Katarzyna Skroban, Tinatin Ciciszwili-Wyspiańska, Edyta Wojda, Anna Mazurek, Michał Głowacki, Michał Baranowski, Anna Gajewska-Midziałek and Maria Trzaska
Materials 2024, 17(12), 2803; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17122803 (registering DOI) - 8 Jun 2024
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This article presents Cu/diamond composite coatings produced by electrochemical reduction on steel substrates and a comparison of these coatings with a copper coating without diamond nanoparticles (<10 nm). Deposition was carried out using multicomponent electrolyte solutions at a current density of 3 A/dm
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This article presents Cu/diamond composite coatings produced by electrochemical reduction on steel substrates and a comparison of these coatings with a copper coating without diamond nanoparticles (<10 nm). Deposition was carried out using multicomponent electrolyte solutions at a current density of 3 A/dm2 and magnetic stirring speed of 100 rpm. Composite coatings were deposited from baths with different diamond concentrations (4, 6, 8, 10 g/dm3). This study presents the surface morphology and structure of the produced coatings. The surface roughness, coating thickness (XRF), mechanical properties (DSI), and adhesion of coatings to substrates (scratch tests) were also characterized. The coatings were also tested to assess their solderability, including their spreadability, wettability of the solder, durability of solder-coating bonds, and a microstructure study.
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Open AccessArticle
The Performance Testing and Analysis of Common New Filter Materials: A Case of Four Filter Materials
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Fenggang Sun, Xin Zhang, Tao Xue, Ping Cheng and Tao Yu
Materials 2024, 17(12), 2802; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17122802 (registering DOI) - 8 Jun 2024
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The complex air environment makes it urgent to build good and safe indoor environments, and the study and application of new materials have become the focus of current research. In this study, we tested and analyzed the structural parameters and filtration performances of
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The complex air environment makes it urgent to build good and safe indoor environments, and the study and application of new materials have become the focus of current research. In this study, we tested and analyzed the structural parameters and filtration performances of the four most commonly used new filter materials in the current market. The results showed that all four new filter materials showed a trend of first increasing and then decreasing their filtration efficiency with an increase in filtration velocity. The filtration efficiency of the materials was as follows: PTFE > glass fiber > nanomaterial > electret. The filtration efficiency of all materials reached its maximum when the filtration velocity was 0.2 m/s. The filtration efficiency of the PTFE for PM10, PM2.5, and PM1.0 was higher than that of the other three materials, with values of 0.87% to 24.93%, 1.21% to 18.69%, and 0.56% to 16.03%, respectively. PTFE was more effective in capturing particles smaller than 1.0 μm. Within the testing velocity range, the resistance of the filter materials was as follows: glass fiber > PTFE > electret > nanomaterial, and the resistance of the four materials showed a good fitting effect. It is also necessary to match the resistance with the filtration efficiency during use, as well as to study the effectiveness of filter materials in blocking microorganisms and absorbing toxic gases. Overall, PTFE showed the best comprehensive performance, as well as providing data support for the selection of related materials or the synthesis and research of filter materials in the future.
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Open AccessArticle
17-4 PH Steel Parts Obtained through MEX and PBF-LB/M Technologies: Comparison of the Structural Properties
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Katarzyna Jasik, Lucjan Śnieżek, Janusz Kluczyński, Jakub Łuszczek, Krzysztof Grzelak, Bartłomiej Sarzyński and Ireneusz Szachogłuchowicz
Materials 2024, 17(12), 2801; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17122801 - 7 Jun 2024
Abstract
The material extrusion (MEX) method utilizing highly filled metal filament presents an alternative to advanced additive metal manufacturing technologies. This process enables the production of metal objects through deposition and sintering, which is particularly attractive compared to powder bed fusion (PBF) technologies employing
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The material extrusion (MEX) method utilizing highly filled metal filament presents an alternative to advanced additive metal manufacturing technologies. This process enables the production of metal objects through deposition and sintering, which is particularly attractive compared to powder bed fusion (PBF) technologies employing lasers or high-power electron beams. PBF requires costly maintenance, skilled operators, and controlled process conditions, whereas MEX does not impose such requirements. This study compares research on 17-4 PH steel manufactured using two different commercially available techniques: MEX and powder bed fusion with laser beam melting (PBF-LB/M). This research included assessing the density of printed samples, analyzing surface roughness in two printing planes, examining microstructure including porosity and density determination, and measuring hardness. The conducted research aimed to determine the durability and quality of the obtained samples and to evaluate their strength. The research results indicated that samples produced using the PBF-LB/M technology exhibited better density and a more homogeneous structure. However, MEX samples exhibited better strength properties (hardness).
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Additive Manufacturing of Metallic Alloys)
Open AccessArticle
Study on the Influence of Calcination Temperature of Iron Vitriol on the Coloration of Ancient Chinese Traditional Iron Red Overglaze Color
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Qijiang Li, Anjian Wu, Maolin Zhang, Jinwei Li, Jianwen Cao, Haorui Li and Yimei Jiang
Materials 2024, 17(12), 2800; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17122800 - 7 Jun 2024
Abstract
Iron red, a traditional Jingdezhen overglaze color, is primarily colored with iron oxide (Fe2O3). In traditional processes, the main ingredient for the iron red overglaze color, raw iron red, is produced by calcining iron vitriol (FeSO4·7H2
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Iron red, a traditional Jingdezhen overglaze color, is primarily colored with iron oxide (Fe2O3). In traditional processes, the main ingredient for the iron red overglaze color, raw iron red, is produced by calcining iron vitriol (FeSO4·7H2O). Analysis of ancient iron red porcelain samples indicates that the coloration is unstable, ranging from bright red to dark red and occasionally to black. Addressing this, the present study, from a ceramic technology standpoint, conducts a series of calcination experiments on industrial iron vitriol at varying temperatures. Utilizing methodologies such as differential scanning calorimetry-thermogravimetry (DSC-TG), Raman spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy with X-ray energy dispersive spectrometry (SEM-EDS), and optical microscopy (OM), this research scientifically explores the impact of iron vitriol’s calcination temperature on the coloration of traditional Jingdezhen iron red overglaze color. The findings indicate that from room temperature to 550 °C, the dehydration of iron vitriol resulted in the formation of Fe2(SO4)3 and a minimal amount of α-Fe2O3, rendering the iron red overglaze color a yellowish-red shade. At 650 °C, the coexistence of Fe2(SO4)3 and α-Fe2O3 imparted a brick-red color to the iron red. As the temperature was elevated to 700 °C, the desulfurization of Fe2(SO4)3 produced α-Fe2O3, transitioning the iron red to an orange red. With further temperature increase to 750 °C, the particle size of α-Fe2O3 grew and the crystal reflectivity decreased, resulting in a purplish-red hue. Throughout this stage, the powder remained in a single α-Fe2O3 phase. Upon further heating to 800 °C, the crystallinity of α-Fe2O3 enhanced, giving the iron red overglaze color a dark red or even black appearance.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dynamic Behavior of Ceramic Composites and Composite Structures (Second Volume))
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Oxidation Performance of Nano-Layered (AlTiZrHfTa)Nx/SiNx Coatings Deposited by Reactive Magnetron Sputtering
by
Djallel Eddine Touaibia, Sofiane Achache, Abdelhakim Bouissil, Fabrice Parent, Jaafar Ghanbaja, Alina Gorbunova, Pavel S. Postnikov, Mohamed Mehdi Chehimi, Frederic Schuster, Frederic Sanchette and Mohamed El Garah
Materials 2024, 17(12), 2799; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17122799 - 7 Jun 2024
Abstract
This work uses the direct current magnetron sputtering (DCMS) of equi-atomic (AlTiZrHfTa) and Si targets in dynamic sweep mode to deposit nano-layered (AlTiZrHfTa)Nx/SiNx refractory high-entropy coatings (RHECs). Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA),
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This work uses the direct current magnetron sputtering (DCMS) of equi-atomic (AlTiZrHfTa) and Si targets in dynamic sweep mode to deposit nano-layered (AlTiZrHfTa)Nx/SiNx refractory high-entropy coatings (RHECs). Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) are used to investigate the effect of Si addition on the oxidation behavior of the nano-layered coatings. The Si-free nitride coating exhibits FCC structure and columnar morphology, while the Si-doped nitride coatings present a FCC (AlTiZrHfTa)N/amorphous-SiNx nano-layered architecture. The hardness decreases from 24.3 ± 1.0 GPa to 17.5 ± 1.0 GPa because of the nano-layered architecture, whilst Young’s modulus reduces from 188.0 ± 1.0 GPa to roughly 162.4 ± 1.0 GPa. By increasing the thickness of the SiNx nano-layer, kp values decrease significantly from 3.36 × 10−8 g2 cm−4 h−1 to 6.06 × 10−9 g2 cm−4 h−1. The activation energy increases from 90.8 kJ·mol−1 for (AlTiZrHfTa)Nx nitride coating to 126.52 kJ·mol−1 for the (AlTiZrHfTa)Nx/SiNx nano-layered coating. The formation of a FCC (AlTiZrHfTa)-Nx/a-SiNx nano-layered architecture results in the improvement of the resistance to oxidation at high temperature.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Preparation of Thin Films by PVD/CVD Deposition Techniques)
Open AccessArticle
Experimental Modeling, Statistical Analysis, and Optimization of the Laser-Cutting Process of Hardox 400 Steel
by
Mehdi Safari, Seyed Mohammad Abtahi and Jalal Joudaki
Materials 2024, 17(12), 2798; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17122798 - 7 Jun 2024
Abstract
Fiber laser cutting machines are widely used in industry for cutting various sheet metals. Hardox steel is widely used in the construction of machinery and equipment that are subjected to wear and impact due to its anti-wear properties and good impact resistance. In
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Fiber laser cutting machines are widely used in industry for cutting various sheet metals. Hardox steel is widely used in the construction of machinery and equipment that are subjected to wear and impact due to its anti-wear properties and good impact resistance. In this experimental study, the effect of input parameters including laser output power (LOP), laser-cutting speed (LCS), and focal point position (FPP) of fiber laser on the surface roughness and kerf width of Hardox 400 steel sheets are studied. In addition, the optimization of input parameters to achieve the desired surface roughness and kerf width are investigated and analyzed using the response surface methodology (RSM). The experiments are performed using a 4 kW fiber laser-cutting machine and the output results including surface roughness and kerf width are measured using roughness meters and optical microscope. The results of the analysis of variance (ANOVA) for surface roughness and kerf width show that the FPP and LCS are the most significant process parameters affecting the surface roughness and kerf width. With a positive focal point, the surface roughness decreases while the kerf width increases. With increasing the laser-cutting speed, both the surface roughness and kerf width decrease.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cutting Processes for Materials in Manufacturing)
Open AccessArticle
The Effect of Hydroxy Silicone Oil Emulsion on the Waterproof Performance of Cement
by
Xuewen Quan, Fen Zhou, Chaocan Zhang and Shuangping Ma
Materials 2024, 17(12), 2797; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17122797 - 7 Jun 2024
Abstract
The hydrophilic and porous structure of cement-based concrete materials makes it vulnerable to various harmful ions dissolved in water in the environment or during the freeze–thaw cycle, resulting in a significant decline in durability. Therefore, the introduction of hydrophobic hydroxyl silicone oil with
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The hydrophilic and porous structure of cement-based concrete materials makes it vulnerable to various harmful ions dissolved in water in the environment or during the freeze–thaw cycle, resulting in a significant decline in durability. Therefore, the introduction of hydrophobic hydroxyl silicone oil with good chemical stability and excellent hydrophobic properties during the process of concrete preparation to achieve the hydrophobic modification of its internal holes has very positive significance in terms of improving its durability. In order to disperse the hydrophobic hydroxyl silicone oil evenly in the internal pores of the concrete, synthetic non-ionic polyether-modified silicone oil was used as an emulsifier to make it a water-soluble emulsion. The influences of the composition of the emulsifier on the dispersion, water contact angle, water absorption, porosity, and compressive strength of cement mortar were investigated. The results show that when the emulsion content is 0.5%, the pore volume of the cement mortar decreases by 15%, and the maximum contact angle reaches 128°, which is conducive to improving the anti-erosion and anti-freezing properties of concrete and provides a new solution for the preparation of high-durability concrete. However, the introduction of polyether-modified silicone oil increases the number of large holes in the cement mortar, and leads to an increase in water absorption and a decrease in compressive strength. It is necessary to further optimize the composition of emulsifier in future work.
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(This article belongs to the Collection Advanced Civil Engineering Materials: From Synthesis to Application)
Open AccessArticle
Influence of Cyclic Heat Treatment Temperature on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of 18Ni(C250) Maraging Steel
by
Kai Xiao, Shun Han, Zhixin Li, Ruming Geng, Gaoyang Han, Yong Li and Chunxu Wang
Materials 2024, 17(12), 2796; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17122796 - 7 Jun 2024
Abstract
Cyclic heat treatment is an effective approach for enhancing the mechanical properties of 18Ni(C250) maraging steel, and the selection of cyclic heat treatment temperature is a key factor. In this study, a cyclic heat treatment process with a two-step solution treatment is employed
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Cyclic heat treatment is an effective approach for enhancing the mechanical properties of 18Ni(C250) maraging steel, and the selection of cyclic heat treatment temperature is a key factor. In this study, a cyclic heat treatment process with a two-step solution treatment is employed to investigate the influence of cyclic heat treatment temperature, specifically the first solution treatment temperature (920 °C, 950 °C, and 980 °C), on the microstructure and mechanical properties of 18Ni(C250) maraging steel. The results indicate that with an increase in the cyclic heat treatment temperature, the average grain size of the 18Ni(C250) maraging steel decreases initially and then increases. When the cyclic heat treatment temperature reaches 950 °C, the grain size is at its minimum, exhibiting optimal grain uniformity. Additionally, the increase in cyclic heat treatment temperature results in a reduction in the size of martensitic lath with the same orientation inside the grains, along with an increase in the relative quantity of low-angle grain boundaries. Furthermore, the volume fraction and size of retained austenite show a monotonous increase with the rise in the temperature of the cyclic heat treatment, and the rate of increase becomes notably larger when the temperature is raised from 950 °C to 980 °C. Based on the observed microstructural changes, the variation in the mechanical properties of the 18Ni(C250) maraging steel was analyzed. Specifically, as the cyclic heat treatment temperature increases, the tensile strength of the 18Ni(C250) maraging steel initially increases and then stabilizes, while the elongation and fracture toughness exhibit a monotonic increase.
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