Associations of Fat Mass and Fat-Free Mass with Physical Fitness in 4-Year-Old Children: Results from the MINISTOP Trial
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Design and Participants
2.2. Body Composition
2.3. Physical Fitness
2.4. Physical Activity
2.5. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Descriptive Statistics
3.2. Associations of Body Composition with Physical Fitness
4. Discussion
4.1. Statement of Principal Findings
4.2. Comparison with Other Studies in Preschoolers
4.3. Comparison with Studies in Older Children
4.4. Direction of the Association between Body Composition and Physical Fitness
4.5. Strengths and Limitations
4.6. Interpretation and Implications
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
BMI | body mass index |
FFM | fat-free mass |
FM | fat mass |
FFMI | fat-free mass index |
FMI | fat-mass index |
VPA | vigorous-intensity physical activity |
%FM | percent fat mass |
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All | Boys | Girls | p a | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n | Value | n | Value | n | Value | ||
Age (years) | 303 | 4.48 ± 0.15 | 168 | 4.49 ± 0.15 | 135 | 4.47 ± 0.15 | 0.34 |
Weight (kg) | 303 | 18.3 ± 2.5 | 168 | 18.5 ± 2.4 | 135 | 18.1 ± 2.6 | 0.11 |
Weight for age z-score b | 303 | −0.07 ± 1.11 | 168 | −0.07 ± 1.11 | 135 | −0.07 ± 1.10 | 0.97 |
Height (cm) | 303 | 107.6 ± 4.2 | 168 | 107.9 ± 4.3 | 135 | 107.1 ± 4.1 | 0.10 |
Height for age z-score b | 303 | −0.04 ± 0.97 | 168 | −0.03 ± 1.00 | 135 | −0.05 ± 0.94 | 0.85 |
Proportion of overweight/obesity c | 303 | 26 (8.6%) | 168 | 14 (8.3%) | 135 | 12 (8.9%) | 0.86 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 303 | 15.8 ± 1.4 | 168 | 15.8 ± 1.3 | 135 | 15.7 ± 1.4 | 0.28 |
FMI (kg/m2) | 303 | 4.1 ± 0.9 | 168 | 4.0 ± 0.8 | 135 | 4.3 ± 1.0 | 0.001 |
FFMI (kg/m2) | 303 | 11.6 ± 1.0 | 168 | 11.9 ± 1.0 | 135 | 11.4 ± 0.9 | <0.001 |
FM (%) | 303 | 26.0 ± 4.4 | 168 | 25.0 ± 3.9 | 135 | 27.3 ± 4.7 | <0.001 |
Physical fitness test characteristics | |||||||
20 m shuttle run (laps) | 296 | 5.9 ± 2.6 | 162 | 5.7 ± 2.6 | 134 | 6.1 ± 2.6 | 0.20 |
Handgrip strength (kg) | 302 | 6.4 ± 1.6 | 168 | 6.8 ± 1.6 | 134 | 6.0 ± 1.4 | <0.001 |
Standing long jump (cm) | 303 | 71.7 ± 15.2 | 168 | 72.3 ± 15.6 | 134 | 70.9 ± 14.6 | 0.43 |
4 × 10 m shuttle run d (s) | 303 | 18.2 ± 1.9 | 168 | 18.2 ± 2.2 | 134 | 18.0 ± 1.6 | 0.34 |
ActiGraph characteristics | |||||||
Valid days e | 295 | 6.7 ± 0.8 | 166 | 6.7 ± 0.7 | 129 | 6.6 ± 1.0 | 0.089 |
Awake wearing time (min/day) | 295 | 841 ± 56 | 166 | 840 ± 59 | 129 | 843 ± 53 | 0.67 |
VPA f (min/day) | 295 | 7.4 ± 4.9 | 166 | 8.1 ± 5.6 | 129 | 6.5 ± 3.6 | 0.004 |
Body Composition Measures (x) | ||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
BMI (kg/m2) | FMI (kg/m2) | FFMI (kg/m2) | FM (%) | |||||||||
Physical fitness tests (y) | b | SE | p | b | SE | p | b | SE | p | b | SE | p |
20 m shuttle run (laps) | ||||||||||||
Unadjusted | 0.01 | 0.11 | 0.92 | −0.46 | 0.16 | 0.006 | 0.44 | 0.16 | 0.006 | −0.12 | 0.03 | <0.001 |
Adjusted b | 0.01 | 0.11 | 0.95 | −0.50 | 0.16 | 0.002 | 0.48 | 0.16 | 0.002 | −0.12 | 0.03 | <0.001 |
Adjusted b + VPA | −0.05 | 0.10 | 0.61 | −0.45 | 0.15 | 0.003 | 0.33 | 0.15 | 0.030 | −0.11 | 0.03 | 0.001 |
Handgrip strength (kg) | ||||||||||||
Unadjusted | 0.40 | 0.06 | <0.001 | 0.07 | 0.10 | 0.50 | 0.72 | 0.09 | <0.001 | −0.04 | 0.02 | 0.070 |
Adjusted b | 0.38 | 0.06 | <0.001 | 0.10 | 0.09 | 0.26 | 0.64 | 0.09 | <0.001 | −0.01 | 0.02 | 0.64 |
Adjusted b + VPA | 0.37 | 0.06 | <0.001 | 0.11 | 0.09 | 0.24 | 0.61 | 0.09 | <0.001 | −0.01 | 0.02 | 0.79 |
Standing long jump (cm) | ||||||||||||
Unadjusted | 0.43 | 0.64 | 0.50 | −2.66 | 0.94 | 0.005 | 3.30 | 0.88 | <0.001 | −0.74 | 0.19 | <0.001 |
Adjusted b | 0.36 | 0.64 | 0.57 | −2.77 | 0.94 | 0.003 | 3.38 | 0.91 | <0.001 | −0.69 | 0.20 | 0.001 |
Adjusted b + VPA | 0.09 | 0.64 | 0.88 | −2.71 | 0.94 | 0.004 | 2.85 | 0.92 | 0.002 | −0.65 | 0.20 | 0.001 |
4 × 10 m shuttle run c (s) | ||||||||||||
Unadjusted | 0.05 | 0.08 | 0.55 | 0.41 | 0.12 | 0.001 | −0.28 | 0.11 | 0.015 | 0.10 | 0.03 | <0.001 |
Adjusted b | 0.05 | 0.08 | 0.53 | 0.45 | 0.12 | <0.001 | −0.33 | 0.12 | 0.004 | 0.10 | 0.03 | <0.001 |
Adjusted b + VPA | 0.09 | 0.08 | 0.27 | 0.41 | 0.12 | <0.001 | −0.23 | 0.11 | 0.043 | 0.09 | 0.02 | <0.001 |
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Henriksson, P.; Cadenas-Sanchez, C.; Leppänen, M.H.; Delisle Nyström, C.; Ortega, F.B.; Pomeroy, J.; Ruiz, J.R.; Löf, M. Associations of Fat Mass and Fat-Free Mass with Physical Fitness in 4-Year-Old Children: Results from the MINISTOP Trial. Nutrients 2016, 8, 473. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu8080473
Henriksson P, Cadenas-Sanchez C, Leppänen MH, Delisle Nyström C, Ortega FB, Pomeroy J, Ruiz JR, Löf M. Associations of Fat Mass and Fat-Free Mass with Physical Fitness in 4-Year-Old Children: Results from the MINISTOP Trial. Nutrients. 2016; 8(8):473. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu8080473
Chicago/Turabian StyleHenriksson, Pontus, Cristina Cadenas-Sanchez, Marja H. Leppänen, Christine Delisle Nyström, Francisco B. Ortega, Jeremy Pomeroy, Jonatan R. Ruiz, and Marie Löf. 2016. "Associations of Fat Mass and Fat-Free Mass with Physical Fitness in 4-Year-Old Children: Results from the MINISTOP Trial" Nutrients 8, no. 8: 473. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu8080473