Nanostructured MnO2 as Electrode Materials for Energy Storage
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Beneficial Effect of Nanosizing on Transport Properties
3. Synthesis of MnO2 Nanomaterials
3.1. Redox Reaction
3.2. Thermal Decomposition
3.3. Hydrothermal Route
3.4. Refluxing Route
3.5. Catalytic Reaction
3.6. Sol-Gel Route
3.7. Co-Precipitation Method
3.8. Oxidation Reaction in Alkaline Conditions
3.9. Oxidation Reaction in Acidic Conditions
3.10. Molten Salt Method
3.11. Witzrmann’s Method
3.12. Template Approach
4. Electrochemistry of Li-MDOs
5. MnO2 Nanostructures: Example of Nanourchins
6. Doped-MnO2 Materials
6.1. Literature Survey
6.2. Vanadium-Doped MnO2
6.3. Titanium-Doped MnO2
6.4. Al, Cu, Mg-Doped MnO2
6.5. Tin-Doped α-MnO2
6.6. Ag-Doped MnO2
6.7. Co- and Ni-Doped MnO2
6.8. Bismuth-Doping and Additives
7. MnO2 Polymer Composites
7.1. Polypyrrole-Coated MnO2
7.2. Polybithiophene-Coated MnO2
8. Nanocomposites
8.1. MnO2-Carbon Nanocomposite
8.2. Organo-MnO2
8.3. SnO2-MnO2 Composites
9. Concluding Remarks
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
3D | three-dimensional |
BET | Brunauer-Emmett-Teller |
BTh | bithiophene |
CMD | chemical manganese dioxide |
CNT | carbon nanotubes |
CTA | cetyltrimethylammonium |
DEC | diethylcarbonate |
DMC | dimethylcarbonate |
DMSO | dimethyl sulfoxide |
EA | electrocatalytic activity |
EC | ethylenecarbonate |
EDTA | ethylene diamine tetraacetate |
EIS | electrochemical impedance spectroscopy |
EMD | electrolytic manganese dioxide |
EPR | electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy |
EXAFS | extended X-ray absorption fine structure |
FTIR | Fourier transform infrared |
GNS | graphene nanosheets |
GO | graphene oxide |
hex. | hexagonal |
HTMD | heat-treated manganese dioxide |
HRTEM | high-resolution transmission electron microscopy |
ICP | induced coupled plasma |
ITO | indium tin oxide |
MDO | manganese dioxide |
MWCNT | multiwalled carbon nanotube |
NHCS | N-doped hollow carbon spheres |
NNs | nanoneedles |
NUs | nanourchins |
OMS | octahedral molecular sieve |
ORR | oxygen reduction reaction |
PBTh | polybithiophene |
PEDOT | poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) |
PEG | polyethylene glycol |
PPy | polypyrrole |
PTFE | polytetrafluoroethylene (Teflon) |
PVA | poly(vinyl alcohol) |
PVP | polyvinyl pyrrolidone |
RT | room temperature |
SCE | standard calomel electrode |
SDS | sodium dodecyl-sulfate |
SEM | scanning electron microscopy |
TEM | transmission electron microscopy |
TGA | thermogravimetric analysis |
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Compound | Mineral | Crystal Symmetry | Lattice Parameters (Å) | Features |
---|---|---|---|---|
α-MnO2 | hollandite | tetragonal (I4/m) | a = 9.96; c = 2.85 | (2 × 2) tunnel |
R-MnO2 | ramsdellite | orthorhombic (Pbnm) | a = 4.53; b = 9.27; c = 2.87 | (1 × 2) tunnel |
β-MnO2 | pyrolusite | tetragonal (P42/mnm) | a = 4.39; c = 2.87 | (1 × 1) tunnel |
γ-MnO2 | nsutite | complex tunnel (hex.) | a = 9.65; c = 4.43 | (1 × 1)/(1 × 2) |
δ-MnO2 | birnessite | rhombohedral (R-3m) | ahex = 2.94; chex = 21.86 | (1 × ∞) layer |
Mg-Bir | Mg-birnessite | monoclinic (C2/m) | a = 5.18; b = 2. 84; c = 7.33 | (1 × ∞) layer |
Na-Bir | Na-birnessite | monoclinic (C2/m) | a = 5.17; b = 2.85; c = 7.32 | (1 × ∞) layer |
ε-MnO2 | akhtenkite | hexagonal (P63/mmc) | a = 2.85; c = 4.65 | dense stack |
λ-MnO2 | spinel | cubic (Fd3m) | a = 8.04 | (1 × 1) tunnel |
ψ-MnO2 | psilomelane | monoclinic (P2/m) | a = 9.56; b = 2.88; c = 13.85 | (2 × 3) tunnel |
T-MnO2 | todorokite | monoclinic (P2/m) | a = 9.75; b = 2.85; c = 9.59 | (3 × 3) tunnel |
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Julien, C.M.; Mauger, A. Nanostructured MnO2 as Electrode Materials for Energy Storage. Nanomaterials 2017, 7, 396. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano7110396
Julien CM, Mauger A. Nanostructured MnO2 as Electrode Materials for Energy Storage. Nanomaterials. 2017; 7(11):396. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano7110396
Chicago/Turabian StyleJulien, Christian M., and Alain Mauger. 2017. "Nanostructured MnO2 as Electrode Materials for Energy Storage" Nanomaterials 7, no. 11: 396. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano7110396