Effects of the Hormone Replacement Therapy and of Soy Isoflavones on Bone Resorption in Postmenopause
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Experimental Section
2.1. Study Design
2.2. Clinical Investigations
2.3. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. The Occurrence of Risk Factors for Osteoporosis
3.2. Determination of T-Score (DXA) and Correlation with Risk Factors
3.3. Evolution of the Bone Mineral Density
3.4. Bone Resorption Evaluation—DPD Determination in Urine
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Risk Factors | Groups | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Phytoestrogens | HRT | Control | ||||
No. | % | No. | % | No. | % | |
With risk factors | 61 | 49.19 | 44 | 46.32 | 51 | 48.11 |
Smoking | 36 | 29.03 | 25 | 26.32 | 31 | 29.25 |
Alcohol | 13 | 10.48 | 7 | 7.37 | 9 | 8.49 |
Sedentariness | 55 | 44.35 | 40 | 42.11 | 46 | 43.40 |
Corticosteroids | 5 | 4.03 | 3 | 3.16 | 3 | 2.83 |
Fracture in history | 8 | 6.45 | 7 | 7.37 | 7 | 6.60 |
Rheumatoid arthritis | 3 | 2.42 | 1 | 1.05 | 3 | 2.83 |
FHH * osteoporosis/fractures | 10 | 8.06 | 11 | 11.58 | 12 | 11.32 |
Without risk factors | 63 | 50.81 | 51 | 53.68 | 55 | 51.89 |
BMD | Groups | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Phytoestrogens | HRT | Control | ||||
No. | % | No. | % | No. | % | |
Normal BMD (T-score > −1) | 86 | 69.35 | 65 | 68.42 | 71 | 66.98 |
Osteopenia (−1 < T-score < −2.5) | 38 | 30.65 | 30 | 31.58 | 35 | 33.02 |
BMD | Phytoestrogens | HRT | Control | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
No. | % | No. | % | No. | % | |
With risk factors | ||||||
Normal BMD (T-score > −1) | 34 | 55.74 | 24 | 54.55 | 26 | 50.98 |
Osteopenia (−1 < T-score < −2.5) | 27 | 44.26 | 20 | 45.45 | 25 | 49.02 |
Without risk factors | ||||||
Normal BMD (T-score > −1) | 52 | 82.54 | 41 | 80.39 | 45 | 81.82 |
Osteopenia (−1 < T-score < −2.5) | 11 | 17.46 | 10 | 19.61 | 10 | 18.18 |
BMD | Phytoestrogens | HRT | Control | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
No. | % | No. | % | No. | % | |
Baseline evaluation | ||||||
Normal | 86 | 69.35 | 65 | 68.42 | 71 | 66.98 |
Osteopenia | 38 | 30.65 | 30 | 31.58 | 35 | 33.02 |
Osteoporosis | 0 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 |
Evaluation at 12 months | ||||||
Normal | 76 | 61.29 | 62 | 73.68 | 54 | 50.94 |
Osteopenia | 44 | 35.48 | 32 | 33.68 | 38 | 35.85 |
Osteoporosis | 4 | 3.23 | 1 | 1.05 | 14 | 13.21 |
BMD | With Risk Factors | Without Risk Factors | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Baseline | At 12 Months | Baseline | At 12 Months | |||||
No. | % | No. | % | No. | % | No. | % | |
Phytoestrogens group | ||||||||
Normal | 34 | 55.74 | 25 | 40.98 | 52 | 82.54 | 51 | 80.95 |
Osteopenia | 27 | 44.26 | 33 | 54.10 | 11 | 17.46 | 11 | 17.46 |
Osteoporosis | 0 | 0.00 | 3 | 4.92 | 0 | 0.00 | 1 | 1.59 |
HRT group | ||||||||
Normal | 24 | 54.55 | 18 | 40.91 | 41 | 80.39 | 44 | 86.27 |
Osteopenia | 20 | 45.45 | 25 | 56.82 | 10 | 19.61 | 7 | 13.73 |
Osteoporosis | 0 | 0.00 | 1 | 2.27 | 0 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 |
Control group | ||||||||
Normal | 26 | 50.98 | 15 | 29.41 | 45 | 81.82 | 39 | 70.91 |
Osteopenia | 25 | 49.02 | 28 | 54.90 | 10 | 18.18 | 10 | 18.18 |
Osteoporosis | 0 | 0.00 | 8 | 15.69 | 0 | 0.00 | 6 | 10.91 |
D-Pyr Values (nM/mM Creatine) | Groups | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Phytoestrogens | HRT | Control | ||||
No. | % | No. | % | No. | % | |
3–3.9 | 8 | 6.45 | 7 | 7.37 | 9 | 8.49 |
4–4.9 | 18 | 14.52 | 16 | 16.84 | 13 | 12.26 |
5–5.9 | 28 | 22.58 | 20 | 21.05 | 26 | 24.53 |
6–6.9 | 38 | 30.65 | 23 | 24.21 | 27 | 25.47 |
7–7.9 | 23 | 18.55 | 20 | 21.05 | 21 | 19.81 |
≥8 | 9 | 7.26 | 9 | 9.47 | 10 | 9.43 |
M ± SD | 6.16 ± 2.01 | 6.20 ± 1.89 | 6.19 ± 2.13 |
D-Pyr (nM/mM Creatine) | Groups | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Phytoestrogens | HRT | Control | ||||
No. | % | No. | % | No. | % | |
With osteopenia | ||||||
3–3.9 | 0 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 |
4–4.9 | 2 | 5.26 | 2 | 6.67 | 3 | 8.57 |
5–5.9 | 5 | 13.16 | 4 | 13.33 | 3 | 8.57 |
6–6.9 | 9 | 23.68 | 5 | 16.67 | 8 | 22.86 |
7–7.9 | 14 | 36.84 | 12 | 40.00 | 12 | 34.29 |
≥8 | 8 | 21.05 | 7 | 23.33 | 9 | 25.71 |
M ± SD | 7.16 ± 2.32 | 7.22 ± 2.41 | 7.23 ± 2.33 | |||
Without osteopenia | ||||||
3–3.9 | 8 | 9.30 | 7 | 10.77 | 9 | 12.68 |
4–4.9 | 16 | 18.60 | 14 | 21.54 | 10 | 14.08 |
5–5.9 | 23 | 26.74 | 16 | 24.62 | 23 | 32.39 |
6–6.9 | 29 | 33.72 | 18 | 27.69 | 19 | 26.76 |
7–7.9 | 9 | 10.47 | 8 | 12.31 | 9 | 12.68 |
≥8 | 1 | 1.16 | 2 | 3.08 | 1 | 1.41 |
M ± SD | 5.72 ± 1.64 | 5.70 ± 1.52 | 5.68 ± 1.81 |
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Tit, D.M.; Bungau, S.; Iovan, C.; Nistor Cseppento, D.C.; Endres, L.; Sava, C.; Sabau, A.M.; Furau, G.; Furau, C. Effects of the Hormone Replacement Therapy and of Soy Isoflavones on Bone Resorption in Postmenopause. J. Clin. Med. 2018, 7, 297. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm7100297
Tit DM, Bungau S, Iovan C, Nistor Cseppento DC, Endres L, Sava C, Sabau AM, Furau G, Furau C. Effects of the Hormone Replacement Therapy and of Soy Isoflavones on Bone Resorption in Postmenopause. Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2018; 7(10):297. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm7100297
Chicago/Turabian StyleTit, Delia Mirela, Simona Bungau, Ciprian Iovan, Delia Carmen Nistor Cseppento, Laura Endres, Cristian Sava, Anca Maria Sabau, Gheorghe Furau, and Cristian Furau. 2018. "Effects of the Hormone Replacement Therapy and of Soy Isoflavones on Bone Resorption in Postmenopause" Journal of Clinical Medicine 7, no. 10: 297. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm7100297